first clean of the big batch

2021-10-12 23:39:48 +02:00 · 2021-10-12 23:39:48 +02:00 · bc82006ea5
parent 8662634ff5
commit bc82006ea5
4 changed files with 883 additions and 0 deletions
--- a/data/tmp/lpic1_pratice_book_101-500.csv
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 "Which of the following commands is used to view kernel-related udev events in real time?";"udevls all";"lsudev -f";"udevmon -a";"udevadm monitor"
 "Which command enables you to view the current interrupt request (IRQ) assignments?";"view /proc/irq";"cat /proc/interrupts" ;"cat /dev/irq" ;"less /dev/irq"
 "Configuration of udev devices is done by working with files in which directory?" ;"/udev/devices" ;"/devices/" ;"/udev/config" ;"/etc/udev"
 "Which command is used to automatically load a module and its dependencies?" ;"modprobe" ;"lsmod" ;"insmod" ;"rmmod"
 "Which command is used to obtain a list of USB devices?" ;"usb-list" ;"lsusb" ;"ls-usb" ;"ls --usb"
 "When working with hotplug devices, you need to gather more information about them through udevadm. Which udevadm command enables you to query the udev database for information on a device?" ;"query" ;"info" ;"getinfo" ;"devinfo"
 "Which command can be used to view the kernel ring buffer in order to troubleshoot the boot process?" ;"lsboot" ;"boot-log" ;"krblog" ;"dmesg"
 "During the initialization process for a Linux system using SysV init, which runlevel corresponds to single-user mode?" ;"Runlevel 5" ;"Runlevel SU" ;"Runlevel 1" ;"Runlevel 6"
 "On a system using SysV init, in which directory are the startup and shutdown scripts for services stored?" ;"/etc/init-d" ;"/etc/init" ;"/etc/sysV" ;"/etc/init.d"
 "Which command can be used to reboot a system?" ;"init 6" ;"shutdown -h -t now" ;"init 1" ;"refresh-system"
 "When using an SysV init-based system, which command would you use if you make changes to the /etc/inittab file and want those changes to be reloaded without a reboot?" ;"init-refresh" ;"init 6" ;"telinit" ;"reload-inittab"
 "Which command displays the current runlevel for a system?" ;"show-level" ;"init --level" ;"sudo init" ;"runlevel"
 "Within which folder are systemd unit configuration files stored?" ;"/etc/system.conf.d" ;"/lib/system.conf.d" ;"/lib/systemd/system" ;"/etc/sysconfd"
 "Which command is used with systemd in order to list the available service units?" ;"systemd list-units" ;"systemctl list-units" ;"systemd unit-list" ;"systemctl show-units"
 "Which option to lspci is used to display both numeric codes and device names?" ;"-numdev" ;"-n" ;"-nn" ;"-devnum"
 "Which command can be used to obtain a list of currently loaded kernel modules?" ;"insmod" ;"modlist" ;"ls --modules" ;"lsmod"
 "Which option to the modprobe command shows the dependencies for a given module?" ;"--show-options" ;"--list-deps" ;"--show-depends" ;"--list-all"
 "Which command can you use to send a message to all users who are currently logged into a system?" ;"cat" ;"wall" ;"tee" ;"ssh"
 "Which of the following is a good first troubleshooting step when a hard disk is not detected by the Linux kernel?" ;"Unplug the disk." ;"Check the system BIOS.";"Restart the web server service." ;"Run the disk-detect command."
 "Within which directory is information about USB devices stored?" ;"/etc/usbdevices" ;"/var/usb" ;"/lib/sys/usb" ;"/sys/bus/usb/devices"
 "If the kernel ring buffer has been overwritten, within which file can you look to find boot messages?" ;"/var/log/bootmessages" ;"/var/log/mail.info" ;"/var/adm/log/boot.info" ;"/var/log/dmesg"
 "Which command and option can be used to determine whether a given service is currently loaded?" ;"systemctl --ls" ;"telinit" ;"systemctl status" ;"sysctl -a"
 "Which command on a systemd-controlled system would place the system into single-user mode?" ;"systemctl one" ;"systemctl isolate rescue.target" ;"systemctl single-user" ;"systemctl runlevel one"
 "Which command on a system controlled by Upstart will reload the configuration files?" ;"initctl reload" ;"systemd reload" ;"upstart --reload" ;"ups -reload"
 "When working with a SysV system, which option to chkconfig will display all services and their runlevels?" ;"--reload" ;"--list" ;"--all" ;"--ls"
 "A drive connected to USB is considered which type of device?" ;"Medium" ;"Coldplug" ;"Hotplug" ;"Sideplug"
 "The system is using a temporary flash USB disk for data mounted at /dev/sda1. You need to remove the disk. Which of the following commands will enable the disk to be safely removed from the system?" ;"usbstop /dev/sda" ;"umount /dev/sda1" ;"unmount /dev/sda1" ;"dev-eject /dev/sda1"
 "You have connected a USB disk to the system and need to find out its connection point within the system. Which of the following is the best method for accomplishing this task?" ;"Rebooting the system" ;"Viewing the contents of /var/log/usb.log" ;"Connecting the drive to a USB port that you know the number of" ;"Running dmesg and looking for the disk"
 "Which of the following commands will initiate an immediate shutdown of the system?" ;"shutdown -c" ;"halt" ;"systemd stop" ;"stop-system"
 "Which option within a systemd service file indicates the program to execute?" ;"StartProgram" ;"ShortCut" ;"ExecStart" ;"Startup"
 "Which command will display the default target on a computer running systemd?" ;"systemctl defaults" ;"update-rc.d defaults" ;"systemctl runlevel" ;"systemctl get-default"
 "Which option to the systemctl command will change a service so that it runs on the next boot of the system?" ;"enable" ;"startonboot" ;"loadonboot" ;"start"
 "Which of the following best describes the /proc filesystem?" ;"/proc contains information about files to be processed." ;"/proc contains configuration files for processes." ;"/proc contains information on currently running processes, including the kernel." ;"/proc contains variable data such as mail and web files."
 "Which command will retrieve information about the USB connections on a computer in a tree-like format?" ;"lsusb -tree" ;"lsusb --tree" ;"lsusb -t" ;"usblist --tree"
 "What is one reason why a device driver does not appear in the output of lsmod, even though the device is loaded and working properly?";"The use of systemd means that drivers are not required for most devices." ;"The use of initramfs means that support is enabled by default." ;"The system does not need a driver for the device." ;"Support for the device has been compiled directly into the kernel."
 "Which option to rmmod will cause the module to wait until it’s no longer in use to unload the module?" ;"-test" ;"-f" ;"-w" ;"-unload"
 "You are using a storage area network (SAN) that keeps causing errors on your Linux system due to an improper kernel module created by the SAN vendor. When the SAN sends updates, it causes the filesystem to be mounted as read-only. Which command and option can you use to change the behavior of the filesystem to account for the SAN bug?" ;"mount --continue" ;"tune2fs -e continue" ;"mkfs --no-remount" ;"mount -o remount"
 "Within which directory are rules related to udev stored?" ;"/etc/udev.conf" ;"/etc/udev.conf.d" ;"/etc/udev/rules.d" ;"/etc/udev.d"
 "Which option to lspci displays the kernel driver in use for the given Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) device?" ;"-t" ;"-k" ;"-n" ;"-a"
 "Within which of the following directories will you find blacklist information for modules loaded with modprobe?" ;"/etc/blacklist" ;"/etc/modprobe.d" ;"/etc/blacklist.mod" ;"/etc/modprobe"
 "When working with a CentOS 6 system, which command is used to create the initial RAM disk?" ;"mkinit" ;"dracut" ;"mkraminit" ;"mkinitfs"
 "Within which file will you find a list of the currently available kernel symbols?" ;"/proc/kernelsyms" ;"/etc/kernel.conf" ;"/etc/lsyms" ;"/proc/kallsyms"
 "Which of the following commands can be used to show the various information related to a currently loaded module, including core size and settings for options?" ;"systool -v -m <module>" ;"modinfo -r <module>" ;"lsmod <module>" ;"infmod <module>"
 "Which directory contains various elements and configuration information about the kernel such as the release number, domain name, location of modprobe, and other settings?" ;"/proc/sys/kmod" ;"/proc/sys/kernel" ;"/proc/kernel" ;"/proc/kernel/sys"
 "Within which directory should systemd unit files that you create be stored?" ;"/etc/system" ;"/etc/systemd/system" ;"/usr/share/systemd" ;"/usr/share/system"
 "Which of the following commands should you execute after making changes to systemd service configurations in order for those changes to take effect?" ;"systemd reload" ;"reboot" ;"systemctl daemon-reload" ;"systemctl reboot"
 "Which of the following files contains the runlevels for the system along with a reference to the corresponding rc file?  ;"/etc/runlevels" ;"/etc/inittab" ;"/etc/rc" ;"/etc/runlevel"
 "Which boot loader can be used for File Allocation Table (FAT) filesystems and might be used for a rescue disk?" ;"SYSBOOT" ;"SYSLINUX" ;"TIELINUX" ;"FATLINUX"
 "Which of the following is used to provide an early filesystem-based loading process for key drivers needed to continue the boot process?" ;"bootrd" ;"driverload" ;"initrd" ;"initdrv"
 "When booting a system you receive an error similar to "No init found" and are then placed at an initramfs prompt. You need to check the hard drive for errors. Which of the following commands performs an error check on a hard drive partition in Linux?" ;"defrag" ;"fsck" ;"checkfs" ;"chkfs"
 "Which of the following commands places the system in single-user mode?" ;"tellinit 1" ;"chginit 1" ;"telinet 1" ;"telinit 1"
 "Which of the following commands changes the boot order for the next boot?" ;"efibootmgr -c" ;"efibootmgr -b -B" ;"efibootmgr -o" ;"efibootmgr -n"
 "Which boot loader can be used with ISO9660 CD-ROMS?" ;"ISOLINUX" ;"EFIBOOT" ;"ISOFS" ;"BOOTISO"
 "Within which directory are systemd user unit files placed by installed packages?" ;"/usr/lib/systemd/user" ;"/usr/lib/systemd/system" ;"/usr/systemd" ;"/usr/system"
 "When using Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI), which of the following files can be used as a boot loader?" ;"shim.uefi" ;"shim.efi" ;"shim.fx" ;"efi.shim
 Which directory on a SysV init-based system contains scripts that are used for starting and stopping services?" ;"/etc/rc.int" ;"/etc/boot" ;"/etc/bootscripts" ;"/etc/init.d"
 "Which of the following commands is used to find overriding configuration files on a systemd-based system?" ;"diff" ;"systemctl -diff" ;"systemd-delta" ;"systemctl configoverride"
 "Which of the following commands on a Red Hat system lists all of the SysV services set to be executed on boot along with their setting for each runlevel?" ;"rlevel" ;"chkconfig --list" ;"bootldr --list" ;"init --bootlist"
 "Which of the following commands, executed from within the UEFI shell, controls the boot configuration?" ;"bootcfg" ;"bcfg" ;"grub-install" ;"grcfg"
 "Which file must exist within /tftpboot on the Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) server for a system that will use PXELINUX for its boot loader?" ;"pxelinux.tftp" ;"pxelinux.boot" ;"pxelinux.conf" ;"pxelinux.0"
 "Which utility can you use on a Debian or Ubuntu system to manage SysV init scripts, such as setting them to run on boot?" ;"bootorder" ;"bootloader" ;"configchk" ;"update-rc.d
 "Which key, pressed during the operating system selection menu, is used to enable editing of the parameters related to boot with GRUB?" ;"v" ;"e" ;"r" ;"y"
 "Which systemctl subcommand is used to switch runlevels?" ;"switch" ;"move" ;"runlevel" ;"isolate"
 "When examining the /etc/inittab file, which option signifies the default runlevel to which the system will boot?" ;"default" ;"defaultboot" ;"initdefault" ;"defaultlvl"
 "Which of the following is used instead of initrd to provide an early filesystem for essential drivers?" ;"initnext" ;"initramfs" ;"initialize" ;"initfs"
 "Which of the following commands sets the default systemd target to multi-user?" ;"systemctl set-default multi-user.target" ;"systemd set-default multi-user.target" ;"systemctl set-def muser.target" ;"systemd set-def muser.target"
 "When using a shim for booting a UEFI-based system, which of the following files is loaded after shim.efi?" ;"grubx64.cfg" ;"grub.conf" ;"grubx64.efi" ;"efi.boot"
 "Within which hierarchy are files from /etc/init.d linked so that the files are executed during the various runlevels of a SysV system?" ;"/etc/rc.S" ;"/etc/rc" ;"/etc/boot/rc" ;"/etc/rc.d"
 "What is the name of the unit to which a systemd system is booted in order to start other levels?" ;"default.target" ;"init.target" ;"initial.target" ;"load.target"
 "When viewing information in /dev/disk/by-path using the command ls -l, which of the following filenames represents a logical unit number (LUN) from Fibre Channel?" ;"/dev/fc0" ;"pci-0000:1a:00.0-fc-0x500601653ee0025f:0x0000000000000000" ;"pci-0000:1a:00.0-scsi-0x500601653ee0025f:0x0000000000000000" ;"/dev/fibre0"
 "You have purchased new solid-state drive (SSD) hardware that uses the NVMe (Non-Volatile Memory Express) protocol but cannot find the disks in the normal /dev/sd* location in which you have traditionally found such storage. In which location should you look for these drives?" ;"/dev/nd*" ;"/dev/nvme*" ;"/dev/nv*" ;"/dev/nvme/*"
 "Which file contains information about the current md Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks (RAID) configuration such as the personalities?" ;"/proc/raidinfo" ;"/proc/rhyinfo" ;"/proc/mdraid" ;"/proc/mdstat"
 "Which of the following directory hierarchies contains information such as the World Wide Name (WWN) for Fibre Channel?" ;"/sys/class/wwn" ;"/sys/class/fc_host" ;"/sys/class/fclist" ;"/sys/class/fc/wwn"
 "Information about logical volumes can be found in which of the following directories?" ;"/dev/lvinfo" ;"/dev/map" ;"/dev/mapper" ;"/dev/lvmap"
 "Which of the following commands will examine the PCI subsystem for NVMe-based devices?" ;"psnvme" ;"lsnvme" ;"lspci | grep scsi" ;"lspci | grep -i nvme"
 "Which of the following devices is the location of the first Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) tape device detected at boot?" ;"/dev/st1" ;"/dev/sd0" ;"/dev/sd1" ;"/dev/st0"
 "Which of the following files should be used to display a message to users prior to logging in locally?" ;"/etc/loginmesg" ;"/etc/logmessage.txt" ;"/etc/issue" ;"/etc/banner"
 "Which file contains a message that is displayed after a successful login?" ;"/etc/loginbanner" ;"/etc/issue" ;"/etc/motd" ;"/etc/message"
 "Which of the following files can be used to provide a message to users logging in remotely with a protocol such as telnet?" ;"/etc/telnet.msg" ;"/etc/issue.net" ;"/etc/login.msg" ;"/etc/telnet.login"
 "Which of the following commands turns off the computer, including removing power, if possible?" ;"systemctl halt" ;"systemctl reboot" ;"systemctl stop" ;"systemctl poweroff"
 "Which of the following shutdown commands reboots the system in 15 minutes?" ;"shutdown -r +15" ;"shutdown +15" ;"shutdown -15" ;"shutdown -r 00:15"
 "When terminating a process on a SysV init-based system, which command can be used to stop the process?" ;"service" ;"sysv" ;"syscl" ;"servc"
 "Which of the following commands show the boot messages captured by systemd?" ;"journalctl -b" ;"systemctl -b" ;"journalctl -bm" ;"journalctl -l"
 "Which option to the shutdown command halts or stops the system?" ;"-h" ;"-s" ;"-f" ;"-t"
 "Which signal number is used as SIGKILL when used with the kill command?" ;"1" ;"4" ;"9" ;"11"
 "Which directory contains rc-related startup scripts on a legacy Debian system?" ;"/etc/init" ;"/etc/inittab" ;"/etc/init.d" ;"/etc/rc.init"
 "When attempting to enable an integrated peripheral on a basic input/output system (BIOS) system, what should be done to determine whether the peripheral has been enabled within the BIOS?" ;"Examine boot messages to determine if the kernel has detected the peripheral." ;"Examine /var/log/auth.log for detection of the peripheral." ;"Reboot the system to determine if the device works." ;"Enable the peripheral by removing it from the blacklisted modules."
 "Which option to the wall command suppresses the "Broadcast message" banner that normally displays?" ;"-b" ;"-a" ;"-n" ;"-d"
 "A Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA) disk will use which of the following identifiers?" ;"/dev/hdX" ;"/dev/sataX" ;"/dev/sdX" ;"/disk/sataX"
 "Which option given at boot time within the GRUB configuration will boot the system into single-user mode?" ;"single-user" ;"su" ;"single" ;"root"
 "During boot of a system with GRUB, which key can be pressed to display the GRUB menu?" ;"Shift" ;"E" ;"V" ;"H"
 "When booting, which option can be added to a GRUB configuration line to set or change the root partition at boot time to /dev/sda2?" ;"rootpartition={hd0,2}" ;"root=/dev/sda2" ;"root={hd0,3}" ;"rootpartition=/dev/sda2"
 "Which key combination will enable you to edit the kernel options and then boot when using GRUB Legacy?" ;"ESC for editing and then Return to boot" ;"v for editing and then Return to boot" ;"e for editing and then b to boot" ;"v for editing and then b to boot"
 "During the boot process for a virtual machine, what is the next step in the boot process after the kernel has taken over the initialization process and initializes devices?" ;"The system BIOS initializes devices." ;"The system is placed in multi-user mode." ;"The boot loader initializes the kernel." ;"The root partition is mounted."
 "Where in the filesystem will the EFI system partition (ESP) typically be mounted?" ;"/etc/efi" ;"/efi" ;"/sys/efi" ;"/boot/efi"
 "When partitioning a disk for a mail server running postfix, which partition/mounted directory should be the largest in order to allow for mail storage?" ;"/etc" ;"/usr/bin" ;"/mail" ;"/var"
 "Which option within GRUB Legacy is used to indicate that a root partition contains a non-Linux kernel?" ;"initrd" ;"non-linux" ;"rootnoverify" ;"root-win"
 "Which command will output a new GRUB2 configuration file and send the output to the correct location for booting?" ;"update-grub > /boot/grub/grub.cfg" ;"update-grub boot > /boot/grub.cfg" ;"grub-rc.d" ;"grub-boot"
 "What is the maximum number of primary partitions available on an MBR partitioning system?" ;"2" ;"4" ;"1" ;"5"
 "Which command is used to update the links and cache for shared libraries on the system?" ;"ldcache" ;"cache-update" ;"link-update" ;"ldconfig"
 "Which command and option is used to update a Debian system to the latest software?" ;"apt-update" ;"apt-get upgrade" ;"dpkg -U" ;"apt-cache clean"
 "Which option given to a yum command will install a given package?" ;"update" ;"configure" ;"install" ;"get"
 "What is the location of the home directory for the root user?" ;"/home/root" ;"/home/su" ;"/root" ;"/"
 "When using rpm2cpio, by default the output is sent to which location?" ;"STDOUT" ;"The cpio.out file" ;"The a.out file" ;"The /tmp/cpi.out file"
 "Which partition or directory structure typically holds most of the programs for a Linux system?" ;"/etc" ;"/usr" ;"/home" ;"/var"
 "Your GRUB Legacy configuration includes a dual-boot option with Linux listed first and another operating system listed second. Which of the following options will boot to the Linux partition by default?" ;"default=linux" ;"default=0" ;"default=1" ;"default=other"
 "Which file should you edit when using GRUB2 in order to set things like the timeout?" ;"/etc/default/grub" ;"/etc/grub/boot" ;"/etc/boot/grub.d" ;"/grub.d/boot"
 "Which yum option displays the dependencies for the package specified?" ;"list" ;"deplist" ;"dependencies" ;"listdeps"
 "Which options for an rpm command will display verbose output for an installation along with progress of the installation?" ;"-ivh" ;"-wvh" ;"--avh" ;"--ins-verbose"
 "Which of the following commands adds /usr/local/lib to the LD_LIBRARY_PATH when using BASH shell?" ;"set PATH=/usr/local/lib" ;"export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:/usr/local/lib" ;"LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/lib" ;"connectpath LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/lib"
 "Which command can be used to download an RPM package without installing it?" ;"yumdl" ;"yumdownloadonly" ;"yumdown" ;"yumdownloader"
 "Which command will search for a package named zsh on a Debian system?" ;"apt-cache search zsh" ;"apt-get search zsh" ;"apt-cache locate zsh" ;"apt search zsh"
 "Which option within /etc/default/grub is used to configure the default operating system for boot?" ;"GRUB_OS" ;"GRUB_ON" ;"GRUB_DEFAULT" ;"DEFAULT_OS"
 "When found in a GRUB configuration file, what does the ro option indicate?" ;"Initially mount the root partition as read-only." ;"Mount the kernel as read-only." ;"Start the init program as read-once." ;"Mount the root partition in Raised Object mode."
 "Within which directory will you find the repositories used by yum?" ;"/etc/yum.conf" ;"/etc/repos" ;"/etc/yum.conf.d" ;"/etc/yum.repos.d"
 "Which rpm option can be used to verify that no files have been altered since installation?" ;"-V" ;"-v" ;"--verbose" ;"--filesum"
 "Which option for the grub-mkconfig command sends output to a file instead of STDOUT?" ;"-stdout" ;"--fileout" ;"-o" ;"-f"
 "The presence of menu.lst within the filesystem typically indicates which condition?" ;"GRUB Legacy is in use on the system." ;"GRUB2 is in use on the system." ;"An error has occurred creating the output to menu.lst." ;"The options for rescue boot have been changed."
 "Which command is used to determine the libraries on which a given command depends?" ;"ldconfig" ;"librarylist" ;"listdeps" ;"ldd"
 "Which of the following is true of Linux swap space?" ;"Swap is used to hold temporary database tables." ;"Swap is used as additional memory when there is insufficient RAM." ;"Swap is used by the mail server for security." ;"Swap is used to scrub data from the network temporarily."
 "Which of the following is not typically used to store libraries?" ;"/lib" ;"/etc/lib" ;"/usr/lib" ;"/usr/local/lib"
 "Which of the following commands updates the package cache for a Debian system?" ;"apt-get cache-update" ;"apt-cache update" ;"apt-get update" ;"apt-get upgrade"
 "Within which file are details of the current package repositories stored on a Debian system?" ;"/etc/apt.list" ;"/etc/sources.list" ;"/etc/apt/sources.list" ;"/etc/apt.d/sources.list"
 "Of the following choices, which size would be most appropriate for the /boot partition of a Linux system?" ;"Between 100MB and 500MB" ;"Between 1GB and 10GB" ;"/boot should not be partitioned separately." ;"Less than 5MB"
 "Which of the following commands initializes a physical disk partition for use with Logical Volume Manager (LVM)?" ;"lvmcreate" ;"pvcreate" ;"fvcreate" ;"lvinit"
 "Which of the following commands installs GRUB into the MBR of the second SATA disk?" ;"grub-install /dev/hdb2" ;"grub-install /dev/sda2";"grub-config /dev/sda" ;"grub-install /dev/sdb"
 "Which command should be used to make changes to the choices made when a Debian package was installed?" ;"dpkg-reconfigure" ;"dpkg -r" ;"dpkg --reconf" ;"apt-get reinstall"
 "Which command is used to create a logical volume with LVM?" ;"pvcreate" ;"lvmcreate" ;"lvcreate" ;"volcreate"
 "What is the logical order for creation of an LVM logical volume?" ;"Physical volume creation, volume group creation, logical volume creation" ;"Physical volume creation, logical volume creation, volume group creation" ;"Logical volume creation, physical volume creation, volume group creation" ;"LVM creation, format, partition"
 "Which of the Debian package management tools provides a terminal-based interface for management?" ;"apt-get" ;"dpkg" ;"apt-cache" ;"aptitude"
 "Which option for yum performs a search of the package cache?" ;"seek" ;"query" ;"--search" ;"search"
 "Which command option for rpm can be used to show the version of the kernel?" ;"rpm kernel" ;"rpm -qa kernel" ;"rpm search kernel" ;"rpm --list kern"
 "Assuming a menu entry of Debian in your GRUB configuration, which option in /etc/default/grub would set that as the default operating system to boot?" ;"GRUB_OS" ;"GRUB_OS_DEF" ;"GRUB_DEFAULT" ;"GRUB_CONF"
 "Which option in /etc/yum.conf is used to ensure that the kernel is not updated when the system is updated?" ;"exclude=kernel*" ;"exclude-kernel" ;"updatekernel=false" ;"include-except=kernel"
 "Which command should be run after making a change to the /etc/default/grub file?" ;"grub" ;"grub-mkconfig" ;"grub-inst" ;"reboot"
 "Which command searches for and provides information on a given package on a Debian system, including whether or not the package is currently installed?" ;"dpkg -i" ;"dpkg -s" ;"apt-cache" ;"apt-info"
 "Which command is used to search for physical volumes for use with LVM?" ;"lvmcreate" ;"pvcreate" ;"lvmdiskscan" ;"lvmscan"
 "Which option added to yumdownloader will also download dependencies?" ;"--deps" ;"--resolve" ;"--resdeps" ;"-d"
 "Which of the following installs a previously downloaded Debian package?" ;"dpkg -i <package name>" ;"apt-install <package name>" ;"apt-slash <package name>" ;"dpkg -U <package name>"
 "A hard drive is reported as hd(0,0) by the GRUB Legacy configuration file. To which of the following disks and partitions does this correspond?" ;"/dev/hdb2" ;"/dev/hda0" ;"/dev/disk1" ;"/dev/sda1"
 "Which filesystem format type is used for the EFI System Partition (ESP)?" ;"FAT" ;"EXT4" ;"NTFS" ;"EXT3"
 "Which of the following commands installs extlinux into the /boot partition?" ;"extlinux --install /boot" ;"extlinux --inst /boot" ;"extlinux -boot" ;"extlinux /boot install"
 "Which of the following commands mounts /dev/sda1 in the /boot partition?" ;"mount /dev/sda /boot" ;"mount /boot /dev/sda1" ;"mount /dev/sda1 /boot" ;"mount -dev sda1 /boot"
 "Which of the following can be identified as an initial sector on a disk that stores information about the disk partitioning and operating system location?" ;"Minimal boot record (MBR)" ;"Master boot record (MBR)" ;"Init sector" ;"Master partition table (MPT)"
 "Which option to grub-install will place the GRUB images into an alternate directory?" ;"--boot-dir" ;"-b" ;"-boot" ;"--boot-directory"
 "Within which file is a list of the currently mounted filesystems stored?" ;"/etc/fstab" ;"/etc/curmount" ;"/var/spool/files" ;"/etc/mtab"
 "Which command is used to activate swap space on a system?" ;"mkswap" ;"swapon" ;"swapact" ;"actswap"
 "Which of the following commands displays information about a given physical volume in an LVM setup?" ;"pvdisp" ;"pvlist" ;"pvdisplay" ;"pvl"
 "Which of the following commands creates a logical volume with LVM?" ;"lvc" ;"lvcreate" ;"lvlist" ;"lvmake"
 "Which of the following commands looks for LVM physical volumes and volume groups involved in an LVM configuration?" ;"vgscan" ;"lvmscan" ;"lvlist" ;"pvlist"
 "Which of the following commands is used to display a list of physical volumes involved in LVM?" ;"pvdisp" ;"pvlist" ;"pvscan" ;"pvmm"
 "Which option to lvchange sets whether the logical volume is available?" ;"-a" ;"-b" ;"-c" ;"-d"
 "When working with a script to create directories, the script is checking to see if srv/vhosts exists. When doing an ls of the root directory, /, you see that it does exist. However, the script does not. What might be the issue?" ;"The script is not executable." ;"The script does not have the setuid bit set." ;"The script is using a relative path." ;"The script is owned by root."
 "You are architecting an application and need to choose between application containerization and virtualization. Which of the following describes a difference between application containers and a virtual machine?" ;"An application container can contain only one application whereas a virtual machine can contain many.";"An application container shares the host kernel whereas a virtual machine can have its own kernel." ;"An application container is used for small applications whereas a virtual machine is used for large applications." ;"The use of application containers is for testing only whereas a virtual machine is used for production."
 "In addition to including /lib and /usr/lib, where does ldconfig look to find additional directories to incorporate into the library path?" ;"/etc/lib.conf" ;"/etc/ldconf" ;"/etc/lib.cfg" ;"/etc/ld.so.conf"
 "You are working with a cloud instance virtual machine deployed with an Infrastructure as-a-Service (IaaS) provider. The virtual machine is running slowly. Which type of resource might you add to the cloud instance in order to improve performance?" ;"Compute" ;"Block storage" ;"Networking" ;"Disk"
 "When working with a system to determine if it is using GRUB or GRUB2, the presence of which file indicates that it is GRUB2?" ;"grub.cfg" ;"grub.conf" ;"menu.lst" ;"grub2.conf"
 "You are working to create a system image or template from which other virtual machines will be deployed. Which of the following represents a unique item that will change with each deployed virtual host or image?" ;"System directories" ;"MAC address" ;"Guest drivers" ;"Pilot homing"
 "Which program can be used to deploy an Ubuntu image to a remote cloud provider?" ;"dep-image" ;"cloud-init" ;"init-cloud" ;"image-dep"
 "Which file is used as the primary configuration file for the yum package manager?" ;"/etc/yum.cfg" ;"/etc/yum.d" ;"/etc/yum.conf" ;"/etc/yum.config"
 "Which of the following commands and options lists all of the files included with a package on a Debian system?" ;"apt -L" ;"dpkg -L" ;"dpkg -f" ;"apt-get show"
 "When working with SSH (Secure Shell) keys for a virtual machine cloud deployment, which key is deployed to the virtual machine so that you can connect from the host?" ;"The public key" ;"The signature file" ;"The private key" ;"Both the public and private keys"
 "When using a GPT disk, which partition needs to be created for a Linux system to boot?" ;"/boot/efi" ;"/boot/gpt" ;"/gpt" ;"/vmgpt"
 "Which option to zypper installs a package?" ;"install" ;"retr" ;"get" ;"ref"
 "You are working with a Fedora 22 system and need to install a package. Which of the following is the default package manager on this system?" ;"yum" ;"apt" ;"dpkg" ;"dnf"
 "You need to list the files available on a package on CentOS. Which of the following commands accomplishes this task?" ;"repoquery -l" ;"pkgquery -l" ;"dpkg -L" ;"pkglist"
 "You need to create a backup of user home directories including root. Which directory or directories need to be included in the backup?" ;"/home" ;"/home and /home/root" ;"/home and /root" ;"/home and /root/home"
 "In which file can you find the unique D-Bus machine ID for a given system?" ;"/etc/machine-id" ;"/etc/machineID" ;"/etc/mch.conf" ;"/etc/machine.id.conf"
 "Which option to ldconfig can be used to process only those directories given on the command line rather than the directories found in /etc/ld.so.conf?" ;"-n" ;"-i" ;"-v" ;"-r"
 "When working with package caches on Debian, you need to determine if the package list is being updated. Which option to apt-cache shows the number of available packages on the system?" ;"packagenum" ;"status" ;"stats" ;"liststatus"
 "Which option to grub-install specifies the directory in which the EFI partition is located?" ;"--boot-dir" ;"--efi" ;"--efi-boot" ;"--efi-directory"
 "Within which file are mount points for the system stored?" ;"/etc/fstab" ;"/etc/mtab" ;"/etc/partitions.list" ;"/etc/disk.conf"
 "Which of the following option sets for rpm lists the files within the package?" ;"lf" ;"qlp" ;"qf" ;"eps"
 "When working with a CentOS system, you need to determine the release of a certain package. Which command and option will accomplish this task?" ;"dpkg -i" ;"yum info" ;"yum search" ;"apt search"
 "You are using a host machine and are unsure if it supports the extensions to enable virtualization. Which of the following should you look for in /proc/cpuinfo to indicate that the system is ready for virtualization?" ;"vmx" ;"virt" ;"envirt" ;"vtcapable"
 "Within which file can you configure a filter for devices when using vgscan?" ;"lvm.conf" ;"vg.conf" ;"vgscan.conf" ;"lv.cfg"
 "Which of the following swapon options displays information on the size of swap space along with its used space?" ;"--list" ;"-a" ;"--show" ;"-h"
 "Assume that you’re using the Bash shell and want to prevent output redirects from accidentally overwriting existing files. Which command and option can be used to invoke this behavior?" ;"setoutput -f" ;"overwrite=no" ;"overwrite -n" ;"set -C"
 "What command can be used to view the current settings for your environment when using Bash?" ;"environment" ;"env" ;"listenv" ;"echoenv"
 "Which command is used to access documentation on the Linux computer for a given command?" ;"doc" ;"heredoc" ;"man" ;"manual"
 "Which of the following commands will print various information about the kernel and architecture, along with other details?" ;"info --sys" ;"man sys" ;"sysinfo" ;"uname -a"
 "When using sed for a substitution operation, which option must be included so that the substitution applies to the entire line rather than just the first instance?" ;"g" ;"a" ;"r" ;"y"
 "Which option for the wc command prints the number of lines given as input?" ;"-f" ;"-a" ;"-l" ;"-o"
 "What is the default number of lines printed by the head and tail commands, respectively?" ;"10 for head, 5 for tail" ;"5 for head, 10 for tail" ;"10 for both head and tail" ;"3 for both head and tail"
 "You are attempting to use rmdir to remove a directory, but there are still multiple files and other directories contained within it. Assuming that you’re sure you want to remove the directory and all of its contents, what is the command and arguments to remove the directory and all of its contents?" ;"rm -f" ;"rm -rf" ;"rmdir -a" ;"rmdir -m"
 "Which command will find directories with names beginning with 2014 located beneath the current directory?" ;"find ./ -name "2014"" ;"find ./ -type d -name "2014"" ;"find / -type d "2014"" ;"find ./ -type d -name "2014*""
 "Which of the following commands will provide the usernames in a sorted list gathered from the /etc/passwd file?" ;"cat /etc/passwd | awk -F : '{print $1}' | sort" ;"sort /etc/passwd | cut" ;"echo /etc/passwd" ;"cat /etc/passwd | awk '{print $1}' | sort"
 "Which options to ls will produce output, including hidden (dot) files, in a list that is ordered such that the newest files are at the end of the output?" ;"-la" ;"-lat" ;"-latr" ;"-ltr"
 "What will be the result if the touch command is executed on a file that already exists?" ;"The access time stamp of the file will change to the current time when the touch command was executed." ;"The file will be overwritten." ;"There will be no change."
 ;"The file will be appended to."
 "Which option to both mv and cp will cause the command to prompt before overwriting files that already exist?" ;"-f" ;"-Z" ;"-r" ;"-i"
 "Which of the following commands will send the contents of /etc/passwd to both STDOUT and to a file called passwordfile?" ;"cat /etc/passwd > passwordfile" ;"var /etc/passwd | passwordfile" ;"cat /etc/passwd | tee passwordfile" ;"echo /etc/passwd | stdout > passwordfile"
 "The current hierarchy on the server contains a directory called /usr/local. You need to create additional directories below that are called /usr/local/test/october. Which command will accomplish this task?" ;"mkdir -p /usr/local/test/october" ;"mkdir /usr/local/test/october" ;"mkdir -r /usr/local/test/october" ;"mkdir -f /usr/local/test/october"
 "Which option to the cp command will copy directories in a recursive manner?" ;"-v" ;"-R" ;"-Z" ;"-i"
 "You have received a file that does not have a file extension. Which command can you run to help determine what type of file it might be?" ;"grep" ;"telnet" ;"file" ;"export"
 "Which command will create an image of the /dev/sda1 disk partition and place that image into a file called output.img?" ;"dd if=sda of=/dev/sda1" ;"dd if=output.img of=/dev/sda1" ;"dd if=/dev/sda1 of=output.img" ;"echo /dev/sda1 > output.img"
 "What is the default delimiter used by the cut command?" ;"Colon" ;"Tab" ;"Space" ;"Comma"
 "Which of the following will unzip and extract the contents of a file that has been tarred and gzipped?" ;"tar -zxf <file.tgz>" ;"tar -xf <file.tgz>" ;"tar -vz <file.tgz>" ;"tar -fd <file.tgz>"
 "What command is used to bring a command to foreground processing after it has been backgrounded with an &?" ;"bg" ;"fore" ;"4g" ;"fg"
 "You need to write a script that gathers all of the process IDs for all instances of Apache running on the system. Which of the following commands will accomplish this task?" ;"ps auwx | grep apache" ;"pgrep apache" ;"processlist apache" ;"ls -p apache"
 "Which of the following command lines would monitor a single process called nagios in a continuous manner?" ;"top -n 1" ;"top -p 23" ;"ps -nagios" ;"top -p`pidof nagios`"
 "Users are reporting that various programs are crashing on the server. By examining logs, you see that certain processes are reporting out-of-memory conditions. Which command can you use to see the overall memory usage, including available swap space?" ;"tree" ;"pgrep" ;"uptime" ;"free"
 "You are using the Vi editor for changing a file and need to exit. You receive a notice indicating "No write since last change". Assuming you want to save your work, which of the following commands will save your work and exit Vi?" ;":wq" ;":q!" ;"dd" ;"x"
 "What option is used to change the number of lines of output for the head and tail commands?" ;"-l" ;"-f" ;"-g" ;"-n"
 "Which command can be used to determine the current load average along with information on the amount of time since the last boot of the system?" ;"uptime" ;"sysinfo" ;"bash" ;"ls -u"
 "You need to start a long-running process that requires a terminal and foreground processing. However, you cannot leave your terminal window open due to security restrictions.  Which command will enable you to start the process and return at a later time to continue the session?" ;"fg" ;"bg" ;"kill" ;"screen"
 "You have attempted to stop a process using its service command and also using the kill command. Which signal can be sent to the process using the kill command in order to force the process to end?" ;"-15" ;"-f" ;"-9" ;"-stop"
 "When working in the Bash shell, you need to redirect both STDOUT and STDERR. Which of the following commands will redirect both STDOUT and STDERR?  ;"1>2" ;">2" ;"2>&1" ;">>"
 "Which command can be run to determine the default priority for processes spawned by the current user?" ;"prio" ;"nice" ;"renice" ;"defpriority"
 "Which of the following egrep commands will examine /etc/passwd to find users who are using either /bin/bash or /usr/bin/zsh for their shell environment?" ;"grep sh /etc/passwd" ;"egrep '/*/.sh$' /etc/passwd" ;"grep '/*/.=sh$' /etc/passwd" ;"egrep '/*/..?sh$' /etc/passwd"
 "Which option to the man command accesses a different level of documentation, for example, system call documentation?" ;"man 2 <argument>" ;"progman <argument>" ;"man --sys <argument>" ;"man --list sys"
 "When editing with Vi, which command changes to insert mode and opens a new line below the current cursor location?" ;"f" ;"a" ;"o" ;"i"
 "Which kill signal can be sent in order to restart a process?" ;"-HUP" ;"-RESTART" ;"-9" ;"-SIG"
 "Which of the following commands will display the last 50 lines of your command history when using Bash, including commands from the current session?" ;"bashhist 50" ;"history 50" ;"cat .bash_history" ;"tail -f .bash_history"
 "You have backgrounded several tasks using &. Which command can be used to view the current list of running tasks that have been backgrounded?" ;"procs" ;"plist" ;"jobs" ;"free"
 "Which of the following commands searches each user’s .bash_history file to determine whether the user has invoked the sudo command?" ;"find /home -name "bash_history" | grep sudo" ;"find /home -name ".bash_history" | xargs grep sudo" ;"find /home/.bash_history | xargs grep sudo" ;"find /home -type history | xargs grep sudo"
 "Which command will watch the Apache log at /var/log/httpd/access.log and continually scroll as new log entries are created?";"watch /var/log/httpd/access.log" ;"tail /var/log/httpd/access.log" ;"tail -f /var/log/httpd/access.log" ;"mon /var/log/httpd/access.log"
 "You are debugging a configuration file and the daemon indicates there is a problem on line 932. Which of the following commands will prepend line numbers onto the file?" ;"lines" ;"wc -l" ;"newline" ;"nl"
 "You receive a file with an .lzma extension. Which command can you use to decompress this file?" ;"xz" ;"lz" ;"gz" ;"bzip"
 "Which find command will locate files within the current directory that have been modified within the last 24 hours?" ;"find ./ -type f -mtime 0" ;"find ./ -type f -mtime 24" ;"find ./ -type f -mtime +1" ;"find ./ type -f time 24"
 "Which command will move all files with a .txt extension to the /tmp directory?" ;"mv txt* tmp" ;"move *txt /temp" ;"mv *.txt /tmp" ;"mv *.txt tmp"
 "Which command prints your current directory?" ;"cwd" ;"curdur" ;"cd" ;"pwd"
 "Assume that you have a file called zips.txt that contains several postal ZIP codes and you need to determine how many unique ZIP codes there are in the file. Which of the following commands can be used for that purpose?" ;"sort zips.txt | uniq -c" ;"uniq zips.txt" ;"count zips.txt" ;"cat zips.txt | uniq -c"
 "When using Bash, how would you execute the last command starting with a certain string, even if that command was not the last one that you typed?" ;"Precede the command with ! and then the string to search for." ;"Search for the command in history." ;"Precede the command with a ? and then the string to search for." ;"This is not possible with Bash."
 "Which command can be used to kill all processes by using their name?" ;"killproc" ;"killname" ;"killall" ;"kill -f"
 "You’re working with a large file in Vi and need to search for instances of a string earlier in the file. Which key will search backward in the file?" ;"/" ;"h" ;"?" ;"x"
 "You need to declare a local environment variable that will then be available to child processes. Which of the following commands accomplishes this task?" ;"ex" ;"echo" ;"dec" ;"export"
 "You are creating a Bash shell script and need to output the current script name to the current terminal. Which of the following commands accomplishes this task?" ;"cat <CMD>" ;"echo $0" ;"echo $SCRIPT" ;"echo $PS1"
 "You have downloaded a file with a .gz extension. What is the most likely command that you will use to decompress this file?" ;"unz" ;"gunzip" ;"hunzip" ;"gzunzip"
 "You need to remove a single file from a directory if it exists but would like to be prompted for confirmation before doing so. Which option to the rm command causes the command to prompt for confirmation?" ;"-a" ;"-e" ;"-i" ;"-o"
 "You need to determine files that are sized above 1GB. Which of the following commands accomplishes this task?" ;"find / -size +1G" ;"find / -size 10000M" ;"find / +1M" ;"find / -size +1B"
 "Which option to cpio lists the files as it is operating on them?" ;"-l" ;"-v" ;"-k" ;"-s"
 "Which command is used to send contents of a bzip2 archive to STDOUT?" ;"bzout" ;"bzcat" ;"bz2cat" ;"bz2echo"
 "You are attempting to find more information about the jobs command; however, an Internet search was not particularly helpful because there are so many Linux-related jobs available. Additionally, you attempted to view the man page for the jobs command but it was not available. Which man page should you use to view more information on jobs?" ;"jbs" ;"procctl" ;"bash" ;"ps"
 "You need to start a process that cannot be sent or will not accept a SIGHUP signal. Which command should be used to start the process?" ;"nosig" ;"nohup" ;"nokill" ;"noproc"
 "You need to run a command periodically and examine its output in real time. Which of the following commands enables this scenario?" ;"mon" ;"procmon" ;"pgrep" ;"watch"
 "You would like to tail a log file to watch entries as they are being added to the log file. In addition, you would also like to work within the same terminal window or SSH (Secure Shell) session to add entries to another file at the same time. Which command can be used to create two sessions within the same terminal window?" ;"screen" ;"tmux" ;"sess" ;"termse"
 "You need to kill several processes at once. Rather than writing a complex ps-based command to do so, you can use which other command?";"pkill" ;"psk" ;"pskill" ;"prock"
 "You are using pgrep to find the process IDs for a given command. However, several other commands seem to also appear. Which option to pgrep enables matching against the full path of the process?" ;"-f" ;"-d" ;"-o" ;"-i"
 "You need to determine the exact command that will be run based on your current environment settings. Which command is used for this purpose?" ;"what" ;"which" ;"find" ;"ls"
 "An environment variable has been set on login, but you need to remove that variable temporarily for the current session. Which shell built-in command can be used for this purpose?";"reset" ;"unset" ;"undo" ;"clear"
 "You cannot find the man page of a command but you know the command exists. For example, the alias command exists but there is no man page for it. Which of the following commands could you execute to determine what type of command alias is?" ;"type" ;"cmd" ;"uses" ;"listr"
 "Which type of quotes are used so that variables are interpolated within a Bash shell script?" ;"Escaped quotes" ;"Single quotes" ;"Double quotes" ;"Side quotes"
 "Which of the following pagers includes the ability to search backward and forward as well as move backward and forward, line-by-line, and page-by-page?" ;"more" ;"mplus" ;"less" ;"catch"
 "You have a specialized need for outputting a file in octal format. Which command or series of commands can be used for this purpose?" ;"oct" ;"cat <file> | octalf" ;"od" ;"octf"
 "Which option to sha256sum causes the file to be read in binary mode?" ;"-i" ;"-b" ;"-c" ;"-p"
 "When operating in command mode, which keys enable you to move the cursor in the Vi editor?" ;"a, s, d, f" ;"h, j, k, l" ;"q, w, e, r" ;"z, x, c, v"
 "Which options to xz are functionally equivalent to the xzcat program?" ;"decompress and output" ;"output and format" ;"decompress and stdout" ;"stdout and format"
 "Which environment variable is used to control the default text editor used on a Linux system?";"EDITOR" ;"EDIT" ;"TEXTEDITOR" ;"DEFAULT_EDITOR"
 "You need to examine the seventh section of the manual page for regular expressions, or regex, on a Linux system. Which command displays the seventh section of the manual?" ;"man regex -7" ;"man regex 7" ;"man --page 7 regex" ;"man 7 regex"
 "Which of the following commands reprioritizes an already running process?" ;"nice" ;"renice" ;"chnice" ;"altnice"
 "The fgrep command is equivalent to running the grep command with which option?" ;"-f" ;"-F" ;"-a" ;"-E"
 "Which of the following regular expressions would find the pattern Steve or steve in a file when used with grep?" ;"'[sS]teve'" ;"'[S]*teve'" ;"'^[Ss]teve'" ;"'[$Steve]'"
 "Which of the following commands shows the currently running processes and their resource usage in real time, updated every few seconds?" ;"nice" ;"ps" ;"top" ;"procs"
 "You have been asked to create a compressed file that will be readable by those with other operating systems. Which tool can you use for this purpose?" ;"gzip" ;"bzip2" ;"xz" ;"tar"
 "You need to match files that begin with 201, as in 2017, 2018, 2019. Which of the following wildcard specifications can be used?" ;"201?" ;"201$" ;"201@" ;"201]"
 "You need to break a large file into smaller pieces. Which command can be used for this purpose?" ;"cut" ;"split" ;"dice" ;"rem"
 "When examining the output from top, you see that a process has a value in the PR column of 20. To what does the PR column refer?" ;"The process ID" ;"The process utilization" ;"The process priority" ;"The processor core on which the process is executing"
 "You need to cut or remove eight lines from a file while editing with Vi. Which combination should be used for this purpose?" ;"d7" ;"d8" ;"r8" ;"x7"
 "Which command is used in order to decompress a file that has been compressed with xz?" ;"unxz" ;"dexz" ;"xzu" ;"u2xz"
 "Which of the following commands uses 128-bit message digests?" ;"sha256sum" ;"sha512sum" ;"sh128sum" ;"md5sum"
 "You have several files that need to be combined, with a line from each file being appended onto a single line. Which command can be used for this purpose?" ;"paste" ;"comb" ;"appfile" ;"combo"
 "You need to run a command that is not inside your current path. Which of the following represents the typical method for doing so?" ;"Use a fully qualified path for the command." ;"Set the PATH environment variable to include the correct path." ;"Restart the shell environment." ;"Restart the computer for settings to take effect."
 "Which signal is used by default by the pkill command?" ;"SIGKILL" ;"SIGTERM" ;"SIGHUP" ;"SIGKS"
 "You are working with the jobs built-in command to display jobs. You would like to see only running jobs. Which option to the jobs built-in command will display only running jobs?" ;"-s" ;"-a" ;"-l" ;"-r"
 "Which option to the bunzip2 command sends output to STDOUT, much like the bzcat command?" ;"-s" ;"-o" ;"-c" ;"-d"
 "Which option best describes the following output from the ls -la command: lrwxrwxrwx. 1       root     root     35   Jul 8 2014 .fetchmailrc -> .configs/fetchmail/.fetchmailrc?" ;"It is a file called .fetchmailrc that is linked using a symbolic link." ;"It is a file called .configs/fetchmail/.fetchmailrc that is owned by lrwxrwxrwx." ;"It is a directory called .fetchmailrc that is owned by user Jul." ;"It is a local directory called .configs/fetchmail/.fetchmailrc."
 "Assuming that a USB disk contains a single partition and is made available on /dev/sdb, which command mounts the disk in /media/usb?" ;"mount /dev/sdb1 /media/usb" ;"usbconnect /dev/sdb0 /media/usb" ;"mount /dev/sdb0 /media/usb" ;"usbmount /dev/sdb1 /media/usb"
 "Which option within a partition-mounting command will cause the partition to be mounted in such a way as to prevent execution of programs?" ;"execless" ;"stoprun" ;"noexec" ;"norun"
 "When working with partitions on disk, you see the type 0x82. Which type of partition is this?" ;"Linux" ;"Linux swap" ;"NTFS" ;"FAT"
 "Which partition type should be created for a Linux system, non-swap partition?" ;"82" ;"83" ;"84" ;"L"
 "Which command can be used to determine the location of a given executable that would be run if typed from your current environment and location?" ;"which" ;"what" ;"whatis" ;"when"
 "Which of the following commands will correctly change the group ownership of the file called a.out to users?" ;"chgrp users a.out" ;"chgrp a.out users" ;"groupchg a.out users" ;"grpchg users a.out"
 "Another administrator made a change to one of the local scripts used for administrative purposes. The change was also immediately reflected in your copy of the script. However, when examining the file with ls, you see that it appears to be a normal file. What is the likely cause of such a scenario?" ;"The file was executed after edit." ;"The administrator copied the file to yours." ;"Your file is a hard link to the original." ;"The file has been restored from backup."
 "Which of the following commands shows the usage of inodes across all filesystems?" ;"df -i" ;"ls -i" ;"du -i" ;"dm -i"
 "You’re running fsck on an ext3 filesystem, and the process is taking longer than expected and requiring input from the administrator to fix issues. What option could be added to fsck next time so that the command will automatically attempt to fix errors without intervention?" ;"-o" ;"-V" ;"-y" ;"-f"
 "Which of the following describes a primary difference between ext2 and ext3 filesystems?" ;"ext3 was primarily a bug fix update to ext2." ;"ext3 includes journaling for the filesystem." ;"ext3 completely changed the tools needed for management of the disks." ;"ext3 filesystems have no significant differences."
 "Which option to umask will display the permissions to be used in a Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) format?" ;"-P" ;"-p" ;"-S" ;"-v"
 "Which option to ln creates a symlink to another file?" ;"-sl" ;"-s" ;"-l" ;"--ln"
 "Which of the following commands can be used if you need to locate various elements of a given command, such as its binaries and man pages?" ;"whatis" ;"find" ;"whereis" ;"ls"
 "Which option in /etc/updatedb.conf will remove a path from inclusion in the results?" ;"PRUNEPATHS" ;"EXCLUDEPATHS" ;"INCLUDEEXCLUDE" ;"SEPARATEPATH"
 "According to the filesystem hierarchy standard (FHS), what is the correct location for site-specific data for a server?" ;"/etc" ;"/var" ;"/tmp" ;"/srv"
 "Which of the following commands enables the sticky bit for a user on a file called homescript.sh?" ;"chmod +sticky homescript.sh" ;"chmod 755 homescript.sh" ;"chmod u+s homescript.sh" ;"chown u+sticky homescript.sh"
 "Which option to the mount command will mount all filesystems that are currently available in /etc/fstab?" ;"-g" ;"-a" ;"-r" ;"-y"
 "Which command is used to format a swap partition?" ;"fdisk" ;"mkswap" ;"formatswap" ;"format -s"
 "Which command and option is used to display the number of times that a filesystem has been mounted?" ;"tune2fs -l" ;"cat /etc/fstab" ;"mount -a" ;"less /etc/fsmnt"
 "Which option to xfs_metadump displays a progress indicator?" ;"-g" ;"-p" ;"-f" ;"-v"
 "The system is running out of disk space within the home directory partition and quotas have not been enabled. Which command can you use to determine the directories that might contain large files?" ;"du" ;"df" ;"ls" ;"locate"
 "Which file contains information about the filesystems to mount, their partitions, and the options that should be used to mount them?" ;"/etc/filesystems" ;"/etc/mounts" ;"/etc/fstab" ;"/srv/mounts"
 "According to the FHS, what is the proper mount point for removable media?" ;"/etc" ;"/srv" ;"/tmp" ;"/media"
 "Which file contains information on currently mounted filesystems, including their mount options?" ;"/etc/mtab" ;"/etc/fstab" ;"/tmp/files" ;"/etc/filesystems"
 "Which option to umount will cause the command to attempt to remount the filesystem in read-only mode if the unmounting process fails?" ;"-o" ;"-r" ;"-f" ;"-v"
 "The umask reports as 022. What is the permission that will be in effect for a newly nonexecutable created file?" ;"u+rw, g+r, w+r" ;"755" ;"022" ;"a+r"
 "The locate command is reporting out-of-date information. Which command should be run in order to have the locate command update its database?" ;"locatedb -u" ;"locate -u" ;"updatedb" ;"updatelocate"
 "Which shell built-in command can be used to determine what command will be run?" ;"type" ;"when" ;"find" ;"help"
 "Which option to chown recursively changes the ownership?" ;"-f" ;"-R" ;"-a" ;"-m"
 "Which of the following represents the correct format for the /etc/fstab file?" ;"<directory> <device> <type> <options>" ;"<device> <type> <options>" ;"<device> <type> <options> <directory> <dump> <fsck>" ;"<filesystem> <mount point> <type> <options> <dump> <pass>"
 "Which of the following commands is used to identify the UUID for partitions?" ;"blkid" ;"ls" ;"find" ;"cat"
 "Which of the following describes the priority order for configuration files with systemd?" ;"Files in /etc/, files in /run, and then files in /lib" ;"Files in /run, files in /etc/, and then files in /lib" ;"Files in /lib, files in /run, and then files in /etc" ;"Files in /lib, files in /etc, and then files in /run"
 "Which options to the fsck command will find and automatically assume that it should repair errors that it finds?" ;"-y" ;"-vy" ;"-my" ;"-xy"
 "Which option to mke2fs sets the type of filesystem to be created?" ;"-F" ;"-a" ;"-t" ;"-e"
 "Which of the following files is the default configuration file for the autofs automounter?" ;"/etc/autofs" ;"/etc/auto.master" ;"/etc/autofs.conf" ;"/etc/automounter.conf"
 "Which of the following commands is used to create an ISO filesystem?" ;"mkiso" ;"mkfsiso" ;"mkisofs" ;"isofs-mk"
 "Which option to the tune2fs command sets the maximum mount count before the system will automatically run fsck on the partition on boot?";"-b" ;"-c" ;"-C" ;"-a"
 "Which option to the mount command can be used to simulate the mount process without actually mounting the filesystem?" ;"-q" ;"-v" ;"-l" ;"-f"
 "When viewing /proc/mounts, you see a filesystem with the letters ro in the fourth column. To what do the letters ro refer?" ;"relative option" ;"realtime option" ;"read-only" ;"relative-only"
 "Which option to dumpe2fs displays the bad blocks for a given partition?" ;"-bb" ;"-C" ;"-b" ;"-f"
 "Which of the following filesystem types features copy-on-write?" ;"ext3" ;"ext4" ;"FAT" ;"Btrfs"
 "Which of the following commands displays filesystem geometry for an XFS filesystem?" ;"xfsinfo" ;"xfs_info" ;"xfs -info" ;"xfs --info"
 "Which of the following commands can be used to display information such as the UUID for partitions on a system?" ;"blkid" ;"blockdev" ;"devinfo" ;"uuidinfo"
 "Which option to the umount command will cause it to unmount only filesystems of the specified type?" ;"-v" ;"-f" ;"-t" ;"-a"
 "Which command causes unwritten data to be written to disk immediately?" ;"write" ;"wrnow" ;"connwrite" ;"sync"
 "Which option to xfs_check is used to verify a filesystem that is stored in a file?" ;"-v" ;"-a" ;"-f" ;"-d"
 "Which option to debugfs causes the filesystem to be opened in read-write mode rather than the default read-only?" ;"-rw" ;"-w" ;"-r" ;"-n"
 "Which daemon is responsible for monitoring Self-Monitoring, Analysis, and Reporting Technology (SMART)-compatible hard drives?" ;"smartmon" ;"smarty" ;"sartd" ;"smartd"
 "When checking an ext3 filesystem, which option to the fsck.ext3 command causes it to run the check even if the filesystem is apparently marked as clean?" ;"–f" ;"-m" ;"-a" ;"-c"
 "You are performing an xfsrestore. The xfsdump was executed with a block size of 4MB. Which option do you need to invoke on xfsrestore in order for it to successfully use this dump?" ;"-b 4M" ;"-g 1M" ;"-i 1M" ;"-k 1028K"
 "You see the word defaults within /etc/fstab. Which options are encompassed within the defaults?" ;"ro, exec, auto" ;"rw, suid, dev, exec, auto, nouser, async" ;"rw, exec, auto, nouser, async" ;"rw, exec, nouser, async, noauto, suid"
 "Which of the following commands creates a btrfs subvolume?" ;"btrfs create subvolume" ;"btrfs subvolume create" ;"btrfs sv create" ;"btrfs svcreate"
 "Which of the following options to xfsdump sets the maximum size for files to be included in the dump?" ;"-p" ;"-s" ;"-z" ;"-b"
 "Which option to the tune2fs command sets the behavior when a filesystem error occurs?" ;"-f" ;"-d" ;"-e" ;"-k"
 "The /etc filesystem has been mounted as a read-only for a recovery process. You need to mount another partition. Which option to the mount command causes it to not write to /etc/mtab?" ;"-a" ;"-m" ;"-b" ;"-n"
 "Which of the following commands deactivates swap space?" ;"swapoff" ;"swap -off" ;"unmountswap" ;"uswap"
 "Within the [mount] section of a systemd mount unit, which directive specifies the location for mounting the chosen filesystem?" ;"Where=" ;"Location=" ;"List=" ;"Dest="
 "Which of the following commands can be used to format a FAT filesystem?" ;"mkfs.fat" ;"mkfs -f" ;"mkfs --fat" ;"mkfat"
 "Which of the following commands adds a journal to an existing ext2 filesystem?" ;"tune2fs -jrn" ;"e2fs -x" ;"tune3fs" ;"tune2fs -j"
 "Which of the following commands creates a snapshot of a btrfs subvolume?" ;"btrfs subvolume snapshot" ;"btrfs snapshot --create" ;"btrfs create snapshot" ;"btrfs --create"
 "Which option to xfs_repair will force log zeroing even if there may be metadata within the log?" ;"-L" ;"-v" ;"-d" ;"-V"
 "Which of the following commands mounts a filesystem in read-only mode?" ;"mount read-only" ;"mount --read" ;"mount -o ro" ;"mount -or"
 "When you are using tune2fs to set an extended option such as stripe_width, which command-line option is needed to signify that an extended option follows?" ;"-extend" ;"-E" ;"-e" ;"-f"
 "Which utility is used for formatting GPT disks?" ;"gdisk" ;"gptdisk" ;"gpdisk" ;"pgdisk"
 "What is the maximum size of a partition on an MBR-formatted disk?" ;"2TB" ;"4TB" ;"2MB" ;"512TB"
 "Which option to mkfs.ext4 can be used to prevent reservation of blocks for system or superuser use?" ;"-r 0" ;"-r 0b" ;"-m 0" ;"-m 0b"
 "What is the default time in seconds that xfs_fsr will use to reorganize a filesystem?" ;"3600" ;"7200" ;"86400" ;"5150"
 "A user who is a member of the custom admins group is attempting to read the contents of a file but is not the owner of the file. Rather than granting sudo access to this file, what is another way to grant read access, assuming that the file is currently marked with 640 permissions? Note that you should choose the most appropriate answer to fulfill the need while minimizing additional privileges." ;"Grant root access to the user." ;"Run chmod 777 on the file." ;"Use chgrp to change group ownership to admins." ;"Use chown to change the ownership of the file to the individual user."
 "Which option to lsblk shows empty devices?" ;"-g" ;"-a" ;"-r" ;"-y"
 "The /media/ mount point is used frequently for which types of devices?" ;"Hard drives" ;"SAN" ;"NAS" ;"USB devices"
 "Which of the following commands is used to format an exFAT filesystem?" ;"mkexfat" ;"mkfat.ex" ;"mkfs.exfat" ;"mkfs2.exf"
 "Which of the following commands is used for debugging an XFS-formatted filesystem?" ;"debug_xfs" ;"xfs_debug" ;"xfs_db" ;"debugxfs"
 "You’re working with an ext2 filesystem and you suspect the superblock is corrupted. Which option to e2fsck enables you to specify the location of an alternate superblock?" ;"-B" ;"-s" ;"-b" ;"-o"
 "Which option to df shows the numerical output in larger size increments, like MB, GB, TB, and so on rather than in bytes?" ;"-h" ;"-m" ;"-n" ;"-s"
 "Assuming the use of Bash for the shell, in which file can the umask be set such that the file creation mask is set automatically on login?" ;"/etc/umask.def" ;"/etc/profile" ;"/etc/bash.d/umask" ;"/etc/bash.umask"
 "You need to enable two users to edit the same file but keep their own individual changes. Another administrator suggested making a symbolic link for the file. Is a symbolic link the appropriate solution for this scenario and, if not, what is?" ;"A symbolic link is not appropriate because the users cannot keep their own changes. A copy would be a better option." ;"A symbolic link is appropriate here because each user can access the file, assuming write permissions." ;"A symbolic link is not appropriate given that the users will not have permissions on symbolic links. Linux cannot meet the scenario described." ;"A symbolic link is appropriate because symbolic links have the ability to do version control, thus enabling the scenario."
 "You have deleted a user from the system and want to determine if this user still has files on the system. Which command will fulfill this scenario?" ;"locate <user>" ;"find -uid <uid>" ;"find -user <user>" ;"fileloc -user <user>"
 "You need to update the locate database. Which of the following commands is used for this purpose?" ;"updatedb" ;"locatedb" ;"updlocdb" ;"locdbupd"
 "Which option to lsblk shows the UUID of each filesystem?" ;"–u" ;"-f" ;"-o" ;"-a"
 "Which option to mkswap checks the device for bad blocks before formatting?" ;"-b" ;"-B" ;"-c" ;"-d"
 "You are examining output from ls -la and one file contains the permissions -rwSrw-r--.  To what does the S refer?" ;"Specific execute" ;"Source formatting" ;"Selective execution" ;"Sticky bit"
 "You need to change file permissions to be setgid for a file called sync.sh. The file is normally permission 755. Which of the following commands accomplishes this task?" ;"chmod 2775 sync.sh" ;"chmod u+s sync.sh" ;"chmod 2755 sync.sh" ;"chmod 4755 sync.sh"
 "Which of the following commands finds files with a .sql extension across the entire filesystem?" ;"find . -name "*.sql"" ;"find /root -ext sql" ;"find / -name "*.sql"" ;"find / -exten ".sql"
 "When working with /etc/fstab to mount by UUID, which syntax is correct as the first column in /etc/fstab, assuming a UUID denoted by <UUID>?" ;"<UUID>" ;"UUID=<UUID>" ;"ID=<UUID>" ;"GPT=<UUID>"
 "Which option to du displays information on inode usage?" ;"-i" ;"-h" ;"--inodes" ;"-d"
 "Which of the following find commands will look for files that are over 1GB in size?" ;"find -size +1G" ;"find -size 1GB" ;"find -fssize +1GB" ;"find -filesize +1G"
 "You have a set of libraries that were installed into /usr/local/lib and would like to ensure that the libraries are also available in /usr/lib. What is the preferred way to make the libraries available in this location?" ;"Copy the libraries." ;"Create a symbolic link." ;"Move the libraries." ;"Create a script to synchronize the libraries between the two locations with rsync."
--- a/data/tmp/lpic1_pratice_book_102-500.csv
+++ b/data/tmp/lpic1_pratice_book_102-500.csv
@ -0,0 +1,529 @@
 "Which of the following best describes the PS1 environment variable?" ;"PS1 is used to set the location of the PostScript command." ;"PS1 is used to define the default shell prompt for bash." ;"PS1 is used as a per-system variable." ;"PS1 is user-defined and does not have a default value or setting."
 "Which command is used to read and execute commands from a file in the Bash shell?" ;"run" ;"execute" ;"source" ;"func"
 "You need a command to be executed on logout for all users. Within which file should this be placed (assuming all users are using Bash)?" ;"∼/.bash_logout" ;"/etc/bash.bash_logout" ;"/home/.bash_logout" ;"/etc/bash_logout"
 "Which of the following commands removes an environment variable that has been set?" ;"profile --unset" ;"env -u" ;"set -u" ;"import"
 "Which option to the unset command explicitly informs the command that the name given refers to a shell variable and not a function?" ;"-a" ;"-s" ;"-v" ;"-e"
 "Which of the following commands ensures that the -la options are used when the ls command is executed without other options?"
 ;"alias ls="ls -la" ;"ln -s ls ls -la" ;"alias "ls -la" = ls" ;"set ls"
 "What is the order in which user configuration files are located on login to a Bash shell?" ;".bash_login, .profile, /etc/profile" ;".bash_profile, .bash_login, .profile" ;".profile, .bash_login, .bash_profile" ;".bash_login, .bash_profile, .profile"
 "Which variable within a Bash script is used to access the first command-line parameter?" ;"$ARG" ;"$CMD" ;"$1" ;"$ARG0"
 "Which of the following provides the end for an if conditional in a Bash script?" ;"ex" ;"}" ;"]" ;"fi"
 "Which of the following commands will print a list of 6 numbers beginning at 0 within a Bash script?" ;"list 0-5" ;"seq 0 1 5" ;"echo 0-5" ;"seq 0 1 6"
 "When creating a shell script, which of the following commands is used to display the contents of variables?" ;"var_dump" ;"echo" ;"ls" ;"env"
 A command has the following listing obtained with ls -la: -rwsr-xr-x 1 suehring suehring 21 Nov 2 13:53 script.sh What does the s denote within the user permissions in the listing?" ;"The suid bit has been set for this program." ;"This is a symlink." ;"The file will not be executable." ;"The file is a special system file."
 "Which of the following commands will execute a script and then exit the shell?" ;"run" ;"source" ;"./" ;"exec"
 "Which sequence of characters will execute two commands but only if the first command exits successfully?" ;"--" ;"&*" ;"&&" ;"&"
 "Which command within a shell script awaits user input and places that input into a variable?" ;"exec" ;"get" ;"read" ;"prompt"
 "What characters are used to mark a sequence of commands as a function in a Bash script?" ;"Parentheses to declare the function (optional) and curly braces to contain the commands" ;"Curly braces to declare the function and parentheses to contain the commands" ;"Square brackets to declare the function and curly braces to contain the commands" ;"Runquotes to denote the function"
 "Which character sequences denote an alternate command to execute if the preceding command does not exit successfully?" ;"&&" ;"--" ;"||" ;"EL"
 "Which keyword(s) is/are used to begin an alternate condition within a Bash script?" ;"if" ;"else if" ;"elif" ;"elsif"
 "Which of the following commands removes a currently defined aliased command?" ;"remove" ;"rm" ;"unalias" ;"delete"
 "When sourcing a file in Bash, which chmod command would be necessary to provide the minimum privileges in order for the file to be sourced correctly, assuming that your current user owns the file?" ;"chmod 600" ;"chmod 755" ;"chmod 777" ;"chmod 400"
 "Assuming that a space-separated list of values has been defined as LIST="one two three four", which of the following for loop constructs will iterate through the elements in the list?" ;"for LIST" ;"for VAR in LIST" ;"for VAR in $LIST" ;"for $LIST -> $VAR"
 "Which test within a shell script while loop will examine one value to see if it is less than another?" ;"-less" ;"-lessThan" ;"-lt" ;"-lthan"
 "Which of the following tests will determine if a file exists in the context of a shell script?" ;"-a" ;"-e" ;"-m" ;"-i"
 "Within which directory should you place files to have them automatically copied to a user’s home directory when the user is created?" ;"/etc/userhome" ;"/etc/templateuser" ;"/etc/skel" ;"/home/skel"
 "Which option to bash will cause the shell to be executed without reading the initialization files?" ;"--no-rc" ;"--no-init" ;"--norc" ;"--rc-none"
 "Which of the following creates an array in a Bash script?" ;"ARRAY=(val1 val2)" ;"ARRAY = "val1 val2"" ;"ARRAY_PUSH($ARRAY,"val1","val2");" ;"ARRAY{0} = "val1""
 "Which option of declare displays output in a way that could then be used as input to another command?" ;"-o" ;"-n" ;"-p" ;"-m"
 "You need to create a function that will be available each time that you log in to the system.  Within which file should this function be placed?" ;".bash_profile" ;".rc" ;"/etc/profile" ;".bash_run"
 "Which shell built-in command is used to display a list of read-only variables?" ;"ro" ;"readonly" ;"env-ro" ;"ro-env"
 "Which characters are used to denote the beginning and end of the test portion of a while loop in a shell script?" ;"Parentheses (       )" ;"Curly braces {    }" ;"Square brackets [         ]" ;"Double-quotes "
 "When using the test built-in with one argument, what will be returned if its argument is not null?" ;"false" ;"true" ;"unknown" ;"-1"
 "Which environment variable is used when changing directory with the tilde character, such as cd ∼ ?" ;"HOMEDIR" ;"HOMEPATH" ;"HOME" ;"MAILPATH"
 "Which environment variable can be set if you want to automatically log users out of their shell after a certain period of inactivity?" ;"TIMEOUT" ;"TMOUT" ;"TO" ;"IDLETIME"
 "When using a case statement within a shell script, which sequence denotes the ending of the case/switch statement?" ;"caseend" ;"esac" ;"endcase" ;"}"
 "Which of the following commands will obtain the date in seconds since the epoch and place it into a variable called DATE within a shell script?" ;"DATE="$(date +%s)"" ;"DATE="date"" ;"DATE="$(date)";" ;"DATE="$date %s""
 "Assume that you have a variable called $FILEPATH within a Bash shell script. Which characters can be used to ensure that the variable will be interpolated correctly regardless of where the variable appears within the script?" ;"Dollar sign: $FILEPATH" ;"Curly braces: ${FILEPATH}" ;"Parentheses: $(FILEPATH)" ;"Square brackets: $[FILEPATH]"
 "Which sequence is used to mark the beginning and end of the commands to execute within a for loop in a shell script?" ;"Curly braces: {        }" ;"The keywords do and done" ;"Semicolons: ;" ;"Tabs"
 "Which of the following tests will determine if a file exists and can be read by the user executing the test?" ;"-e" ;"-m" ;"-a" ;"-r"
 "Which option of the declare command will create a variable that is read-only?" ;"-r" ;"-ro" ;"-p" ;"-x"
 "Which character sequence is used to provide a default case when used within a case statement in a shell script?" ;"default:" ;"=)" ;"-->" ;"*)"
 "Which character sequence can be used for command substitution in Bash?" ;"Backquotes: ` `" ;"Single quotes: ‘ '" ;"Double quotes: """ ;"Backslashes: \\"
 "When using a while loop in Bash, which character sequence marks the end of the loop?" ;"elihw" ;"done" ;"end" ;"od"
 "Which operator is used to test if a value is greater than or equal to something in a Bash script?" ;"!=" ;">=" ;"=>" ;">>"
 "You are working with a shell script called listusers and the script does not execute with the error "permission denied". What could be the possible cause of this issue?" ;"The script should have an .sh extension." ;"The script contains a syntax error." ;"The script does not have its execute permission set correctly." ;"The script is named with lowercase letters."
 "Which option to the export built-in command makes names available as functions to child processes?" ;"-m" ;"-e" ;"-w" ;"-f"
 "If a variable has been created using the set command, which command can be used to remove the variable?" ;"remove" ;"del" ;"delete" ;"unset"
 "Which of the following files is a systemwide initialization script for Bash?" ;"/etc/bash.bashrc" ;"/etc/bash.init" ;"/etc/bash.cfg" ;"/etc/bash/bash.init"
 "Which option to the set command enables debugging output?" ;"-d" ;"+d" ;"-x" ;"+x"
 "Which of the following files is executed with every interactive Bash shell invocation?" ;"/etc/bash.d" ;"/etc/bash.interactive" ;"∼/.bash_inter" ;"∼/.bashrc"
 "Which keyword declares a block of code to be a function in a Bash script?" ;"function" ;"repeat" ;"func" ;"block"
 "Which of the following statements adds the /srv/bin path to the path for a Bash shell?" ;"PATH=/srv/bin" ;"PATH=$PATH:/srv/bin" ;"PATH = /srv/bin" ;"PATH=/srv/bin;$PATH"
 "Which variable is available to a Bash script and contains the name of the script itself?" ;"$SCR" ;"$SCRIPT" ;"$CMD" ;"$0"
 "Which option to the seq command sets a delimiter of a space between the numbers 1 through 5?" ;"seq -s ' ' 1 5" ;"seq -d ' ' 1 5" ;"seq 1 5" ;"seq -m 1 5"
 "Which file test is used to determine if you are the owner of the file being tested?" ;"-m" ;"-k" ;"-w" ;"-O"
 "When testing a return value in a Bash script, which exit code indicates success?" ;"0" ;"1" ;"2" ;"C"
 "You have created a README file and placed it into /etc/skel so that users get the file in their home directories. The file is missing from some home directories on the system. Which of the following best explains this scenario?" ;"The file is not copied automatically for existing users." ;"The file is too big for a user’s home directory." ;"The file already exists." ;"The file needs a file extension."
 You have a Bash script that uses the following find command: find . -name ".git" -type d When another administrator uses the script, it does not find all of the indicated directories.  Which of the following is the best explanation for this scenario?" ;"The find command is tied to specific users." ;"The find command cannot find directories beginning with a dot." ;"The find command begins the search in the current directory." ;"The find command cannot find directories."
 "You have specialized software that needs to be installed with an empty environment. Which option to the env command can be used to meet this requirement?" ;"-e" ;"–i" ;"-f" ;"-c"
 "Which option enables debugging when used on the interpreter (#!) line within a Bash script?" ;"-x" ;"-d" ;"-a" ;"-f"
 "Which of the following will output the number 5 as part of a Bash script?" ;"echo 2+3" ;"echo 2 + 3" ;"echo $[2+3]" ;"echo ${2+3}"
 "You need to prompt the user to enter two values in a Bash script and capture them in variables VAL1 and VAL2. Which of the following commands can be used for this purpose?" ;"read VAL1 VAL2" ;"prompt VAL1 VAL2" ;"VAL1=$0 VAL2=$1" ;"(VAL1 VAL2) = prompt"
 "Which option to the export built-in command removes a variable from being exported?" ;"-m" ;"-o" ;"-r" ;"-n"
 "Which of the following tests the return value from the previous command to see if the command was successful?" ;"if [ $? -eq 0 ];" ;"if [ $? = 0 ];" ;"if ($PREV == 0) {" ;"if [ $RETV === 0 ];"
 "You have a file containing bash functions. Which command can be used to add these functions to the current environment?" ;"function" ;"include" ;"require" ;"source"
 "Which chmod command grants the user execute permission on a script?" ;"chmod user += exec" ;"chmod u+x" ;"chmod 644" ;"chmod u+all"
 "Which find command will locate all files named with an .sh extension?" ;"find / -name "*.sh"" ;"find / -name "*.sh" -type f" ;"find / -name "*.sh" -type d" ;"find ./ -name "*.sh"" "Which unset option can be used to remove a function from being defined?" ;"-r" ;"-a" ;"-f" ;"-g"
 "When setting the shebang line of a shell script, which of the following commands will help to determine the location of the interpreter automatically?" ;"#!/usr/bin/env bash" ;"#!/bin/bash" ;"#!env" ;"/bin/int bash"
 "Which mathematical operator is used for division within a Bash script?" ;"\" ;"/" ;"*" ;"//"
 "You need to send an email to the superuser if a command is successful. Which of the following commands will send mail from a Bash script?" ;"smtpsend" ;"mailx" ;"sendm" ;"mailsend"
 "Which file test operator is used to determine if the file is not zero size?" ;"-d" ;"-e" ;"-f" ;"-s"
 "You have created an alias but it is gone the next time you log in. Which of the following best explains this scenario?" ;"The alias was not placed into an initialization script." ;"The alias was invalid." ;"The command is not valid for which the alias was created." ;"The alias created an invalid symlink."
 "Which of the following is valid syntax to create a variable named FILENAME in a Bash script and set it equal to the second command-line argument?" ;"$FILENAME = $2" ;"FILENAME=1" ;"FILENAME = $(2)" ;"FILENAME=$2"
 "You are working with a user who is reporting that their environment does not have certain variables defined, but other users do have those same variables available within their environment on login. The issue was not corrected by having the user log out and then log in again, and you can see their successful login. What is the most likely explanation for this issue?" ;"The user has logged in from the console." ;"The user is using a different shell." ;"The user has removed the environment variables manually." ;"The user is logging in to a different system."
 "Which environment variable contains the username of the currently logged-in user?" ;"LOGNAME" ;"LOGIN" ;"LOGGEDIN" ;"LOGINUSER"
 "Which file test operator is used to determine if the file is a symbolic link?" ;"-h" ;"-p" ;"-S" ;"-t"
 "Which option to the readonly command marks a function as being read-only?" ;"-a" ;"-r" ;"-f" ;"-p"
 "Which find command will locate all files where the users have the execute bit set?" ;"find ./ -type f -perm 700" ;"find / -type f -perm -u+x" ;"find / -type f -perm 777" ;"find / -type f -perm -execuser"
 "According to the FHS, which of the following directories is used for local binaries?" ;"/usr/local/bin" ;"/usr/bin" ;"/usr/sbin" ;"/home/scripts"
 "Which key sequence can be used to terminate a Bash script?" ;"Ctrl+d" ;"Ctrl+l" ;"Ctrl+a" ;"Ctrl+c"
 "You need to view the current environment variables in a single line rather than with newlines separating each variable. Which option to the env command can be used for this purpose?" ;"-n" ;"-0" ;"-c" ;"-e"
 "You are attempting to copy several files, but the cp command keeps asking for confirmation before overwriting. Which of the following best describes the most likely cause?" ;"The cp command has been compiled to ask for confirmation." ;"The cp command always prompts for confirmation." ;"The cp command cannot be used for the purpose described." ;"The cp command has been aliased to include the -i option."
 "You receive an exit code of 1 when working with the grep command in a Bash script. What does exit code 1 mean with grep?" ;"Error" ;"Success" ;"Search pattern not found" ;"Search pattern found"
 "Which of the file test operators is used to determine if a file is a directory?" ;"-e" ;"-d" ;"-w" ;"-a"
 "Which of the following statements prepends the /usr/local/bin path to the path for a Bash shell?" ;"$PATH=/usr/local/bin:$PATH" ;"PATH=/usr/local/bin:$PATH" ;"PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/bin" ;"PATH=$PATH;/usr/local/bin"
 "Which looping construct is executed at least once in a Bash script?" ;"while" ;"for" ;"until" ;"case"
 "Which character or character sequence is equivalent to the source built-in in Bash?" ;"<>" ;"." ;"->" ;"%"
 "Which option to the export built-in command displays the list of exported variables?" ;"-p" ;"-a" ;"-t" ;"-d"
 "Which character or character sequence denotes the beginning of a while loop in a Bash script?" ;"start" ;"{" ;">>" ;"do"
 "Within which configuration file is the greeter configured for LightDM?" ;"/etc/lightdm/lightdm.conf" ;"/etc/lightdm/greeter.conf" ;"/etc/lightdm.conf" ;"/var/lib/lightdm/lightdm.conf"
 "Which section in /etc/X11/xorg.conf is used to describe configurations for a given graphics card and monitor pair?" ;"Server" ;"Screen" ;"VidMode" ;"Video"
 "When you’re setting the frequency options for a given monitor, which of the following is not an available frequency unit?" ;"uHz" ;"MHz" ;"kHz" ;"M"
 "Which command on a systemd-based system is used to disable booting into a GUI?" ;"systemctl gui-boot disable" ;"systemctl set-default boot-gui false" ;"systemctl set-default multi-user.target" ;"systemctl set-default-multi false"
 "Assuming X forwarding has been enabled on the SSH server, which environment variable is used to set the location for newly spawned windows from within an SSH session?" ;"DISPLAY" ;"XTERMINAL" ;"XTERM" ;"XDISP"
 "Within the greeter section of a display manager such as GNOME Display Manager (GDM), which option sets the welcome message for users logging in locally?" ;"LoginMessage" ;"Login" ;"WinGreet" ;"Welcome"
 "Within GNOME, enabling sticky keys can be done by pressing which key five times in a row?" ;"Ctrl" ;"Enter" ;"Shift" ;"Tab"
 "Which option in the Module section of the xorg.conf configuration file causes a default module to be unloaded or not loaded by default?" ;"Disable" ;"Unload" ;"LoadDisable" ;"DisableLoad"
 "Which program is used in a GNOME environment as a screen reader?" ;"Orca" ;"Screed" ;"Screen" ;"Reader"
 "Assuming a monitor that is currently set at 1024×768, which command will change the screen resolution so that icons and other elements appear larger?" ;"xterm -r 0" ;"xset res 1024x768" ;"xrandr -s 800x600" ;"xVGA"
 "LightDM typically allows guest login by default. Which configuration option within SeatDefaults changes this to disallow guests?" ;"guest-login=false" ;"guest=false" ;"allowg=false" ;"allow-guest=false"
 "When using XFree86 as the X server, which command will cause the X server to query for hardware and create a new configuration file?" ;"XFree86 --newconfig" ;"XFree86 --query" ;"XFree96 -configure" ;"xf -config"
 "Which configuration option for X is used to configure the keyboard model?" ;"XkbLayout" ;"XkbModel" ;"XkbType" ;"XkbInput"
 "Which configuration line with a Monitor section of an X server configuration file will set the vertical refresh rate between 55 and 75 hertz?" ;"Vert 55-75" ;"VertRefresh 55.0 - 75.0" ;"VertSync 55.0 - 75.0" ;"RefreshMode 55.0 - 75.0"
 "Within which file can a user place commands for executing X clients?" ;"∼/.xclients" ;"∼/.xsess.rc" ;"∼/.xsessrc" ;"∼/.xsession"
 "Which AccelerationProfile for an input device such as a mouse enables linear acceleration (more speed and more acceleration)?" ;"0" ;"–1" ;"6" ;"7"
 "Which of the following directories is used by an Xorg-based server for storage of fonts?" ;"/usr/share/fonts" ;"/usr/X11/fonts" ;"/etc/fonts" ;"/var/font/xorg"
 "Native support for a Braille display requires a minimum of which kernel version?" ;"2.2.0" ;"2.4.22" ;"2.6.26" ;"3.2.1"
 "Which configuration option in an xorg.conf file can be set to prevent a user from changing video modes using the Ctrl+Alt+Keypad-Plus and Ctrl+Alt+Keypad-Minus?" ;"DontZoom" ;"Modes=No" ;"NoModeSwitch" ;"DontZap"
 "In which location does the xauth utility look for the X authority file?" ;"∼/.Xauth" ;"∼/.xauth.cfg" ;"∼/.Xauthority" ;"∼/.xau"
 "Access to hosts controlled with XDMCP is configured in which file?" ;"xdmcp.access.conf" ;"XDMCPAccess.cfg" ;"Xaccess" ;"XDaccess.conf"
 "When using KDE, which program provides magnification functionality?" ;"xmag" ;"mag" ;"pmag" ;"kmag"
 "Which signal is used by an X server to cause a clean exit?" ;"SIGTERM" ;"SIGKILL" ;"SIGCLEAN" ;"SIGEX"
 "Within GNOME, which section of GNOME Control Center is used to choose a high-contrast theme?" ;"Display" ;"Appearance" ;"Locale" ;"Contrast"
 "Which of the following best describes the concept of a mouse gesture?" ;"A mouse gesture enables special clicks, such as a right-click context menu." ;"A mouse gesture facilitates the use of programs by moving the mouse in a certain way.";"A mouse gesture is used for login purposes." ;"A mouse gesture is used to capture screenshots."
 "In GNOME 3.9 or later, which keyboard shortcut activates the screen reader?" ;"Super+R" ;"Super+S" ;"Ctrl+Super+S" ;"Alt+Super+S"
 "Assume that the display manager has been disabled on boot. Which command can be used after login to start the X server?"
 ;"xs" ;"xstart" ;"X -start" ;"startx"
 28. Which option in an xorg.conf file configures the amount of time before the screen goes into blank mode but does not go into standby and is available on non-Display Power Management Signaling (DPMS)-capable monitors?" ;"StandbyTime" ;"BlankTime" ;"SuspendTime" ;"OffTime"
 "Which of the following commands helps you to determine information about a given window within an X session, including information on the window size and its position?" ;"xkbinfo" ;"xdspy" ;"xwininfo" ;"xver"
 "Which option/button on the GNOME On-Screen Keyboard (GOK) is used show the keys that would be used in place of a mouse?" ;"Mouse" ;"MouseKeys" ;"Movement" ;"Compose"
 "Which of the following commands allows a host named cwa to connect to the X server?" ;"xconnect cwa" ;"xterm +cwa" ;"xhost +cwa" ;"xf cwa"
 "Which of the following options in the client SSH configuration file needs to be enabled so that X sessions can be sent over an SSH connection?" ;"X11Connect yes" ;"ForwardX11 yes" ;"ForwardX yes" ;"XForward yes"
 "Which configuration option in a Files section of an xorg.conf configuration file can be used to add a path in which the server will search for fonts?" ;"FontSection" ;"Fonts" ;"FontLoc" ;"FontPath"
 "Which assistive technology is used to provide an input method for users who cannot type but can use a pointer, such as a mouse?" ;"Keyboard" ;"Sticky keys" ;"Mouse keys" ;"On-screen keyboard"
 "Which environment variable can be used to specify the location of a user’s xauth authority file?" ;"XAUTH" ;"USERXAUTH" ;"XAUTHORITY" ;"xauthloc"
 "When using LightDM, which key combination is used to revert back to a terminal?" ;"Alt+Ctrl+F2" ;"Alt+Ctrl+F1" ;"Ctrl+F1" ;"Ctrl+Esc"
 "Which option in the LightDM configuration enables automatic login for a specific user?" ;"auto-login" ;"autologin-user" ;"autologin" ;"auto-login-user"
 "Which of the following is a legacy utility that can be used to set accessibility options on older systems?" ;"Xaccessibility" ;"Xas" ;"AccessX" ;"setX"
 "Which command, when executed on a remote host, will send the display of X programs to the local client? (Assume Bash is used as the shell.)" ;"export DISPLAY" ;"env DISPLAY" ;"setx HOST" ;"export XHOST"
 "Which option in GOK is used to display the keys that correspond to a given application’s menu?" ;"Menus" ;"Activate" ;"MenuKeys" ;"Keys"
 "Which directory is used to store individual configuration files related to LightDM?" ;"/etc/light" ;"/etc/lightdm/lightdm.conf.d" ;"/usr/lightdm" ;"/etc/lightdm.conf"
 "Which environment variable is used by Xsession to specify the width of a terminal device?" ;"TERMCHAR" ;"COLUMNS" ;"CHARACTERWIDTH" ;"TERMCOL"
 "Which option within the Device section for a video card will set the amount of RAM available on the card?" ;"VRAM" ;"RAM" ;"VideoRam" ;"vRam"
 "When configuring a Screen section in an X configuration file, the Display subsection can contain the color depth. What is the name of the option to set the color depth of the given display?" ;"ColorDepth" ;"Depth" ;"CDepth" ;"colorDep"
 "Multiple server layouts may be created within an X configuration file. Which option is used to differentiate between the different server layout options?" ;"ID" ;"Identifier" ;"LayoutName" ;"Layout"
 "Which command can be used to create a fonts.scale file definition when executed against the current directory?" ;"mkfontsscale" ;"mk.fonts" ;"mkfontfile" ;"fontmk"
 "What abbreviation used in X signifies a display that utilizes additional capabilities such as extended power-saving capabilities?" ;"DPMS" ;"XPMS" ;"DISPPWR" ;"PWRD"
 "What is the name of the accessibility function that provides an alternative to the Orca program to assist users who have visual impairments?" ;"Viz" ;"emacspeak" ;"Ahleah" ;"vAssist"
 "Which of the following is a reference implementation of the Wayland protocol?" ;"Wlnd" ;"Weston" ;"Wausau" ;"Wittenberg"
 "Within an xorg configuration file, which option sets the inactivity timeout for the suspend mode of a DPMS-capable monitor?" ;"InactTimeout" ;"InactivityTime" ;"SuspendTime" ;"InTmout"
 "When the X server is started as a normal user, configuration files from which directory are also included?" ;"/etc/X" ;"/etc/X11/UserConfig" ;"/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d" ;"/etc/X/UserConf.d/"
 "Which of the following remote desktop protocols uses no compression or transport/session encryption?" ;"SSH" ;"XDMCP" ;"XR" ;"RD"
 "Within which desktop implementation would you find the xfwm4 window manager?" ;"XWin" ;"KDXF" ;"Exf" ;"Xfce"
 "Which option to Spice startup disables simple authentication?" ;"disable-auth" ;"disable-ticketing" ;"disable-authentication" ;"disable-simpleauth"
 "Which speech recognition software is included with the KDE desktop environment?" ;"Alvin" ;"Simon" ;"Theodore" ;"Zeppo"
 "Within the GNOME 3 desktop environment, within which Settings panel are the options for slow keys found?" ;"Access" ;"Typing Settings" ;"Keyboard" ;"Universal Access"
 "When an X session is already running, which command can be used to enable pointer keys?" ;"setxkbmap" ;"ptrkeys" ;"pointerkeys" ;"keypad -ptrkeys"
 "Which of the following provides a server-side implementation of Remote Desktop (RDP) for Linux?" ;"lrdp" ;"xrdp" ;"rdp-linux" ;"lindp"
 "You are attempting to edit the sudoers file with visudo over an SSH connection on a system that has GNOME installed and you receive an error indicating that gedit cannot run.  Which of the following commands can be used to solve this issue?" ;"export VISUAL="/bin/vim"" ;"export DISPLAY" ;"subst DISPLAY=local" ;"env VISUAL=ssh"
 "Which option to x11vnc sets the password to be used for clients connecting to the server?" ;"-password" ;"-passwd" ;"-pass" ;"-auth"
 "Which program is used to add entries to the X authority file?" ;"xf" ;"xauthen" ;"authx" ;"xauth"
 "Which assistive technology will ignore keys that are pressed in succession or held down?" ;"Sticky keys" ;"Mouse keys" ;"Bounce keys" ;"On-screen keyboard"
 "Which environment variable is used by Xsession if the Xsession error file cannot be opened in its default location?" ;"XLOG" ;"TMPDIR" ;"SESSLOG" ;"LOGTMP"
 "From within an X session, which of the following commands shows information about the display, including resolution and color depth?" ;"xinfo" ;"xterm" ;"xwin" ;"xdpyinfo"
 "Which of the following files is the configuration file for Weston?" ;"∼/.config/weston.cfg" ;"∼/.config/weston.ini" ;"∼/weston.cfg" ;"∼/.westoncfg"
 "Which of the following remote desktop programs offers transport layer security?" ;"x11vnc" ;"xrd" ;"tls" ;"x11rtm"
 "Which add-on to Orca enables braille display support?" ;"brl" ;"brltty" ;"brldis" ;"dispbrl"
 "Which of the following is a screen magnifier program?" ;"xmag" ;"xzoom" ;"xzmag" ;"scrmag"
 "Which GRUB variable can be used to beep when the GRUB prompt is ready to accept input?" ;"GRUB_BEEP" ;"BEEP_START" ;"GRUB_START_TONE" ;"GRUB_INIT_TUNE"
 "You need to remove a host from being able to connect to the X server. Which of the following will remove a host named cwa from being able to connect?" ;"xrem cwa" ;"xhost -cwa" ;"xhost -rem:cwa" ;"xrem -host cwa"
 "The X Display Manager, xdm, runs various scripts as part of the login process. Which of the following scripts is executed as the user logging in?" ;"Xstart" ;"Xsession" ;"Xstartup" ;"Xuser.conf"
 "Which option to the X server disables listening for TCP connections?" ;"-nolisten tcp" ;"-notcp" ;"-noconn tcp" ;"-noconnect tcp"
 "Which signal is used to close existing connections, free resources, and restore defaults for an X server?" ;"SIGKILL" ;"SIGHUP" ;"SIGN4" ;"SIGALL"
 "Which option in the SeatDefaults section of the lightdm.conf configuration file is used to disable the display of usernames for login?" ;"greeter-disable-user" ;"greeter-enable-login" ;"greeter-show-manual-login" ;"greeter-disable-auto-login"
 "Which option to the xauth program disables hostname resolution?" ;"-r" ;"-n" ;"-h" ;"-m"
 "Which command will switch the system into an init in which the X server is not typically executed?" ;"telinit 6" ;"telinit 1" ;"telinit 3" ;"telinit 5"
 "What is the default location for the error log if the X server is run with xdm?" ;"/etc/X11.log" ;"/var/log/Xdm.log" ;"/usr/lib/X11/xdm/xdm-errors" ;"/var/log/xdmerrors"
 "Which script can be used for per-user initialization of xinit?" ;"∼/.xinit.conf" ;"∼/.xinitrc" ;"∼/.xinit.rc" ;"∼/.xinit.cfg"
 "Which option prevents abstract sockets from listening with X11?" ;"-nolisten sock" ;"-nolisten absock" ;"-nolisten local" ;"-nolisten socklocal"
 "Which option to XDMCP enables sending of BroadcastQuery packets?" ;"-bcast" ;"-bcastQ" ;"-broadcastQuery" ;"-broadcast"
 "When using GDM as the display manager, which GUI program can be used to set options for the login window?" ;"gdmlogin" ;"gdmconfig" ;"gdmsetup" ;"gdm"
 "Within the XDMCP access configuration file, there is a line like the following: *.example.com Which of the following describes how access will be treated for hosts from example.com?" ;"Only the host named *.example.com can connect." ;"No hosts from example.com can connect." ;"Any host within example.com can connect." ;"Hosts that begin with * within example.com can connect."
 "When using xhost, what is the syntax to enable a host named san to connect using IPv6?" ;"xhost +ipv6:san" ;"xhost -enablev6 san" ;"xhost +inet6:san" ;"xhost +enablev6 san"
 "Within which file are errors for Xsession and X client processes placed?" ;"∼/.xsession-error.log" ;"∼/.xsession-errors" ;"∼/.xclient.log" ;"∼/.xclient.errorlog"
 "GNOME includes native on-screen keyboard functionality. Which of the following commands starts the on-screen keyboard?" ;"gok" ;"osk" ;"kb" ;"oskb"
 "Which option to the xauth program specifies the authority file to use?" ;"-a" ;"-f" ;"-a" ;"-v"
 "Which accessibility option is helpful if several keys are sometimes pressed or if there is difficulty in consistently pressing the correct key on the keyboard?" ;"Key toggle" ;"Slow keys" ;"KeyAssist" ;"UniversalKeys"
 "On which port does RDP listen by default?" ;"389" ;"8080" ;"3389" ;"3306"
 "You need to enable the web server (running as the www-data user and group) to write into a directory called /home/webfiles. Which commands will accomplish this task in the most secure manner?" ;"chgrp     www-data /home/webfiles ; chmod 775 /home/webfiles" ;"chmod 777 /home/webfiles" ;"chgrp www-data /home/webfiles ; chmod 711 /home/webfiles" ;"chmod 707 /home/webfiles"
 "Which of the following will execute a job through cron at 12:15 a.m. and 12:15 p.m. every day?" ;"0,12 15 * * *" ;"15 0,12 * * *" ;"15 * * * 0/12" ;"*/12 * * * 15"
 "Which file is used to indicate the local time zone on a Linux server?" ;"/etc/timez" ;"/etc/timezoneconfig" ;"/etc/localtime" ;"/etc/localtz"
 "When importing entries into the LDAP database using ldapadd -f <filename>, in which format should the file be?" ;"LDAP" ;"TXT" ;"CSV" ;"LDIF"
 "Which of the following commands removes an expiration from an account?" ;"sudo chage -l username" ;"sudo chage -E -1 username" ;"sudo chage -E now username" ;"sudo chage --noexpire username"
 "Within which directory will you find files related to the time zone for various regions?" ;"/etc/timezoneinfo" ;"/etc/zoneinfo" ;"/var/zoneinfo" ;"/usr/share/zoneinfo"
 "Which of the following commands schedules a series of commands to execute 1 hour from now?" ;"atq +1hr" ;"at now + 1 hour" ;"atq" ;"at -1"
 "You need to delete a user from the system, including their home directory. Which of the following commands accomplishes this task?" ;"userdel" ;"userdel -r" ;"userdel -R" ;"deluser"
 "Which file contains a list of usernames, UIDs, and encrypted passwords?" ;"/etc/passwd" ;"/etc/shadow" ;"/etc/encpass" ;"/etc/grouppass"
 "Which job scheduler should you use if the computer on which you need to schedule the job is powered down at various times?" ;"cron.d" ;"cron.hourly" ;"anacron" ;"at"
 "Which of the following commands provides the current date and time in a format of seconds since the epoch?" ;"date +%seconds" ;"date +%s" ;"date --seconds" ;"date --now"
 "Which option to the iconv command shows the available character sets on a given system?" ;"--showchar" ;"--show" ;"--list" ;"--all"
 "Which environment variable controls the format of dates and times, such as a 12-hour or 24-hour formatted clock?" ;"LOCALE_DATE" ;"DATE_FORMAT" ;"LC_TIME" ;"LC_DATE"
 "Which command is recommended for configuration of slapd for OpenLDAP versions 2.3 and later?" ;"slapd-conf" ;"config-slapd" ;"openldap-config" ;"slapd-config"
 "Which shortcut within cron enables running of a task every day at midnight?" ;"@daily" ;"@daybegin" ;"@topday" ;"@beginday"
 "Which of the following encoding provides a multibyte representation of characters?" ;"ISO-8859" ;"UTF-8" ;"ISO-L" ;"UFTMulti"
 "Which of the following commands changes a group called DomainAdmins to DomainUsers?" ;"groupmod -n DomainAdmins DomainUsers" ;"groupchg DomainAdmins DomainUsers" ;"chgroup DomainAdmins DomainUsers" ;"group -N DomainAdmins DomainUsers"
 "Which file stores group information on a Linux server?" ;"/etc/groupinfo" ;"/etc/groups" ;"/etc/roles" ;"/etc/group"
 "Which command can be used to create an LDIF file from the current LDAP database?" ;"slapdump" ;"ldapdump" ;"slapcat" ;"catldap"
 "You are looking for a scheduled job that is not found in /etc/crontab, through systemd timers, or within /var/spool/cron. What is another location in which the scheduled job might be stored?" ;"/etc/crontabs" ;"/etc/cron.conf" ;"/etc/cron.d/" ;"/etc/sked"
 "You need to determine if LDAP integration is working correctly. In order to do so, you would like to obtain a list of users, as read by /etc/nsswitch.conf. Which command can be used for this purpose?" ;"getuser" ;"getent" ;"usermod" ;"userlist"
 "What is the name of the configuration file that contains information about group and user addition, such as the maximum and minimum user and group IDs, to be used when adding users and groups?" ;"/etc/groupinfo" ;"/etc/login.defs" ;"/etc/login.info" ;"/etc/loginlist"
 "Which environment variable is used for localization related to measurement units such as metric?" ;"LC_METRIC" ;"LC_MEASURE" ;"LC_MEASUREMENT" ;"LC_MEASUREUNITS"
 "Which of the following lines added to .profile in a user’s home directory will set their time zone to Central time?" ;"TZ=/Central ; export TZ" ;"TIMEZONE='America/Chicago' ; export TIMEZONE" ;"set TZ=/Central" ;"TZ='America/Chicago'; export TZ"
 "Within which directory will you find scripts that are scheduled to run through cron every 24 hours?" ;"/etc/cron.daily" ;"/etc/cron.weekly" ;"/etc/cron.hourly24" ;"/etc/crontab"
 "Which of the following values for the LANG variable will configure the system to bypass locale translations where possible?" ;"LANG=COMPAT" ;"LANG=NONE" ;"LANG=C" ;"LANG=END"
 "When running useradd, which option needs to be specified in order for the user’s home directory to be created?" ;"-h" ;"-m" ;"-x" ;"-a"
 "Which of the following commands locks out password-based login for a user but does not prevent other forms of login?" ;"usermod -L" ;"userdel -r" ;"useradd -h" ;"userlock"
 "If you need to temporarily reconfigure all locale variables and settings for a given session, which environment variable can be used?" ;"LC_LIST" ;"LC_GLOBAL" ;"LC_ALL" ;"ALL_LOCALE"
 "Which of the following will run a command called /usr/local/bin/changehome.sh as the www-data user when placed in /etc/crontab?" ;"1 1 * * * www-data /usr/local/bin/changehome.sh" ;"www-data changehome.sh" ;"*/1 www-data changehome.sh" ;"* * */www-data /usr/local/bin/changehome.sh"
 "Which of the following commands produces a report listing the last password change date for all users on the system?" ;"passwd -a" ;"passwd -S" ;"passwd -a -S" ;"passwd --all"
 "Assume that passwords must be changed every 60 days. Which command will change the date of the user’s last password change without the user actually changing the account password?" ;"chage -f" ;"chage -W" ;"chage -l" ;"chage -d"
 "Which of the following files is used by anacron for reading configuration information related to jobs?" ;"/etc/anacron.d" ;"/etc/anacrontab" ;"/etc/anacron.config" ;"/etc/anacron.conf"
 "Which of the following commands is used to add entries to the OpenLDAP database?" ;"ldapd" ;"adduser" ;"addldap" ;"ldapadd"
 "Which file contains a list of users who are not allowed to create cron scheduled tasks?" ;"/etc/cron.users" ;"/etc/cron.deny" ;"/etc/cron.denyusers" ;"/etc/cron.userlist"
 "You are viewing the /etc/passwd file and see a * where the password should be. What does the presence of a * indicate within the password file?" ;"The system uses forward password aging." ;"The system uses shadow passwords." ;"The system has been compromised." ;"Users have a * for their passwords."
 "Which of the following best describes the relationship between UIDs and GIDs on a Linux system?" ;"The UID and GID are the same across the system for a given user." ;"Each user has a UID and GID that are the same and are created when the user is" created.  ;"The UID represents the user whereas the GID is a globally unique user ID." ;"There is no direct relationship between UID and GID."
 "Which of the following commands is used to re-create indexes based on existing slapd databases?" ;"ldapind" ;"ldapindex" ;"slapindex" ;"indexldap"
 "Which command is used to change a user’s home directory to /srv/data/username and move the contents at the same time?" ;"usermod -md /srv/data/username <username>" ;"homedir -m /srv/data/username <username>" ;"userex -m /srv/data/username <username>" ;"userchg /m /srv/data/username -d <username>"
 "Which option to useradd will add groups for a user?" ;"-g" ;"-x" ;"-l" ;"-G"
 "Which command will list the cron entries for a given user as denoted by <username>?" ;"crontab -l -u <username>" ;"crontab -u <username>" ;"cron -u <username>" ;"cronent -u <username>"
 "Which option to useradd creates a system user rather than a normal user?" ;"-r" ;"-s" ;"-a" ;"-S"
 "Which file contains encrypted password information for groups?" ;"/etc/group" ;"/etc/gshadow" ;"/etc/gsecure" ;"/etc/group.conf"
 "Which of the following commands can be used to help with recovery of a corrupted OpenLDAP database?" ;"openldap-recover" ;"oreco" ;"slapd-recover" ;"slapd_db_recover"
 "Which of the following best describes the use of the groupdel command?" ;"You may force group deletion with the -f option." ;"If a user’s primary group is to be deleted, that user must be deleted first or have their" primary group changed.  ;"groupdel can be run at any time, regardless of group membership." ;"The -r option for groupdel will recursively change user’s GIDs after group deletion."
 "Which of the following commands displays the UID, primary group, and supplemental groups for a given user?" ;"id" ;"getid" ;"passwd" ;"chage"
 "Which option to the usermod command is used to change a given user’s real name?" ;"-R" ;"-n" ;"-d" ;"-c"
 "Assume that you have deleted a user account with UID 1501, including the -r option. Which command should you also run to look for other files that might have been owned by the user?" ;"find -id 1501" ;"grep 1501 *" ;"grep -u 1501 *" ;"find / -uid 1501"
 "On which port does the slapd LDAP daemon listen for connections?" ;"389" ;"3389" ;"3306" ;"110"
 "Which of the following commands will set the systemwide time zone to America/Los_Angeles?" ;"ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/America/Los_Angeles /etc/localtime" ;"ln -sf America/Los_Angeles ; /etc/localtime" ;"ln -sd /etc/localtime /usr/share/timezone/America/Los_Angeles" ;"ln -sf /etc/localtime /usr/share/zoneinfo/America/Los_Angeles"
 "Which locale-related variable is used for currency-related localization?" ;"LC_MONE" ;"LC_CURRENCY" ;"LC_MONETARY" ;"LC_CURR"
 "Which option to systemd-run adds a timed event?" ;"--timed" ;"--add-timer" ;"--on-calendar" ;"--on-time"
 "Which file is used to provide a list of users who can add and delete cron jobs?" ;"/etc/cron.job" ;"/etc/cron.allow" ;"/etc/cron.users" ;"/etc/crontab"
 "Which debug level for slapd is used to provide debugging of configuration file processing?" ;"1" ;"64" ;"8" ;"0"
 "Which command deletes an at job with an ID of 3?" ;"atdt" ;"at -l" ;"atrm 3" ;"rmat 3"
 "Which command on a Debian-based system can be used to change the time zone using the package-based tools?" ;"dpkg-reconfigure time" ;"dpkg-reconfigure tzdata" ;"apt-select tzdata" ;"apt-config timezone"
 "What will be logged with the loglevel set to 0x10 in a slapd.conf configuration file?" ;"No debugging" ;"Trace debugging" ;"Stats logging" ;"Packets sent and received"
 "Within which directory should you place files in order for the files to be copied to a user’s home directory when the user is created?" ;"/etc/skel" ;"/etc/homedir" ;"/home/usertemplate" ;"/etc/template"
 "Which command displays a list of jobs currently scheduled with at?" ;"atlist" ;"atq" ;"atl" ;"at --jobs"
 "On which port does LDAP over SSL listen for connections?" ;"389" ;"443" ;"636" ;"3128"
 "Which scheduler can be used to schedule a command to run once at a certain time?" ;"at" ;"cron" ;"job" ;"jobctl"
 "Which file provides a list of users who are allowed to create at jobs?" ;"/etc/at.users" ;"/etc/at.scheduler" ;"/etc/at.conf" ;"/etc/at.allow"
 "Which file extension is used for systemd timer units?" ;".conf" ;".timer" ;".timerd" ;".timeevent"
 "Within which directory would you find a list of files corresponding to the users who have current cron jobs on the system?" ;"/var/spool/cron/crontabs" ;"/var/spool/jobs" ;"/etc/cron" ;"/etc/cron.users"
 "When using slapadd for a large import, an error occurs at roughly 90 percent completion.  Which option to slapadd enables specification of a line number from which the import will be restarted?" ;"-l" ;"-f" ;"-q" ;"-j"
 "Which argument to the locale command displays currently available locales for a given system?" ;"-c" ;"-a" ;"-p" ;"-s"
 "Which option to timedatectl sets the system clock?" ;"--adjust-system-clock" ;"-s" ;"-c" ;"-a"
 "Which option to the file command displays information on the MIME type of the file being interrogated?" ;"-i" ;"-m" ;"-l" ;"-a"
 "Which environment variable is used to set the paper size?" ;"LC_PAPERSIZE" ;"LC_PAPER" ;"LC_PRINTERQ" ;"LC_PRINTSIZE"
 "Which of the following is used as a systemwide cron file?" ;"/etc/cron.d" ;"/etc/cron.sys" ;"/etc/crontab" ;"/etc/cron.tab"
 "Which command can be used to view the available timezones on a system and obtain out- put that can be used in scripts for setting the time zone?" ;"tzd" ;"/etc/locale" ;"tzdata" ;"tzselect"
 "Which option within a systemd timer unit will start a timer 90 minutes after boot?" ;"OnBootSec=90min" ;"OnBoot=90min" ;"OnBootHour=1.5" ;"StartOnBoot=90min"
 "Which abbreviation is another name for information like the user’s full name, telephone number, and other contact information found in /etc/passwd?" ;"USERINFO" ;"GECOS" ;"HOMEINFO" ;"CDATA"
 "Which option to the groupadd command specifies the GID for the group?" ;"-g" ;"-a" ;"-h" ;"-k"
 "When working with systemd timer units, which option to systemctl displays the active timers?" ;"list-timerunits" ;"show-timers" ;"list-timers" ;"list-activetimers"
 "Which shortcut to the OnCalendar systemd timer function indicates that the timer unit should run once a week?" ;"OnceAWeek" ;"weekly" ;"everyweek" ;"oneperweek"
 "Which option to the crontab command removes the current crontab?" ;"-r" ;"-l" ;"-g" ;"-f"
 "Which variable in /etc/default/useradd controls the location of the skeleton home directory?" ;"SKELETON" ;"SKEL" ;"SKELDIR" ;"SKELLOC"
 "Which option to getent enumerates the password database for a given system?" ;"password" ;"listpass" ;"passwd" ;"showpassdb"
 "Which directory contains the jobs scheduled with at?" ;"/var/spool/cron/atjobs" ;"/var/spool/at" ;"/var/spool/cron/at" ;"/var/spool/atjobs"
 "Which variable in /etc/login.defs controls the minimum group ID to use on the system?" ;"GIDMIN" ;"GROUPID_MIN" ;"GID_MIN" ;"MIN_GID"
 "Which variable in /etc/login.defs contains the location of a user’s email directory for use by programs such as userdel?" ;"EMAILDIR" ;"DIR_EMAIL" ;"MAILDIR" ;"MAIL_DIR"
 "Which file contains user information such as username and real name and is readable by all users of the system?" ;"/etc/pass" ;"/etc/shadow" ;"/etc/passwd" ;"/etc/userinfo"
 "Which shortcut can be used to indicate that a cron job should be executed on restart?" ;"@restart" ;"@startup" ;"@reboot" ;"@onboot"
 "Which option to groupadd specifies that the group will be a system group?" ;"-r" ;"-m" ;"-j" ;"-b"
 "Within which directory are databases stored for OpenLDAP?" ;"/var/lib/ldap" ;"/var/cache/openldap" ;"/var/share/ldap" ;"/usr/share/openldap"
 "When listing systemd timer units, which option to list-timers shows both active and inactive units?" ;"--all" ;"--active-and-inactive" ;"--inactive" ;"All are shown by default."
 "Which file provides a list of users who are not allowed to create at jobs?" ;"/etc/at.allow" ;"/etc/at.deny" ;"/etc/at.denyusers" ;"/etc/at.conf.deny"
 "Which of the following commands is used to examine the systemd journal or log file?" ;"journallist" ;"ctlj" ;"journalctl" ;"jctl"
 "Which system logging facility is used for messages from the kernel?" ;"syslog" ;"kernel" ;"kern" ;"system"
 "To what server address can you set a Network Time Protocol (NTP) client in order to receive time from a regionally local server?" ;"127.0.0.1" ;"192.168.1.100" ;"ntp.example.com" ;"pool.ntp.org"
 "What is the name of the systemd service that provides logging facilities?" ;"systemd-journald" ;"systemd-loggingd" ;"systemd-syslog" ;"journalctl"
 "Which option within a logrotate configuration stanza informs logrotate to create a new log file owned by the user and group www-data and with permission 600?" ;"new www-data.www-data mode 600" ;"create 600 www-data www-data" ;"new 600 www-data" ;"createlog mode 600 user www-data group www-data"
 "Within which directory hierarchy will you find configuration files related to printing with the Common UNIX Printing System (CUPS) printing system?" ;"/etc/cupsd" ;"/etc/cups.d" ;"/etc/CUPS" ;"/etc/cups"
 "Which access control directive in a CUPS configuration file configures the system to accept connections from the local network with addresses from 192.168.1.1 through 192.168.1.127?" ;"Allow 192.168.1.0/25" ;"Allow 192.168.1.0/24" ;"Allow 127.0.0.0/8" ;"AllowHosts 192.168.1.0"
 "Which of the following commands will set the date immediately and can be used from the command line in a script?" ;"ntpd" ;"ntpdate pool.ntp.org" ;"settime" ;"time"
 "When executing the ntpq command, you receive a message like read: Connection refused. What would this typically indicate?" ;"The network is down." ;"The NTP daemon is not running." ;"The use of NTP is administratively prohibited." ;"The current user does not have permission to execute ntpq."
 "Which command is used to query and work with the hardware clock on the system?" ;"hwc" ;"ntpdate" ;"systime" ;"hwclock"
 "Which directory contains a listing of available time zones on a Linux system?" ;"/etc/timezones" ;"/etc/tzdata" ;"/usr/share/zoneinfo" ;"/usr/share/timezones"
 "Which syslog level is used to provide informational messages?" ;"kern" ;"emerg" ;"debug" ;"info"
 "Within /etc/ntp.conf, which of the following configuration lines sets the location of the drift file?" ;"drift /var/lib/ntp/drift" ;"driftfile /var/lib/ntp/drift" ;"drift-file /var/lib/ntp/drift" ;"driftconfig /var/lib/ntp/drift"
 "Which configuration option in /etc/logrotate.conf will cause the log to be emailed to admin@example.com when the logrotation process runs for the selected log?" ;"mailadmin@example.com" ;"sendmailadmin@example.com" ;"maillogadmin@example.com" ;"logmailadmin@example.com"
 "Which of the following commands is used to determine the amount of disk space used by systemd journal logfiles?" ;"journalctl --disk" ;"journalctl -du" ;"journalctl --disk-usage" ;"journalctl -ls"
 "Which of the following commands displays the current mail queue on a Postfix server?" ;"qmail" ;"mailqueue" ;"mail -q" ;"mailq"
 "When you’re running the NTP daemon, which command can you execute to work with the NTP server in an interactive mode?" ;"ntpd" ;"ntpdate" ;"ntpq" ;"ntp-interactive"
 "Assume that you want all email for the root user to be sent to admin@example.com. Which of the following lines in /etc/aliases will accomplish this task?" ;"admin@example.com -> root" ;"root ->admin@example.com" ;"root,admin@example.com" ;"root:admin@example.com"
 "When you’re working with klogd, which option can be used to control the file to which messages are logged?" ;"-d" ;"-f" ;"-v" ;"-l"
 "Which set of programs or packages can be used for setting the system time on a device that is offline frequently?" ;"chrony" ;"htpoffline" ;"ntpd-off" ;"chrondate"
 "Which of the following commands places a file into the print queue?" ;"lpr" ;"lpd" ;"lpq" ;"lpx"
 "Which of the following options to the sendmail command will print information about the mail queue?" ;"-bi" ;"-queue" ;"-bp" ;"-f"
 "Which function of the hwclock command will set the hardware clock to the current system time?" ;"-w" ;"-s" ;"-a" ;"-m"
 "What is the default port for the CUPS administrative web interface?" ;"tcp/53" ;"tcp/8080" ;"udp/456" ;"tcp/631"
 "Which of the following commands causes sendmail to attempt to deliver the messages in its queue?" ;"sendmail -q" ;"sendmail -b" ;"sendmail -f" ;"sendmail -v"
 "You need to create an email address to accept email for abuse@example.com. However, you would like abuse reports sent to multiple email addresses within your organization. Which of the following will send email destined for the abuse account to admin@example.com and security@example.com?" ;"Create a .forward in the home directory for the abuse user and forward email" accordingly.  ;"Within /etc/aliases, add this: abuse:admin@example.com,security@example.com." ;"Create a .forward file for root and forward email accordingly." ;"Within /etc/aliases, add this: abuse:admin@example.com\tsecurity@example.com."
 "Which of the following commands sets the hardware clock to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) based on the current system time?" ;"hwclock --systohc --utc" ;"hwclock --systohc --localtime" ;"hwclock --systohc" ;"hwclock --systoutc"
 "You need to delete all messages from the queue on a Postfix server. Which of the following commands will perform this action?" ;"postqueue -remove" ;"rm -rf" ;"postfix -f" ;"postsuper -d ALL"
 "Which of the following URLs can be used to view a list of completed print jobs in CUPS?" ;"http://localhost:631/jobs?which_jobs=completed" ;"http://localhost:631?completed" ;"http://localhost:631/?completed" ;"http://cups/jobs=completed"
 "Which option to the journalctl command will continuously update the display as new log entries are created?" ;"-tail" ;"-t" ;"-f" ;"-l"
 "Assuming that the $ModLoad imudp configuration option has been set in the configuration for rsyslogd, which of the following additional options is necessary to configure the port on which the server will listen?" ;"$Port 514" ;"$UDPServerRun 514" ;"$Listen 514" ;"$UDPListen 514"
 "Which of the following commands causes the mail queue to be processed on a Postfix server?" ;"postqueue -f" ;"postqueue -D" ;"postfix -q" ;"postsuper -q"
 "When running ntpd, the server will not adjust or synchronize if the time is skewed from the NTP server by a significant amount of time. Which option to ntpd disables this and causes the synchronization process to continue even if there is a large skew?" ;"ntpd -noskew" ;"ntpd -skewcheck=off" ;"ntpd -g 0" ;"ntpd -s 0"
 "Which option in journald.conf controls the maximum file size for individual journal logs?" ;"SystemMaxFileSize" ;"MaxFile" ;"LogFileSize" ;"LogSize"
 "Which command can be executed to view completed print jobs?" ;"lpstat -q" ;"lpq" ;"lpstat -W completed" ;"lpqueue -c"
 "When configuring a log file for rotation, you need to execute a command to run a script after log file rotation. Which option within the logrotate.conf configuration file can be used to facilitate this behavior?" ;"after-rotate" ;"run-script" ;"rotatecomplete" ;"postrotate"
 "You are deploying an Exim server and need to work with the firewall to ensure the proper incoming ports are open. Which protocol and port should you allow inbound for normal Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) traffic?" ;"TCP/23" ;"TCP/25" ;"TCP/110" ;"TCP/143"
 "Which command should be executed after making a change to the sendmail access database /etc/access?" ;"makemap" ;"makedb" ;"newaccess" ;"rebuilddb"
 "When working with syslog-ng, which of the following is the correct path and filename for the primary configuration file?" ;"/etc/syslog-ng/syslog-ng.conf" ;"/etc/syslog/syslog-ng.conf" ;"/etc/syslog-ng/ng.conf" ;"/etc/syslog-ng/ngd.conf"
 "A developer has created an application and wants to take advantage of syslog for logging to a custom log file. Which facility should be used for an application such as this?" ;"syslog" ;"kern" ;"local#" ;"user"
 "A user needs to work with printer-related items. Which of the following commands adds the user (called username in the options) to the appropriate group for this purpose?" ;"usermod -aG printerusers username" ;"usermod -aG lpadmin username";"usermod -gA lpadm username" ;"usermod -a lpadm username"
 "Which option within a logrotate configuration file disables compression of the log file?" ;"compressoff" ;"limitcompress" ;"nocompression" ;"nocompress"
 "Which command should be used to enable printer sharing through CUPS?" ;"cupsctl --enable-sharing" ;"cupsc --share" ;"cupsctl --share-printers" ;"cupsc --printer-sharing"
 "Which command can be used to gather and display statistics about mail processed on a server running sendmail?" ;"mailq" ;"mailstats" ;"statmail" ;"sendmailstats"
 "You need to determine the size of the systemd journals on the system. Which option to journalctl is used for this purpose?" ;"--disk-use" ;"--disk-usage" ;"--disk-space" ;"--disk-used"
 "You are troubleshooting a problem with printing and believe the CUPS service needs to be restarted. Which of the following commands can be used to restart CUPS on a server run- ning systemd?"  ;"systemctl restart cups.service" ;"systemctl restart cups-service" ;"systemctl reboot cups.target" ;"systemctl restart cups.target"
 "You are working with journalctl and need to see only messages that are at a debug priority. Which of the following options enables this scenario?" ;"-pri debug" ;"-prior debug" ;"-d debug" ;"-p debug"
 "Which option in a CUPS configuration file causes the daemon to listen on all interfaces on port 631?" ;"Port 631" ;"Listen All:631" ;"Listen 127.0.0.1:631" ;"Port All:631"
 "Which command is used to remove an email from the mail queue with Postfix?" ;"postsuper -d" ;"postmaster" ;"postfix -d" ;"postdel"
 "Which option to journalctl will clear logs older than five days?" ;"--clear=5d" ;"--vacuum-time=5d" ;"--delete-older=5d" ;"--clear-time=5d"
 "When configuring email forwarding with Procmail, which of the following files is used as a user-based configuration file for Procmail?" ;"/home/procmail.conf" ;"~/.procmailrc" ;"/etc/procmail.conf" ;"~/procmail.conf"
 "Which of the following definitions in /etc/aliases will deliver mail destined to root to two email addresses, admin@example.com and webmaster@example.com?" ;"[root] =admin@example.com, webmaster@example.com" ;"root: admin webmaster" ;"root: admin, webmaster" ;"root:admin@example.com, webmaster@example.com"
 "Which of the following commands views the contents of a message that exists in the Postfix queue?" ;"postshow" ;"postless" ;"postmore" ;"postcat"
 "Within which file will you find errors related to delivery of mail on a Postfix server?" ;"/var/log/mail" ;"/var/log/postfix.log" ;"/var/log/mail.err" ;"/var/log/postfix.err"
 "When testing SMTP communications between a client and a server, you need to begin the conversation. Which of the following lines shows the beginning of an SMTP conversation using Extended Hello syntax from mail.example.com?" ;"BEGIN mail.example.com" ;"SMTP mail.example.com" ;"HELO mail.example.com" ;"EHLO mail.example.com"
 "Which option to timedatectl shows the available time zones?" ;"list-timezones" ;"show-tz" ;"--tzinfo" ;"--timezones"
 "You are viewing a directory listing of the /etc/localtime file and it looks like the following: lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 35 Oct 30 2018 /etc/localtime -> /usr/share/zoneinfo/America/Chicago From that directory listing, what can you tell about the file?" ;"The file is a symlink to a timezone in /usr/share/zoneinfo." ;"The /usr/share/zoneinfo file is a symlink to /etc/localtime." ;"The /etc/localtime file is a hard link to /usr/share/zoneinfo." ;"The time zone cannot be set because the file must exist as its own separate file."
 "You need to set the correct time zone on a server. How can you tell what the current time zone is set to?" ;"Run the date command." ;"Run the tzdata command." ;"Examine /proc/timezone." ;"Examine /etc/tzdata."
 "Which of the following is the configuration file used by the Chrony package?" ;"/etc/chrony.cfg" ;"/etc/chrony/default.cfg" ;"/etc/chrony.conf" ;"/etc/chrony.d/chrony.cf"
 "Which option to journalctl queries for only kernel messages?" ;"-ok" ;"-okern" ;"-k" ;"-limitk"
 "Which command must you run after making a change to email aliases on a server running Postfix?" ;"service postfix restart" ;"newaliases" ;"alias -n" ;"postfix -e"
 "You need to log output to the systemd journal from a script. Which of the following commands facilitates this scenario?" ;"systemd-log" ;"systemd-logger" ;"systemd-logm" ;"systemd-cat"
 "Which command can be used to remove print jobs from the queue?" ;"lprm" ;"lpdel" ;"lpqman" ;"lprmj"
 "When running from a shell script, which command enables logging to syslog?" ;"logd" ;"login" ;"logit" ;"logger"
 "You need to find the mail queue path on a Postfix server. You’re using postconf -d to view all parameters. Which parameter contains the mail queue path on a Postfix server?" ;"mqueue" ;"queue_dir";"mailq_path" ;"mqueue_path"
 "Which of the following options can be given to journalctl in order to filter based on a service name?" ;"_SYSTEMD-SERVICE" ;"_SERVICENAME" ;"_SYSTEMD_SERVICE" ;"_SYSTEMD_UNIT"
 "Which command can be used to add a job to a print queue?" ;"lpadd" ;"lkp" ;"lp" ;"lpprint"
 "Which of the following files enables per-user email forwarding?" ;"~/.mailforward" ;"~/.forward" ;"~/.formail" ;"~/.forwardmail"
 "Which argument to the mail command sets the subject for the email to be sent?" ;"-E" ;"-s" ;"-c" ;"-f"
 "Which option to the date command can be used to set the date and time?" ;"date -f" ;"date -t" ;"date --change" ;"date -s"
 "Which option to journalctl will trim the journal data size so that it consumes the amount specified?" ;"--clear-size" ;"--vacuum-size" ;"--delete-size" ;"--consume-max"
 "Which option to journalctl filters based on time?" ;"--since" ;"--time" ;"--time-t" ;"--filter-time"
 "When viewing the syslog configuration, you notice a minus sign (−) preceding several log files. What is the significance of the − sign in the configuration?" ;"The use of − indicates that the log may be rotated any time." ;"The use of − indicates that the system can utilize other logging facilities when" appropriate";"The use of − omits the disk sync process for every entry into the log." ;"The use of − comments out the line."
 "Which option to lpr sends a print job to a given destination?" ;"-P" ;"-a" ;"-p" ;"-h"
 "Which Postfix-related command is used to provide an overview of the number of messages in the incoming and active queues arranged by age?" ;"queuelist" ;"postq" ;"qshape" ;"queueshow"
 "Within the journald configuration file, which option is used to configure the maximum space used by journal files?" ;"SystemFileSizeLimit" ;"SystemMaxFile" ;"SystemMaxSize" ;"SystemMaxUse"
 "Within which directory hierarchy are queue-related messages stored for Postfix?" ;"/var/mqueue" ;"/var/spool/mailq" ;"/var/spool/postfix" ;"/var/postfix"
 "Which option to journalctl can be used to specify an alternate location for journal data, such as might be the case when retrieving journal data from a rescue system or a filesystem copy?" ;"--alt" ;"--journal-location" ;"--journal-dir" ;"--directory"
 "Within which directory are system logs normally kept on a Linux system?" ;"/etc/logs/" ;"/var/logs/" ;"/var/log/" ;"/tmp/log/"
 "Which shortcut can be used as the destination in an Exim alias to prevent Exim from delivering mail to a certain address, such as when you want to essentially delete the mail rather than deliver it?" ;":del:" ;":block:" ;":blackhole:" ;":deletemail:"
 "Which stanza within a CUPS printers.conf configuration file is used to configure a default local printer with CUPS?" ;"<LOCAL printerName>" ;"<Printer printerName>" ;"<DefaultPrinter printerName>" ;"<PrintDefault printerName>"
 "Which of the following commands can be used to remove all jobs queued for printing?" ;"lprm --all" ;"lprm --del A" ;"lprm -" ;"lprm --remove ALL"
 "When using the mail command, which option enables setting the From header?" ;"-f" ;"-r" ;"-o" ;"-m"
 "Which character sequence is used to precede the host or IP in order to specify that TCP should be used for remote system logging in /etc/rsyslog.conf?" ;"@TCP" ;"@@" ;"@" ;":tcp@"
 "Within the /etc/systemd/journald.conf file, which key/value pair will enable the journal to be persistent?" ;"Keep=All" ;"Store=Persistence" ;"Storage=Persistent" ;"Keep=Persist"
 "Which command can be used to monitor the status of chronyd?" ;"chronyc" ;"chronystat" ;"chrony-stats" ;"chronyd-stat"
 "Within which directory will you find configuration files for various logs that are to be rotated with logrotate?" ;"/etc/logrotate" ;"/etc/logs" ;"/etc/logrotate.d" ;"/var/spool/logrotate"
 "Which of the following commands is used to view the pending messages queue on a Postfix server?" ;"postqueue -p" ;"postconf -pending" ;"postqueue -f" ;"postsuper pending"
 "Which of the following commands shows the current default route without performing Domain Name System (DNS) lookups on the IP address(es) involved?" ;"netstat -rn" ;"netstat -n" ;"netstat -r" ;"netstat -f"
 "You are having difficulty with an interface on the server and it is currently down. Assuming that there is no hardware failure on the device itself, which command and option can you use to display information about the interface?" ;"ifconfig -a" ;"ifup" ;"netstat -n" ;"ifconfig" "Which of the following is not used as a private address for internal, non-Internet, use?" ;"172.16.4.2" ;"192.168.40.3" ;"10.74.5.244" ;"143.236.32.231"
 "Which of the following commands adds a default gateway of 192.168.1.1 for interface eth0?" ;"route add default gateway 192.168.1.1 eth0" ;"eth0 --dg 192.168.1.1" ;"route add default gw 192.168.1.1 eth0" ;"route define eth0 192.168.1.1"
 "Which option for the host command will query for the authoritative name servers for a given domain?" ;"-t ns" ;"-t all" ;"-ns" ;"-named"
 "Which port(s) and protocol(s) should be opened in a firewall in order for the primary and secondary name servers to communicate for a given domain?" ;"udp/53" ;"Both tcp/53 and udp/53" ;"tcp/53" ;"udp/53 and tcp/503"
 "Which option for the ping command enables you to choose the interface from which the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) packets will be generated?" ;"-i" ;"-I" ;"-t" ;"-a"
 "You need to split a subnet to enable four subnets with up to 30 hosts each. Which subnet mask, in Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) notation, facilitates this scenario?" ;"/25" ;"/24" ;"/32" ;"/27"
 "Which of the following commands queries for the mail servers for the domain example.com?" ;"dig example.com mx" ;"dig example.com" ;"host -t smtp example.com" ;"dig example.com smtp"
 "Which of the following addresses represents the localhost in IPv6?" ;"0:1" ;"::1" ;"127:0:1" ;":127:0:0:1"
 "Which option to the traceroute command will use TCP SYN packets for the path trace?" ;"-T" ;"-t" ;"-s" ;"-i"
 "Which of the following commands will attempt to bring online all interfaces marked as auto within the networking configuration?" ;"ifconfig -a" ;"ifup auto" ;"ifup -a" ;"ifstat"
 "In a scripting scenario, which command will return the domain name configured for the server?" ;"dnsname" ;"fqdn" ;"hostname" ;"hostname -d"
 "Which command can be used to listen for netlink messages on a network?" ;"ip monitor" ;"netlink -a" ;"ip netlink" ;"route"
 "If the traceroute6 command is not available, which option to the traceroute command can be used for an IPv6 traceroute?" ;"-ipv6" ;"-net6" ;"-v6" ;"-6"
 "Which of the following configuration lines in /etc/nsswitch.conf causes a lookup for group information to first use local files and then use LDAP?" ;"group: files ldap" ;"lookup: group [local ldap]" ;"group: [local ldap]" ;"group: localfiles ldap"
 "Which of the following dig commands sends the query for example.com directly to the server at 192.168.2.5 rather than to a locally configured resolver?" ;"dig example.com @192.168.2.5" ;"dig -t 192.168.2.5 example.com" ;"dig -s 192.168.2.5 example.com" ;"dig server=192.168.2.5 example.com"
 "Which ports need to be allowed through the firewall for Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) traffic?" ;"Ports 23 and 25" ;"Ports 110 and 143" ;"Ports 80 and 443" ;"Ports 161 and 162"
 "Which of the following commands will enumerate the hosts database?" ;"getent hosts" ;"gethosts" ;"nslookup" ;"host"
 "Which of the following netmasks is used for a subnet described with a /25 in CIDR notation?" ;"255.255.255.0" ;"255.255.0.0" ;"255.255.255.192" ;"255.255.255.128"
 "Which of the following configuration lines will set the DNS server to 192.168.1.4 using /etc/resolv.conf?" ;"dns 192.168.1.4" ;"dns-server 192.168.1.4" ;"nameserver 192.168.1.4" ;"name-server 192.168.1.4"
 "When examining open ports on the server, you see that TCP port 3000 is listed with no corresponding protocol name, such as SMTP, IMAP over SSL (IMAPS), and so on. In which file would you find a list of port-to-protocol translations that could be customized to add this new port?" ;"/etc/ports" ;"/etc/p2p" ;"/etc/ppp" ;"/etc/services"
 "Which of the following commands adds a route to the server for the network 192.168.51.0/24 through its gateway of 192.168.51.1?" ;"route add -net 192.168.51.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 gw 192.168.51.1" ;"route add -net 192.168.51/24 gw 192.168.1.51" ;"route -net 192.168.51.0/24 192.168.51.1" ;"route add 192.168.51.1 -n 192.168.51.0//255.255.255.0"
 "Which of the following netstat options displays the send and receive queues for each socket?" ;"-r" ;"-M" ;"-a" ;"-v"
 "Which of the following represents a correct configuration line for /etc/hosts?" ;"192.168.1.4 cwa.braingia.org cwa" ;"cwa.braingia.org cwa 192.168.1.4" ;"cwa.braingia.org 192.168.1.8 alias cwa" ;"alias cwa.braingia.org cwa 192.168.1.4"
 "Which of the following commands configures the eth0 device with an IP address of 192.168.1.1 in a /24 network?" ;"ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.1/24" ;"ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.1/255.255.255.0" ;"ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.0" ;"ifconfig 192.168.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 eth0"
 "Which of the following describes a primary difference between IPv4 and IPv6?" ;"IPv4 is for internal networks only, whereas IPv6 is for public networks." ;"IPv4 is for public networks, whereas IPv6 is for internal networks." ;"IPv4 uses a 32-bit address, whereas IPv6 uses a 128-bit address." ;"With IPv6, no subnetting is necessary."
 "On which port does ICMP operate?" ;"TCP/43" ;"UDP/111" ;"UDP/69" ;"ICMP does not use ports."
 "Which of the following commands will change the default gateway to 192.168.1.1 using eth0?" ;"ip route default gw 192.168.1.1" ;"ip route change default via 192.168.1.1 dev eth0" ;"ip route default gw update 192.168.1.1" ;"ip route update default 192.168.1.1 eth0"
 "Which of the following ports is used for Secure Shell communication?" ;"TCP/23" ;"TCP/25" ;"TCP/22" ;"TCP/2200"
 "Which options for netcat will create a server listening on port 8080?" ;"netcat -p 8080" ;"nc -l -p 8080" ;"nc -p 8080" ;"nc -s 8080"
 "Which of the following commands displays the Start of Authority information for the domain example.com?" ;"dig example.com soa" ;"dig example.com authority" ;"dig example.com -auth" ;"dig -t auth example.com"
 "Assume that you want to enable local client services to go to hosts on the network without needing to fully qualify the name by adding the domain for either example.com or example.org. Which option in /etc/resolv.conf will provide this functionality?" ;"search" ;"domain" ;"local-domain" ;"local-order"
 "Which of the following commands sends an IPv6 ping to a unique local address?" ;"ping -6 127.0.0.1" ;"ping6 fddi/128" ;"ping6 fdd6:551:b09f::" ;"ping -6 fdd6:551:b09f::"
 "Which of the following commands prevents traffic from reaching the host 192.168.1.3?" ;"route add -host 192.168.1.3 reject" ;"route -nullroute 192.168.1.3" ;"route add -null 192.168.1.3" ;"route add -block 192.168.1.3"
 "Which of the following describes a primary difference between traceroute and tracepath?" ;"The traceroute command requires root privileges." ;"The tracepath command provides the MTU for each hop, whereas traceroute does not." ;"The tracepath command cannot be used for tracing a path on an external network." ;"The traceroute command is not compatible with IPv6."
 "Which of the following commands will emulate the ping command in Microsoft Windows, where the ping is sent for four packets and then the command exits?";"ping -n 4" ;"ping -t 4" ;"ping -p 4" ;"ping -c 4"
 "Which command provides an interface into NetworkManager that works from a terminal window?" ;"nmcli" ;"nmui" ;"nm" ;"nman"
 "Which of the following commands configures eth1 with an additional IPv6 address of fdd6:551:b09e::?" ;"ifconfig eth1 inet6 add fdd6:551:b09e::/128" ;"ifconfig add fdd6:551:b09e::" ;"ifconfig fdd6:551:b09e:: eth1" ;"ifconfig eth1 fdd6:551:b09e"
 "On which port does LDAP over SSL operate?" ;"Port 53" ;"Port 389" ;"Port 636" ;"Port 443"
 "You need to prevent local clients from going to a certain host, www.example.com, and instead redirect them to localhost. Which of the following is a method to override DNS lookups for the specified host?" ;"Add a firewall entry for the IP address of www.example.com to prevent traffic from passing through it." ;"Delete www.example.com from the route table using the route command." ;"Add a null route to prevent access to the IP address for www.example.com." ;"Add an entry for www.example.com in /etc/hosts to point to 127.0.0.1."
 "Which of the following commands should be executed after running ip route change?" ;"ip route flush cache" ;"ip route reload" ;"ip route cache reload" ;"ip route restart"
 "Which option should be used to send a DNS query for a Sender Policy Framework (SPF) record with dig?" ;"-t txt" ;"-t spf" ;"-t mx" ;"-t mailspf"
 "Which of the following protocols uses a three-way handshake?" ;"ICMP" ;"TCP" ;"UDP" ;"IP"
 "How many IP addresses are available in the 172.16.0.0 private range in IPv4?" ;"/32" ;"16,777,216" ;"65,536" ;"1,048,576"
 "When troubleshooting a connectivity issue, you have found that you can reach a server via the web but cannot ping it. Which of the following best describes a possible cause for this scenario?" ;"TCP traffic has been blocked at the firewall." ;"The DNS lookup is failing." ;"ICMP traffic has been blocked." ;"There is a reject route in place."
 "When viewing the available routes using the route command, one route contains UG flags and the others contain U flags. What do the letters UG signify in the route table?" ;"The G signifies that the route is good." ;"The G signifies that the route is unavailable." ;"The G signifies that this is a gateway." ;"The G signifies that the route is an aggregate."
 "Which of the following commands requests a zone transfer of example.org from the server at 192.168.1.4?" ;"dig example.org @192.168.1.4 axfr" ;"dig example.org @192.168.1.4" ;"dig example.org @192.168.1.4 xfer" ;"dig example.org #192.168.1.4 xfer"
 "Which of the following commands displays the number of packets forwarded by the kernel?" ;"ls" ;"ipstat" ;"ifconfig -a" ;"netstat -s"
 "When using the ip command, which protocol family is used as the default if not otherwise specified?" ;"tcpip" ;"ip" ;"inet" ;"arp"
 "Which of the following commands changes the Media Access Control (MAC) address of eth0?" ;"ifmac eth0" ;"ifconfig eth0 hw ether" ;"ifconfig eth0 mac" ;"ifconfig eth0 hw mac"
 "You are using the route command to view routes. However, name resolution is taking a long time and causing delay in the response from the route command. Which option to route can be added to cause it to not perform name resolution?" ;"-d" ;"-e" ;"-f" ;"-n"
 "You have replaced a device on the network but used the IP from another active device.  Which command can be run to remove the MAC address entry from your computer so that it performs the address resolution again?" ;"arp -d" ;"netstat -rn" ;"hostname" ;"dig"
 "Which of the following commands displays information such as link status about the wireless device wlan0?" ;"iw dev wlan0 link" ;"wlan0 list" ;"iw wlan0 -l" ;"iw dev link"
 "Which command is used for setting parameters such as the essid, channel, and other related options for a wireless device?" ;"ifconfig" ;"iwconfig" ;"wlancfg" ;"iconf"
 "Which of the following commands can be used to scan for available wireless networks?" ;"iwlist get" ;"iwconfig scan" ;"iwlist scan" ;"iw-scan"
 "You need to offer internally facing NTP services. On which protocol and port does NTP listen?" ;"TCP/20 and TCP/21" ;"UDP/123" ;"TCP/139" ;"UDP/5150"
 "You need to set the MTU to a specific value for a network interface. Which option to ifconfig facilitates this?" ;"-mtu" ;"mtu" ;"metric" ;"addrmtu"
 "Which option to the arp command creates a new entry for a given IP address-to-MAC address pair?" ;"-s" ;"-c" ;"-d" ;"--add"
 "Which of the following commands shows network sockets and their allocated memory?" ;"ss -m" ;"mpas" ;"mem" ;"free"
 "When troubleshooting a potential hardware problem, you need to determine which physical interface is being used for a certain address. One way to accomplish this is with the ping command in order to monitor the activity lights on the device. Which of the following options to ping will flood the interface with ECHO_REQUEST packets?" ;"-e" ;"-a" ;"-c" ;"-f"
 "Which of the following commands can be used to test network connectivity at the TCP level instead of telnet?" ;"netstat" ;"nc" ;"nettest" ;"ping"
 "Which option to tcpdump displays a list of available interfaces on which tcpdump can operate?" ;"-a" ;"-d" ;"-D" ;"-i"
 "Which command provides a method for sending ICMP requests for IPv6?" ;"ping6" ;"pingv6" ;"tracert" ;"6ping"
 "Which of the following commands displays information about addresses, specifically only IPv6 addresses, currently in use on the computer?" ;"ip addr" ;"ip -6 addr" ;"ip6add" ;"ipv6addr"
 "Which of the following commands will disable ARP on the interface eth0?" ;"ifconfig eth0 -arp" ;"ip eth0 noarp" ;"ifconfig eth0 noarp" ;"if eth0 disable arp"
 "Which option to the route command forces the kernel to use the specified device for the route rather than attempting to determine the correct device?"  ;"inet" ;"addr" ;"dev" ;"device"
 "Which option to the ss command shows the process IDs associated with the socket?" ;"-l" ;"-a" ;"-p" ;"-f"
 "Which option to traceroute causes the command to use ICMP for requests?" ;"-T" ;"-A" ;"-I" ;"-i"
 "Which programmatic function is used by the hostname command internally?" ;"getaddr" ;"gethost" ;"gethostname" ;"getname"
 "Which of the following commands will examine the system log for information regarding DHCP activity?" ;"grep -i dhcp /var/log/syslog" ;"grep -v dhcp /var/log/syslog" ;"grep -vi dhcp /var/log/kern.log" ;"dmesg | grep dhcp"
 "Which of the following characters are valid for hostnames in /etc/hosts?" ;"Alphanumerics, minus, underscore, and dot" ;"Alphanumerics, minus, and dot" ;"Alphanumerics and dot" ;"Alphanumerics"
 "Which of the following configuration lines in /etc/resolv.conf enables debugging?" ;"debug" ;"options debug" ;"option debug" ;"enable-debug"
 "Which of the following commands views systemd journal entries for the NetworkManager unit?" ;"systemd NetworkManager" ;"systemd NetworkCtl" ;"systemctl NetworkManager" ;"journalctl -u NetworkManager"
 "Which file is read at boot to set the local computer’s hostname?" ;"/etc/hostname" ;"/etc/hosts" ;"/etc/localhost" ;"/etc/networkhost"
 "Which traceroute command is used exclusively for IPv6 route traces?" ;"trace6" ;"traceroute6" ;"tracert6" ;"6trace"
 "Which type can be used with the dig command to test a zone transfer?" ;"xfr" ;"transfer" ;"zxfr" ;"axfr"
 "Which option to the host command sets the query type to ANY?" ;"-a" ;"-b" ;"-c" ;"-d"
 "Within which file can per-user default settings be created for the dig command?" ;"/etc/dig.cfg" ;"/etc/dig.conf" ;"~/.digrc" ;"~/.dig.conf"
 "Which type of DNS record is used for specifying a POP3 server?" ;"POP" ;"PO" ;"MX" ;"There is no specific type for POP3 servers."
 "Which of the following iproute2 commands changes the address of device eth0 to 192.168.1.1 with netmask 255.255.255.0?" ;"ip addr add 192.168.1.1/24 dev eth0" ;"ip addr eth0 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0" ;"ip addr dev eth0 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0" ;"ip addr 192.168.1.1/255.255.255.0 eth0"
 "Which command is used to show the settings for DNS resolution with systemd-resolved?" ;"systemctl resolvers" ;"resolvectl status" ;"systemctl --resolvers" ;"resolvectl --view-status"
 "Which of the following commands enables NetworkManager so that it can be used to configure Ethernet and Wi-Fi network devices?" ;"nmcli networking on" ;"netman enable" ;"NetworkManager --enable" ;"nmti --enable networking"
 "You are troubleshooting a DNS problem using the dig command and receive a status: NXDOMAIN message. Which of the following best describes what NXDOMAIN means?" ;"NXDOMAIN means that you have received a nonauthoritative answer for the query." ;"NXDOMAIN means that the domain or host is not found." ;"NXDOMAIN indicates a successful query." ;"NXDOMAIN signifies a new domain record has been added."
 "Which systemd daemon can be used to manage network interfaces through systemd?" ;"networker" ;"networked" ;"networkd" ;"netwrkd"
 "Which command for hostnamectl can be used to set the hostname?" ;"set-host" ;"set-hostname" ;"set-name" ;"hostname"
 "On which port does IMAP over SSL (IMAPS) listen?" ;"993" ;"995" ;"465" ;"514"
 "When you’re looking to parse the output of the ip command, which option can you set to remove newlines so that the output can be piped to the grep command?" ;"-n" ;"-o" ;"-l" ;"-f"
 "You need to temporarily prevent users from logging in to the system using ssh or another means. Which of the following describes one method for accomplishing this task?" ;"touch /etc/nologin" ;"Disable sshd." ;"Remove /etc/login." ;"Add a shadow file."
 "Which of the following commands searches the entire filesystem for files with the setuid bit set?" ;"find ./ -perm suid" ;"find / -perm 4000" ;"find / -type suid" ;"find / -type f -perm setuid"
 "Which of the following commands displays the currently open ports and the process that is using the port?" ;"netstat -a" ;"lsof -i" ;"ps auwx" ;"netlist"
 "You are attempting to unmount a filesystem using the umount command. However, when you do so you receive a message indicating that the filesystem is in use. Which of the following commands can be used determine which process is keeping a filesystem open?";"fuser" ;"ls" ;"find" ;"ps"
 "Which of the following commands displays account information such as expiration date, last password change, and other related details?" ;"usermod -l" ;"userinfo -a" ;"chageuser -l" ;"chage -l"
 "Which of the following commands scans the IP address 192.168.1.154 for open ports?" ;"nmap 192.168.1.154" ;"lsof 192.168.1.154" ;"netstat 192.168.1.154" ;"netmap 192.168.1.154"
 "Which command is used to create a public/private key pair for use with ssh?" ;"ssh -k" ;"ssh-keygen" ;"ssh-genkey" ;"ssh -key"
 "Which of the following configuration options sets a hard limit of 25 processes for a user called suehring in /etc/security/limits.conf?" ;"suehring hard proc 25" ;"suehring hard nproc 25" ;"suehring proc 25 hard-limit" ;"proc 25 suehring hard"
 "Within which file should you place public keys for servers from which you will accept key-based ssh authentication?" ;"~/.ssh/authorized_keys" ;"~/.ssh/keys" ;"~/.ssh/keyauth" ;"~/.sshd/authkeys"
 "The system on which you are working does not have the lsof command installed, and you are not allowed to install software without going through four levels of approval and scheduling the installation weeks in advance. However, the netstat command is available.  Which option to netstat will show the process ID to which a given network port is connected?" ;"-a" ;"-n" ;"-p" ;"-l"
 "You need to look at information on logins beyond that which is captured by the current log file for the last command. Which option to the last command can be used to load information from an alternate file?" ;"-a" ;"-t" ;"-e" ;"-f"
 "You need to examine who is currently logged in to the system. Which of the following commands will display this information?" ;"listuser" ;"fuser" ;"ls -u" ;"w"
 "You need to execute a command as a specific user. Which of the following commands enables this to occur?" ;"sudo -u" ;"sudo -U" ;"sudo -s" ;"sudo -H"
 "Which option in /etc/sudoers will cause the specified command to not prompt for a password?" ;"PASSWORD=NO" ;"NOPASSWD" ;"NOPASSWORD" ;"NOPROMPT"
 "Which of the following commands will display the CPU time, memory, and other limits for the currently logged-in user?" ;"reslimit" ;"limitres -a" ;"ulimit -a" ;"proclimit -n"
 "Which line in the /etc/hosts.deny file will prevent any host within the 192.168.1.0/24 network from accessing services that operate from xinetd?" ;"BLOCK: 192.168.1.0/24" ;"REJECT: 192.168.1.0" ;"ALL: 192.168.1.0/255.255.255.0" ;"NONE: 192.168.1/255.255.255.0"
 "When expiring a user account with usermod -e, which of the following represents the correct date format?" ;"YYYY-MM-DD" ;"MM/DD/YYYY" ;"DD/MM/YY" ;"MM/DD/YY HH:MM:SS"
 "Which of the following directives in a configuration file found within /etc/xinetd.d will prevent the service from starting?" ;"enable no" ;"start no" ;"disable yes" ;"boot no"
 "You are using an RSA-based key pair for SSH. By default, what is the name of the private key file in ~/.ssh?" ;"id_rsa" ;"id_rsa.priv" ;"id_rsa.key" ;"rsa_key.priv"
 "Which option to the su command will execute a single command with a noninteractive session?" ;"-s" ;"-u" ;"-c" ;"-e"
 "Which file is used to enable the setting of limits for things like logins, processes, memory, and the like for users?" ;"/etc/security/limits.conf" ;"/etc/userlimits.conf" ;"/etc/security/userlimits.conf" ;"/etc/security/procmem.conf"
 "Which of the following best describes the method to use with ssh in order to execute a single command on a remote server?" ;"Use the -e option followed by the command." ;"Send the command after the other options as part of the command line." ;"Use the --execute option followed by the command." ;"Use the -s option followed by the command."
 "When you’re using ssh-agent, which command and option lists the currently loaded keys?" ;"ssh-agent -l" ;"ssh -l" ;"ssh-list-keys" ;"ssh-add -l"
 "Which of the following commands should be used to edit the /etc/sudoers file?" ;"Any text editor such as vi or emacs" ;"editsudo" ;"visudo" ;"visudoers"
 "Which of the following commands can be used to stop a given service, such as httpd.service, from starting on boot with a systemd-based system?" ;"systemctl disable httpdservice" ;"systemctl stop httpd.service" ;"systemd disable httpd.service" ;"systemd enable httpd.service boot=no"
 "Which of the following commands will set an account to expire based on the number of days elapsed since January 1, 1970?" ;"passwd -e" ;"chage -E" ;"usermod -l" ;"chguser"
 "You need to specify a list of known hosts for SSH for certain hosts within your organization rather than each user needing to accept those keys individually. Which option within a server-wide SSH client configuration file enables this scenario?";"KnownHosts" ;"PerMachineKnownHosts" ;"GlobalKnownHostsFile" ;"ServerKnownHostsFile"
 "Which option within /etc/security/limits.conf is used to control the number of times that a given account can log in simultaneously?" ;"nlogins" ;"loginmax" ;"maxlogins" ;"loginlimit"
 "Which file can be used to store a server-wide cache of hosts whose keys are known for ssh?" ;"/etc/sshd_known_hosts" ;"/etc/ssh_known_hosts" ;"~/.ssh/known_hosts" ;"/root/ssh_known_hosts"
 "Within the following entry in /etc/shadow, to what does the number 15853 refer? mail:*:15853:0:99999:7:::" ;"The UID of the mail user" ;"The number of files owned by mail" ;"The date of the last password change (since 1/1/1970)" ;"The number of days until the account expires"
 "Which of the following commands sets up a local port-forwarding session on local port 5150 to remote port 80 of www.example.com?" ;"ssh -L 5150:www.example.com:80" ;"ssh 5150:www.example.com" ;"ssh -p 5150 www.example.com" ;"ssh -e 5150 www.example.com:80"
 "Which option must be enabled in /etc/sshd_config on the destination server in order for X11 forwarding to work?" ;"XForward yes" ;"Xenable yes" ;"X11Forwarding yes" ;"Xconnection yes"
 "Which of the following commands generates a GnuPG key pair?" ;"gpg --gen-key" ;"gpg --key" ;"gpg --send-key" ;"gpg --create-key"
 "Signatures with gpg can be generated by using which option on the gpg command line?" ;"--sign" ;"--signature" ;"--si" ;"--dsign"
 "Which option to ssh is used to set the port for the remote host?" ;"-p" ;"-P" ;"-l" ;"@"
 "Which option to nmap sets the scan to use TCP SYN packets for finding open ports?" ;"-sS" ;"-sT" ;"-sY" ;"-type SYN"
 "Which of the following logs is used by the last command for detailing recent logins?" ;"/var/log/last" ;"/var/log/all.log" ;"/var/log/wtmp" ;"/var/log/logins"
 "Which option to ssh enables the use of a key for authentication?" ;"-i" ;"-k" ;"-f" ;"--key"
 "In a scripting scenario, you need to prevent sudo from prompting for credentials or for any other reason. Which option to sudo is used to indicate this?" ;"-n" ;"--noprompt" ;"-i" ;"-q"
 "Which of the following commands generates an RSA key for use with ssh?" ;"ssh -key rsa" ;"ssh --gen-key rsa" ;"ssh-keygen -t rsa" ;"ssh-keygen rsa"
 "You need to disable a service found in /etc/inetd.conf. Which of the following is used as a comment character in that file?" ;"-" ;"#" ;"/" ;"%"
 "Which of the following commands can be used to lock an account?" ;"usermod -L" ;"usermod -l" ;"passwdlock" ;"lockacct"
 "Which file is used as the default storage for public keyrings for gpg?" ;"publickeys.gpg" ;"pubring.gpg" ;"public.gpg" ;"pubkeys.gpg"
 "Which file in ~/.gnupg/, if present, indicates that files have been migrated to gpg version 2.1 or later?" ;".gpg-v21" ;".gpg-updated" ;".gpg-v21-migrated" ;".gpg-files-v21"
 "Which of the following commands searches a server for files with the setgid bit enabled?" ;"find / -perm 4000" ;"find ./ -perm setgid" ;"grep setgid *" ;"find / -perm 2000"
 "Which of the following commands creates links within /etc/rc.d/* for starting and stop- ping services on a Debian system?" ;"createsym" ;"startstop-service" ;"update-rc.d" ;"createconfig"
 "Which runlevel is typically used for single-user mode, as indicated in /etc/inittab?" ;"1" ;"2" ;"5" ;"6"
 "Which option to the su command is used to obtain the normal login environment?" ;"-u" ;"-U" ;"-" ;"-login"
 "Which of the following commands shows network services or sockets that are currently listening along with sockets that are not listening?" ;"netstat -a" ;"netlink -a" ;"sockets -f" ;"opensock -l"
 "Which of the following commands lists open files belonging to all processes except those owned by the user bind?" ;"lsof -i" ;"lsof -u bind" ;"lsof -u ^bind" ;"lsof | grep bind"
 "Which option to nmap will cause it to always perform name resolution?" ;"-n" ;"-R" ;"-b" ;"-a"
 "Which wildcard can be used in /etc/hosts.allow to specify a match for a host whose name does not match its IP address?" ;"*" ;"ALL" ;"PARANOID" ;"NAMEMATCH"
 "Which of the following options within an OpenSSH server configuration is used to deter- mine whether the root user can log in directly with an SSH client?" ;"PermitRootLogin" ;"AllowRoot" ;"RootLogin" ;"PermitDirectRootLogin"
 "Which of the following commands executes a port scan using TCP connect to the host" 192.168.2.3?" ;"portscan 192.168.2.3" ;"nmap -sT 192.168.2.3" ;"maphost 192.168.2.3" ;"tcpscan -C 192.168.2.3"
 "Which option to the ssh command is used for X11 application forwarding?" ;"-X11" ;"-A" ;"-X" ;"-F"
 "Which option to gpg should be used in order to specify the destination for the encrypted file?" ;"--dest" ;"--output" ;"--destination" ;"--out"
 "Which command is used to add keys to the SSH agent?" ;"ssh-keyadd" ;"ssh-add" ;"ssh-ed" ;"ssh-cat"
 "Which option to the passwd command sets the maximum password age until the password needs to be changed?" ;"-a" ;"-x" ;"-l" ;"-r"
 "Which option to the ulimit command enables setting of a limit on memory that can be locked?" ;"-l" ;"-x" ;"-b" ;"-t"
 "Which of the following commands prints a list of existing users from the password file?" ;"passwd --list" ;"cat /etc/passwd | cut -d':' -f1" ;"grep "USERS" /etc/passwd" ;"lookup --user"
 "You are defining a service in /etc/xinetd.conf. Which option is used to configure the times that access to the service is allowed?" ;"time_allowed" ;"access_times" ;"timed_access" ;"access_when"
 "What file extension is used for interprocess communication service units that are controlled by systemd?" ;".socket" ;".ipc" ;".comm" ;".intercom"
 "You are generating a host key for the SSH server with ssh-keygen and want to ensure that the key does not require a password when the SSH server starts. Which command-line option accomplishes this task?" ;"-p" ;"-P" ;"-N" ;"-d"
 "When working with the /etc/shadow password file, you see passwords beginning with $1$. What algorithm does $1$ indicate has been used for password storage?" ;"MD5" ;"Blowfish" ;"RIN" ;"PIK"
 "Which option to gpg creates a detached signature?" ;"--sig" ;"--detach-sig" ;"--det-sig" ;"--sgn-det"
 "Which of the following best describes the role of server host keys for SSH?" ;"The server host key is used to connect to remote servers." ;"The server host key is used for encrypting SSL communications." ;"The server host key is used for client connections and provides a means by which the client can verify that the server has not changed." ;"The server host key provides secure DNS resolution."
 "When using a custom client configuration for SSH, which option specifies the key that will be used to connect to the host?" ;"KeyFile" ;"IdentityFile" ;"Key" ;"HostKey"
 "Which of the following commands is used as a daemon process to manage private keys for GnuPG?" ;"gpgpkd" ;"gpg_pkd" ;"gpg-agent" ;"gpg-pkagent"
 "You need to enable editing of certain files with root privileges but do not want to grant sudo access to an editor such as vim due to the possibility of a shell escaping. Which command can be used in place of vim to provide privileged editing of files?" ;"suvim" ;"nano" ;"sudon" ;"sudoedit"
 "Which option to the ssh command enables changing the login name for a given host?" ;"-l" ;"-u" ;"-a" ;"-m"
 "Which option to the usermod command changes a username?" ;"-l" ;"-u" ;"-a" ;"-m"
 "After specifying the key server, which option to gpg is used to specify the key to send to the key server?" ;"key-name" ;"keyname" ;"send-keys" ;"sendkey"
 "Which of the following represents a group called admins within /etc/sudoers?" ;"@admins" ;"admins" ;"-admins" ;"%admins"
 "Which limits-related option is used to control the maximum file size that a user can create?" ;"filesize" ;"maxfile" ;"fsmax" ;"fsize"
 "You are using an SSH server over a poor network connection but would like to maintain the connection in the event of keepalive messages being lost. Which client option can be set to set the number of keepalive messages that can be lost before the client will terminate the connection?" ;"ServerTerminateCount" ;"ServerAliveCountMax" ;"ServerKeepAliveCount" ;"ServerClientKeepAliveCount"
 "If the /etc/nologin file exists and is in use preventing users from logging in, which file can be used to provide a message to those users who are refused a login?" ;"/etc/login.mesg" ;"/etc/login.disabled" ;"/etc/nologin" ;"/etc/nologin.message"
 "Which option to ssh-add specifies the lifetime that a key is held in the agent?" ;"-t" ;"-a" ;"-l" ;"-c"
 "Which option for an SSH connection sets up a remote forwarding scenario?" ;"-R" ;"-r" ;"-e" ;"-d"
 "Which option to chage sets the number of days that a user will be warned before they need to change their password?" ;"-w" ;"-W" ;"-t" ;"-a"
 "Another administrator made a change on the system that resulted in the /etc/shadow file becoming corrupted. Which of the following can be used to recover quickly?" ;"The /etc/shadow.bak file" ;"The /etc/shadow- file" ;"The latest backup in /var/backups/" ;"Single-user mode"
 "When examining the documentation for a service, you notice that it can use libwrap. What functionality does libwrap enable?" ;"Start/stop from remote" ;"TCP wrappers" ;"DNS resolution" ;"Shadow passwords"
 "Which option within /etc/sudoers enables the use of an alias for a group of users?" ;"User_Alias" ;"User_Group" ;"User_List" ;"User_Spec"
 "You are using nmap to scan a host for open ports. However, the server is blocking ICMP echo requests. Which option to nmap can you set in order to continue the scan?" ;"-P0" ;"-no-ping" ;"-s0" ;"-ping-0"
 "Which option within a server-wide SSH client configuration specifies the name and location of the known hosts file to use?" ;"KnownHosts" ;"UserKnownHosts" ;"UserKnownHostsFile" ;"UserKnownHostsFilePath"
 "You need to generate a host key for SSH using ssh-keygen that has been generated with DSA rather than RSA. Which option and argument to that option will create a DSA key?" ;"-k dsa" ;"-a DSA" ;"-t dsa" ;"-h dsa"
 "The total number of users logged in can be found with which argument to the who command?" ;"-t" ;"-e" ;"-q" ;"-l"
 "Which option to the passwd command unlocks an account?" ;"-t" ;"-u" ;"-r" ;"-l"
 "Which option for user limits sets the maximum number of logins that a user can have on the system?" ;"maxsyslogins" ;"maxuserlogins" ;"maxlogins" ;"kennyloggins"
--- a/data/tmp/lpic1_pratice_book_exam.csv
+++ b/data/tmp/lpic1_pratice_book_exam.csv
--- a/data/tmp/lpic1_pratice_book_solutions.csv
+++ b/data/tmp/lpic1_pratice_book_solutions.csv