"101-500",,"1. Which of the following commands is used to view kernel-related udev events in real time?","udevls all","lsudev -f","udevmon -a","udevadm monitor"
"101-500",,"2. Which command enables you to view the current interrupt request (IRQ) assignments?","view /proc/irq ","cat /proc/interrupts ","cat /dev/irq ","less /dev/irq"
"101-500",,"3. Configuration of udev devices is done by working with files in which directory? ","/udev/devices ","/devices/ ","/udev/config ","/etc/udev "
"101-500",,"4. Which command is used to automatically load a module and its dependencies? ","modprobe ","lsmod ","insmod ","rmmod "
"101-500",,"5. Which command is used to obtain a list of USB devices? ","usb-list ","lsusb ","ls-usb ","ls --usb "
"101-500",,"6. When working with hotplug devices, you need to gather more information about them through udevadm. Which udevadm command enables you to query the udev database for information on a device? ","query ","info ","getinfo ","devinfo "
"101-500",,"7. Which command can be used to view the kernel ring buffer in order to troubleshoot the boot process? ","lsboot ","boot-log ","krblog ","dmesg "
"101-500",,"8. During the initialization process for a Linux system using SysV init, which runlevel corresponds to single-user mode? ","Runlevel 5 ","Runlevel SU ","Runlevel 1 ","Runlevel 6 "
"101-500",,"9. On a system using SysV init, in which directory are the startup and shutdown scripts for services stored? ","/etc/init-d ","/etc/init ","/etc/sysV ","/etc/init.d "
"101-500",,"10. Which command can be used to reboot a system? ","init 6 ","shutdown -h -t now ","init 1 ","refresh-system "
"101-500",,"11. When using an SysV init-based system, which command would you use if you make changes to the /etc/inittab file and want those changes to be reloaded without a reboot? ","init-refresh ","init 6 ","telinit ","reload-inittab "
"101-500",,"12. Which command displays the current runlevel for a system? ","show-level ","init --level ","sudo init ","runlevel "
"101-500",,"13. Within which folder are systemd unit configuration files stored? ","/etc/system.conf.d ","/lib/system.conf.d ","/lib/systemd/system ","/etc/sysconfd "
"101-500",,"14. Which command is used with systemd in order to list the available service units? ","systemd list-units ","systemctl list-units ","systemd unit-list ","systemctl show-units "
"101-500",,"15. Which option to lspci is used to display both numeric codes and device names? ","-numdev ","-n ","-nn ","-devnum "
"101-500",,"16. Which command can be used to obtain a list of currently loaded kernel modules? ","insmod ","modlist ","ls --modules ","lsmod "
"101-500",,"17. Which option to the modprobe command shows the dependencies for a given module? ","--show-options ","--list-deps ","--show-depends ","--list-all "
"101-500",,"18. Which command can you use to send a message to all users who are currently logged into a system? ","cat ","wall ","tee","ssh"
"101-500",,"19. Which of the following is a good first troubleshooting step when a hard disk is not detected by the Linux kernel? ","Unplug the disk. ","Check the system BIOS. ","Restart the web server service. ","Run the disk-detect command."
"101-500",,"20. Within which directory is information about USB devices stored? ","/etc/usbdevices ","/var/usb ","/lib/sys/usb ","/sys/bus/usb/devices"
"101-500",,"21. If the kernel ring buffer has been overwritten, within which file can you look to find boot messages? ","/var/log/bootmessages ","/var/log/mail.info ","/var/adm/log/boot.info ","/var/log/dmesg "
"101-500",,"22. Which command and option can be used to determine whether a given service is currently loaded? ","systemctl --ls ","telinit ","systemctl status ","sysctl -a "
"101-500",,"23. Which command on a systemd-controlled system would place the system into single-user mode? ","systemctl one ","systemctl isolate rescue.target ","systemctl single-user ","systemctl runlevel one "
"101-500",,"24. Which command on a system controlled by Upstart will reload the configuration files? ","initctl reload ","systemd reload ","upstart --reload ","ups -reload "
"101-500",,"25. When working with a SysV system, which option to chkconfig will display all services and their runlevels? ","--reload ","--list ","--all ","--ls "
"101-500",,"26. A drive connected to USB is considered which type of device? ","Medium ","Coldplug ","Hotplug ","Sideplug "
"101-500",,"27. The system is using a temporary flash USB disk for data mounted at /dev/sda1. You need to remove the disk. Which of the following commands will enable the disk to be safely removed from the system? ","usbstop /dev/sda ","umount /dev/sda1 ","unmount /dev/sda1 ","dev-eject /dev/sda1 "
"101-500",,"28. You have connected a USB disk to the system and need to find out its connection point within the system. Which of the following is the best method for accomplishing this task? ","Rebooting the system ","Viewing the contents of /var/log/usb.log ","Connecting the drive to a USB port that you know the number of ","Running dmesg and looking for the disk "
"101-500",,"29. Which of the following commands will initiate an immediate shutdown of the system? ","shutdown -c ","halt ","systemd stop ","stop-system "
"101-500",,"30. Which option within a systemd service file indicates the program to execute? ","StartProgram ","ShortCut ","ExecStart ","Startup "
"101-500",,"31. Which command will display the default target on a computer running systemd? ","systemctl defaults ","update-rc.d defaults ","systemctl runlevel ","systemctl get-default "
"101-500",,"32. Which option to the systemctl command will change a service so that it runs on the next boot of the system? ","enable ","startonboot ","loadonboot ","start "
"101-500",,"33. Which of the following best describes the /proc filesystem? ","/proc contains information about files to be processed. ","/proc contains configuration files for processes. ","/proc contains information on currently running processes, including the kernel. ","/proc contains variable data such as mail and web files. "
"101-500",,"34. Which command will retrieve information about the USB connections on a computer in a tree-like format? ","lsusb -tree ","lsusb --tree ","lsusb -t ","usblist --tree "
"101-500",,"35. What is one reason why a device driver does not appear in the output of lsmod, even though the device is loaded and working properly? ","The use of systemd means that drivers are not required for most devices. ","The use of initramfs means that support is enabled by default. ","The system does not need a driver for the device. ","Support for the device has been compiled directly into the kernel. "
"101-500",,"36. Which option to rmmod will cause the module to wait until it’s no longer in use to unload the module? ","-test ","-f ","-w ","-unload "
"101-500",,"37. You are using a storage area network (SAN) that keeps causing errors on your Linux system due to an improper kernel module created by the SAN vendor. When the SAN sends updates, it causes the filesystem to be mounted as read-only. Which command and option can you use to change the behavior of the filesystem to account for the SAN bug? ","mount --continue ","tune2fs -e continue ","mkfs --no-remount ","mount -o remount "
"101-500",,"38. Within which directory are rules related to udev stored? ","/etc/udev.conf ","/etc/udev.conf.d ","/etc/udev/rules.d ","/etc/udev.d "
"101-500",,"39. Which option to lspci displays the kernel driver in use for the given Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) device? ","-t ","-k ","-n ","-a "
"101-500",,"40. Within which of the following directories will you find blacklist information for modules loaded with modprobe? ","/etc/blacklist ","/etc/modprobe.d ","/etc/blacklist.mod ","/etc/modprobe "
"101-500",,"41. When working with a CentOS 6 system, which command is used to create the initial RAM disk? ","mkinit ","dracut ","mkraminit ","mkinitfs "
"101-500",,"42. Within which file will you find a list of the currently available kernel symbols? ","/proc/kernelsyms ","/etc/kernel.conf ","/etc/lsyms ","/proc/kallsyms "
"101-500",,"43. Which of the following commands can be used to show the various information related to a currently loaded module, including core size and settings for options? ","systool -v -m <module> ","modinfo -r <module> ","lsmod <module> ","infmod <module> "
"101-500",,"44. Which directory contains various elements and configuration information about the kernel such as the release number, domain name, location of modprobe, and other settings? ","/proc/sys/kmod ","/proc/sys/kernel ","/proc/kernel ","/proc/kernel/sys "
"101-500",,"45. Within which directory should systemd unit files that you create be stored? ","/etc/system ","/etc/systemd/system ","/usr/share/systemd ","/usr/share/system "
"101-500",,"46. Which of the following commands should you execute after making changes to systemd service configurations in order for those changes to take effect? ","systemd reload ","reboot ","systemctl daemon-reload ","systemctl reboot "
"101-500",,"47. Which of the following files contains the runlevels for the system along with a reference to the corresponding rc file? ","/etc/runlevels ","/etc/inittab ","/etc/rc ","/etc/runlevel "
"101-500",,"48. Which boot loader can be used for File Allocation Table (FAT) filesystems and might be used for a rescue disk? ","SYSBOOT ","SYSLINUX ","TIELINUX ","FATLINUX "
"101-500",,"49. Which of the following is used to provide an early filesystem-based loading process for key drivers needed to continue the boot process? ","bootrd ","driverload ","initrd ","initdrv "
"101-500",,"50. When booting a system you receive an error similar to ""No init found"" and are then placed at an initramfs prompt. You need to check the hard drive for errors. Which of the following commands performs an error check on a hard drive partition in Linux? ","defrag ","fsck ","checkfs ","chkfs "
"101-500",,"51. Which of the following commands places the system in single-user mode? ","tellinit 1 ","chginit 1 ","telinet 1 ","telinit 1 "
"101-500",,"52. Which of the following commands changes the boot order for the next boot? ","efibootmgr -c ","efibootmgr -b -B ","efibootmgr -o ","efibootmgr -n "
"101-500",,"53. Which boot loader can be used with ISO9660 CD-ROMS? ","ISOLINUX ","EFIBOOT ","ISOFS ","BOOTISO "
"101-500",,"54. Within which directory are systemd user unit files placed by installed packages? ","/usr/lib/systemd/user ","/usr/lib/systemd/system ","/usr/systemd ","/usr/system "
"101-500",,"55. When using Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI), which of the following files can be used as a boot loader? ","shim.uefi ","shim.efi ","shim.fx ","efi.shim "
"101-500",,"56. Which directory on a SysV init-based system contains scripts that are used for starting and stopping services? ","/etc/rc.int ","/etc/boot ","/etc/bootscripts ","/etc/init.d "
"101-500",,"57. Which of the following commands is used to find overriding configuration files on a systemd-based system? ","diff ","systemctl -diff ","systemd-delta ","systemctl configoverride "
"101-500",,"58. Which of the following commands on a Red Hat system lists all of the SysV services set to be executed on boot along with their setting for each runlevel? ","rlevel ","chkconfig --list ","bootldr --list ","init --bootlist "
"101-500",,"59. Which of the following commands, executed from within the UEFI shell, controls the boot configuration? ","bootcfg ","bcfg ","grub-install ","grcfg "
"101-500",,"60. Which file must exist within /tftpboot on the Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) server for a system that will use PXELINUX for its boot loader? ","pxelinux.tftp ","pxelinux.boot ","pxelinux.conf ","pxelinux.0 "
"101-500",,"61. Which utility can you use on a Debian or Ubuntu system to manage SysV init scripts, such as setting them to run on boot? ","bootorder ","bootloader ","configchk ","update-rc.d "
"101-500",,"62. Which key, pressed during the operating system selection menu, is used to enable editing of the parameters related to boot with GRUB? ","v ","e ","r ","y "
"101-500",,"63. Which systemctl subcommand is used to switch runlevels? ","switch ","move ","runlevel ","isolate "
"101-500",,"64. When examining the /etc/inittab file, which option signifies the default runlevel to which the system will boot? ","default ","defaultboot ","initdefault ","defaultlvl "
"101-500",,"65. Which of the following is used instead of initrd to provide an early filesystem for essential drivers? ","initnext ","initramfs ","initialize ","initfs "
"101-500",,"66. Which of the following commands sets the default systemd target to multi-user? ","systemctl set-default multi-user.target ","systemd set-default multi-user.target ","systemctl set-def muser.target ","systemd set-def muser.target "
"101-500",,"67. When using a shim for booting a UEFI-based system, which of the following files is loaded after shim.efi? ","grubx64.cfg ","grub.conf ","grubx64.efi ","efi.boot "
"101-500",,"68. Within which hierarchy are files from /etc/init.d linked so that the files are executed during the various runlevels of a SysV system? ","/etc/rc.S ","/etc/rc ","/etc/boot/rc ","/etc/rc.d "
"101-500",,"69. What is the name of the unit to which a systemd system is booted in order to start other levels? ","default.target ","init.target ","initial.target ","load.target "
"101-500",,"70. When viewing information in /dev/disk/by-path using the command ls -l, which of the following filenames represents a logical unit number (LUN) from Fibre Channel? ","/dev/fc0 ","pci-0000:1a:00.0-fc-0x500601653ee0025f:0x0000000000000000 ","pci-0000:1a:00.0-scsi-0x500601653ee0025f:0x0000000000000000 ","/dev/fibre0 "
"101-500",,"71. You have purchased new solid-state drive (SSD) hardware that uses the NVMe (Non-Volatile Memory Express) protocol but cannot find the disks in the normal /dev/sd* location in which you have traditionally found such storage. In which location should you look for these drives? ","/dev/nd* ","/dev/nvme* ","/dev/nv* ","/dev/nvme/* "
"101-500",,"72. Which file contains information about the current md Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks (RAID) configuration such as the personalities? ","/proc/raidinfo ","/proc/rhyinfo ","/proc/mdraid ","/proc/mdstat "
"101-500",,"73. Which of the following directory hierarchies contains information such as the World Wide Name (WWN) for Fibre Channel? ","/sys/class/wwn ","/sys/class/fc_host ","/sys/class/fclist ","/sys/class/fc/wwn "
"101-500",,"74. Information about logical volumes can be found in which of the following directories? ","/dev/lvinfo ","/dev/map ","/dev/mapper ","/dev/lvmap "
"101-500",,"75. Which of the following commands will examine the PCI subsystem for NVMe-based devices? ","psnvme ","lsnvme ","lspci | grep scsi ","lspci | grep -i nvme "
"101-500",,"76. Which of the following devices is the location of the first Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) tape device detected at boot? ","/dev/st1 ","/dev/sd0 ","/dev/sd1 ","/dev/st0 "
"101-500",,"77. Which of the following files should be used to display a message to users prior to logging in locally? ","/etc/loginmesg ","/etc/logmessage.txt ","/etc/issue ","/etc/banner "
"101-500",,"78. Which file contains a message that is displayed after a successful login? ","/etc/loginbanner ","/etc/issue ","/etc/motd ","/etc/message "
"101-500",,"79. Which of the following files can be used to provide a message to users logging in remotely with a protocol such as telnet? ","/etc/telnet.msg ","/etc/issue.net ","/etc/login.msg ","/etc/telnet.login "
"101-500",,"80. Which of the following commands turns off the computer, including removing power, if possible? ","systemctl halt ","systemctl reboot ","systemctl stop ","systemctl poweroff "
"101-500",,"81. Which of the following shutdown commands reboots the system in 15 minutes? ","shutdown -r +15 ","shutdown +15 ","shutdown -15 ","shutdown -r 00:15 "
"101-500",,"82. When terminating a process on a SysV init-based system, which command can be used to stop the process? ","service ","sysv ","syscl ","servc "
"101-500",,"83. Which of the following commands show the boot messages captured by systemd? ","journalctl -b ","systemctl -b ","journalctl -bm ","journalctl -l "
"101-500",,"84. Which option to the shutdown command halts or stops the system? ","-h ","-s ","-f ","-t "
"101-500",,"85. Which signal number is used as SIGKILL when used with the kill command? ",1,4,9,11
"101-500",,"86. Which directory contains rc-related startup scripts on a legacy Debian system? ","/etc/init ","/etc/inittab ","/etc/init.d ","/etc/rc.init "
"101-500",,"87. When attempting to enable an integrated peripheral on a basic input/output system (BIOS) system, what should be done to determine whether the peripheral has been enabled within the BIOS? ","Examine boot messages to determine if the kernel has detected the peripheral. ","Examine /var/log/auth.log for detection of the peripheral. ","Reboot the system to determine if the device works. ","Enable the peripheral by removing it from the blacklisted modules. "
"101-500",,"88. Which option to the wall command suppresses the ""Broadcast message"" banner that normally displays? ","-b ","-a ","-n ","-d "
"101-500",,"1. A Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA) disk will use which of the following identifiers? ","/dev/hdX ","/dev/sataX ","/dev/sdX ","/disk/sataX "
"101-500",,"2. Which option given at boot time within the GRUB configuration will boot the system into single-user mode? ","single-user ","su ","single ","root "
"101-500",,"3. During boot of a system with GRUB, which key can be pressed to display the GRUB menu? ","Shift ","E ","V ","H "
"101-500",,"4. When booting, which option can be added to a GRUB configuration line to set or change the root partition at boot time to /dev/sda2? ","rootpartition={hd0,2} ","root=/dev/sda2 ","root={hd0,3} ","rootpartition=/dev/sda2 "
"101-500",,"5. Which key combination will enable you to edit the kernel options and then boot when using GRUB Legacy? ","ESC for editing and then Return to boot ","v for editing and then Return to boot ","e for editing and then b to boot ","v for editing and then b to boot "
"101-500",,"6. During the boot process for a virtual machine, what is the next step in the boot process after the kernel has taken over the initialization process and initializes devices? ","The system BIOS initializes devices. ","The system is placed in multi-user mode. ","The boot loader initializes the kernel. ","The root partition is mounted. "
"101-500",,"7. Where in the filesystem will the EFI system partition (ESP) typically be mounted? ","/etc/efi ","/efi ","/sys/efi ","/boot/efi "
"101-500",,"8. When partitioning a disk for a mail server running postfix, which partition/mounted directory should be the largest in order to allow for mail storage? ","/etc ","/usr/bin ","/mail ","/var "
"101-500",,"9. Which option within GRUB Legacy is used to indicate that a root partition contains a non-Linux kernel? ","initrd ","non-linux ","rootnoverify ","root-win "
"101-500",,"10. Which command will output a new GRUB2 configuration file and send the output to the correct location for booting? ","update-grub > /boot/grub/grub.cfg ","update-grub boot > /boot/grub.cfg ","grub-rc.d ","grub-boot "
"101-500",,"11. What is the maximum number of primary partitions available on an MBR partitioning system? ",2,4,1,5
"101-500",,"12. Which command is used to update the links and cache for shared libraries on the system? ","ldcache ","cache-update ","link-update ","ldconfig "
"101-500",,"13. Which command and option is used to update a Debian system to the latest software? ","apt-update ","apt-get upgrade ","dpkg -U ","apt-cache clean "
"101-500",,"14. Which option given to a yum command will install a given package? ","update ","configure ","install ","get "
"101-500",,"15. What is the location of the home directory for the root user? ","/home/root ","/home/su ","/root ","/ "
"101-500",,"16. When using rpm2cpio, by default the output is sent to which location? ","STDOUT ","The cpio.out file ","The a.out file ","The /tmp/cpi.out file "
"101-500",,"17. Which partition or directory structure typically holds most of the programs for a Linux system? ","/etc ","/usr ","/home ","/var "
"101-500",,"18. Your GRUB Legacy configuration includes a dual-boot option with Linux listed first and another operating system listed second. Which of the following options will boot to the Linux partition by default? ","default=linux ","default=0 ","default=1 ","default=other "
"101-500",,"19. Which file should you edit when using GRUB2 in order to set things like the timeout? ","/etc/default/grub ","/etc/grub/boot ","/etc/boot/grub.d ","/grub.d/boot "
"101-500",,"20. Which yum option displays the dependencies for the package specified? ","list ","deplist ","dependencies ","listdeps "
"101-500",,"21. Which options for an rpm command will display verbose output for an installation along with progress of the installation? ","-ivh ","-wvh ","--avh ","--ins-verbose "
"101-500",,"22. Which of the following commands adds /usr/local/lib to the LD_LIBRARY_PATH when using BASH shell? ","set PATH=/usr/local/lib ","export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:/usr/local/lib ","LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/lib ","connectpath LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/lib "
"101-500",,"23. Which command can be used to download an RPM package without installing it? ","yumdl ","yumdownloadonly ","yumdown ","yumdownloader "
"101-500",,"24. Which command will search for a package named zsh on a Debian system? ","apt-cache search zsh ","apt-get search zsh ","apt-cache locate zsh ","apt search zsh "
"101-500",,"25. Which option within /etc/default/grub is used to configure the default operating system for boot? ","GRUB_OS ","GRUB_ON ","GRUB_DEFAULT ","DEFAULT_OS "
"101-500",,"26. When found in a GRUB configuration file, what does the ro option indicate? ","Initially mount the root partition as read-only. ","Mount the kernel as read-only. ","Start the init program as read-once. ","Mount the root partition in Raised Object mode. "
"101-500",,"27. Within which directory will you find the repositories used by yum? ","/etc/yum.conf ","/etc/repos ","/etc/yum.conf.d ","/etc/yum.repos.d "
"101-500",,"28. Which rpm option can be used to verify that no files have been altered since installation? ","-V ","-v ","--verbose ","--filesum "
"101-500",,"29. Which option for the grub-mkconfig command sends output to a file instead of STDOUT? ","-stdout ","--fileout ","-o ","-f "
"101-500",,"30. The presence of menu.lst within the filesystem typically indicates which condition? ","GRUB Legacy is in use on the system. ","GRUB2 is in use on the system. ","An error has occurred creating the output to menu.lst. ","The options for rescue boot have been changed. "
"101-500",,"31. Which command is used to determine the libraries on which a given command depends? ","ldconfig ","librarylist ","listdeps ","ldd "
"101-500",,"32. Which of the following is true of Linux swap space? ","Swap is used to hold temporary database tables. ","Swap is used as additional memory when there is insufficient RAM. ","Swap is used by the mail server for security. ","Swap is used to scrub data from the network temporarily. "
"101-500",,"33. Which of the following is not typically used to store libraries? ","/lib ","/etc/lib ","/usr/lib ","/usr/local/lib "
"101-500",,"34. Which of the following commands updates the package cache for a Debian system? ","apt-get cache-update ","apt-cache update ","apt-get update ","apt-get upgrade "
"101-500",,"35. Within which file are details of the current package repositories stored on a Debian system? ","/etc/apt.list ","/etc/sources.list ","/etc/apt/sources.list ","/etc/apt.d/sources.list "
"101-500",,"36. Of the following choices, which size would be most appropriate for the /boot partition of a Linux system? ","Between 100MB and 500MB ","Between 1GB and 10GB ","/boot should not be partitioned separately. ","Less than 5MB "
"101-500",,"37. Which of the following commands initializes a physical disk partition for use with Logical Volume Manager (LVM)? ","lvmcreate ","pvcreate ","fvcreate ","lvinit "
"101-500",,"38. Which of the following commands installs GRUB into the MBR of the second SATA disk? ","grub-install /dev/hdb2 ","grub-install /dev/sda2 ","grub-config /dev/sda ","grub-install /dev/sdb "
"101-500",,"39. Which command should be used to make changes to the choices made when a Debian package was installed? ","dpkg-reconfigure ","dpkg -r ","dpkg --reconf ","apt-get reinstall "
"101-500",,"40. Which command is used to create a logical volume with LVM? ","pvcreate ","lvmcreate ","lvcreate ","volcreate "
"101-500",,"41. What is the logical order for creation of an LVM logical volume? ","Physical volume creation, volume group creation, logical volume creation ","Physical volume creation, logical volume creation, volume group creation ","Logical volume creation, physical volume creation, volume group creation ","LVM creation, format, partition "
"101-500",,"42. Which of the Debian package management tools provides a terminal-based interface for management? ","apt-get ","dpkg ","apt-cache ","aptitude "
"101-500",,"43. Which option for yum performs a search of the package cache? ","seek ","query ","--search ","search "
"101-500",,"44. Which command option for rpm can be used to show the version of the kernel? ","rpm kernel ","rpm -qa kernel ","rpm search kernel ","rpm --list kern "
"101-500",,"45. Assuming a menu entry of Debian in your GRUB configuration, which option in /etc/default/grub would set that as the default operating system to boot? ","GRUB_OS ","GRUB_OS_DEF ","GRUB_DEFAULT ","GRUB_CONF "
"101-500",,"46. Which option in /etc/yum.conf is used to ensure that the kernel is not updated when the system is updated? ","exclude=kernel* ","exclude-kernel ","updatekernel=false ","include-except=kernel "
"101-500",,"47. Which command should be run after making a change to the /etc/default/grub file? ","grub ","grub-mkconfig ","grub-inst ","reboot "
"101-500",,"48. Which command searches for and provides information on a given package on a Debian system, including whether or not the package is currently installed? ","dpkg -i ","dpkg -s ","apt-cache ","apt-info "
"101-500",,"49. Which command is used to search for physical volumes for use with LVM? ","lvmcreate ","pvcreate ","lvmdiskscan ","lvmscan "
"101-500",,"50. Which option added to yumdownloader will also download dependencies? ","--deps ","--resolve ","--resdeps ","-d "
"101-500",,"51. Which of the following installs a previously downloaded Debian package? ","dpkg -i <package name> ","apt-install <package name> ","apt-slash <package name> ","dpkg -U <package name> "
"101-500",,"52. A hard drive is reported as hd(0,0) by the GRUB Legacy configuration file. To which of the following disks and partitions does this correspond? ","/dev/hdb2 ","/dev/hda0 ","/dev/disk1 ","/dev/sda1 "
"101-500",,"53. Which filesystem format type is used for the EFI System Partition (ESP)? ","FAT ","EXT4 ","NTFS ","EXT3 "
"101-500",,"54. Which of the following commands installs extlinux into the /boot partition? ","extlinux --install /boot ","extlinux --inst /boot ","extlinux -boot ","extlinux /boot install "
"101-500",,"55. Which of the following commands mounts /dev/sda1 in the /boot partition? ","mount /dev/sda /boot ","mount /boot /dev/sda1 ","mount /dev/sda1 /boot ","mount -dev sda1 /boot "
"101-500",,"56. Which of the following can be identified as an initial sector on a disk that stores information about the disk partitioning and operating system location? ","Minimal boot record (MBR) ","Master boot record (MBR) ","Init sector ","Master partition table (MPT) "
"101-500",,"57. Which option to grub-install will place the GRUB images into an alternate directory? ","--boot-dir ","-b ","-boot ","--boot-directory "
"101-500",,"58. Within which file is a list of the currently mounted filesystems stored? ","/etc/fstab ","/etc/curmount ","/var/spool/files ","/etc/mtab "
"101-500",,"59. Which command is used to activate swap space on a system? ","mkswap ","swapon ","swapact ","actswap "
"101-500",,"60. Which of the following commands displays information about a given physical volume in an LVM setup? ","pvdisp ","pvlist ","pvdisplay ","pvl "
"101-500",,"61. Which of the following commands creates a logical volume with LVM? ","lvc ","lvcreate ","lvlist ","lvmake "
"101-500",,"62. Which of the following commands looks for LVM physical volumes and volume groups involved in an LVM configuration? ","vgscan ","lvmscan ","lvlist ","pvlist "
"101-500",,"63. Which of the following commands is used to display a list of physical volumes involved in LVM? ","pvdisp ","pvlist ","pvscan ","pvmm "
"101-500",,"64. Which option to lvchange sets whether the logical volume is available? ","-a ","-b ","-c ","-d "
"101-500",,"65. When working with a script to create directories, the script is checking to see if srv/vhosts exists. When doing an ls of the root directory, /, you see that it does exist. However, the script does not. What might be the issue? ","The script is not executable. ","The script does not have the setuid bit set. ","The script is using a relative path. ","The script is owned by root. "
"101-500",,"66. You are architecting an application and need to choose between application containerization and virtualization. Which of the following describes a difference between application containers and a virtual machine? ","An application container can contain only one application whereas a virtual machine can contain many. ","An application container shares the host kernel whereas a virtual machine can have its own kernel. ","An application container is used for small applications whereas a virtual machine is used for large applications. ","The use of application containers is for testing only whereas a virtual machine is used for production. "
"101-500",,"67. In addition to including /lib and /usr/lib, where does ldconfig look to find additional directories to incorporate into the library path? ","/etc/lib.conf ","/etc/ldconf ","/etc/lib.cfg ","/etc/ld.so.conf "
"101-500",,"68. You are working with a cloud instance virtual machine deployed with an Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) provider. The virtual machine is running slowly. Which type of resource might you add to the cloud instance in order to improve performance? ","Compute ","Block storage ","Networking ","Disk "
"101-500",,"69. When working with a system to determine if it is using GRUB or GRUB2, the presence of which file indicates that it is GRUB2? ","grub.cfg ","grub.conf ","menu.lst ","grub2.conf "
"101-500",,"70. You are working to create a system image or template from which other virtual machines will be deployed. Which of the following represents a unique item that will change with each deployed virtual host or image? ","System directories ","MAC address ","Guest drivers ","Pilot homing "
"101-500",,"71. Which program can be used to deploy an Ubuntu image to a remote cloud provider? ","dep-image ","cloud-init ","init-cloud ","image-dep "
"101-500",,"72. Which file is used as the primary configuration file for the yum package manager? ","/etc/yum.cfg ","/etc/yum.d ","/etc/yum.conf ","/etc/yum.config "
"101-500",,"73. Which of the following commands and options lists all of the files included with a package on a Debian system? ","apt -L ","dpkg -L ","dpkg -f ","apt-get show "
"101-500",,"74. When working with SSH (Secure Shell) keys for a virtual machine cloud deployment, which key is deployed to the virtual machine so that you can connect from the host? ","The public key ","The signature file ","The private key ","Both the public and private keys "
"101-500",,"75. When using a GPT disk, which partition needs to be created for a Linux system to boot? ","/boot/efi ","/boot/gpt ","/gpt ","/vmgpt "
"101-500",,"76. Which option to zypper installs a package? ","install ","retr ","get ","ref "
"101-500",,"77. You are working with a Fedora 22 system and need to install a package. Which of the following is the default package manager on this system? ","yum ","apt ","dpkg ","dnf "
"101-500",,"78. You need to list the files available on a package on CentOS. Which of the following commands accomplishes this task? ","repoquery -l ","pkgquery -l ","dpkg -L ","pkglist "
"101-500",,"79. You need to create a backup of user home directories including root. Which directory or directories need to be included in the backup? ","/home ","/home and /home/root ","/home and /root ","/home and /root/home "
"101-500",,"80. In which file can you find the unique D-Bus machine ID for a given system? ","/etc/machine-id ","/etc/machineID ","/etc/mch.conf ","/etc/machine.id.conf "
"101-500",,"81. Which option to ldconfig can be used to process only those directories given on the command line rather than the directories found in /etc/ld.so.conf? ","-n ","-i ","-v ","-r "
"101-500",,"82. When working with package caches on Debian, you need to determine if the package list is being updated. Which option to apt-cache shows the number of available packages on the system? ","packagenum ","status ","stats ","liststatus "
"101-500",,"83. Which option to grub-install specifies the directory in which the EFI partition is located? ","--boot-dir ","--efi ","--efi-boot ","--efi-directory "
"101-500",,"84. Within which file are mount points for the system stored? ","/etc/fstab ","/etc/mtab ","/etc/partitions.list ","/etc/disk.conf "
"101-500",,"85. Which of the following option sets for rpm lists the files within the package? ","lf ","qlp ","qf ","eps "
"101-500",,"86. When working with a CentOS system, you need to determine the release of a certain package. Which command and option will accomplish this task? ","dpkg -i ","yum info ","yum search ","apt search "
"101-500",,"87. You are using a host machine and are unsure if it supports the extensions to enable virtualization. Which of the following should you look for in /proc/cpuinfo to indicate that the system is ready for virtualization? ","vmx ","virt ","envirt ","vtcapable "
"101-500",,"88. Within which file can you configure a filter for devices when using vgscan? ","lvm.conf ","vg.conf ","vgscan.conf ","lv.cfg "
"101-500",,"89. Which of the following swapon options displays information on the size of swap space along with its used space? ","--list ","-a ","--show ","-h "
"101-500",,"1. Assume that you’re using the Bash shell and want to prevent output redirects from accidentally overwriting existing files. Which command and option can be used to invoke this behavior? ","setoutput -f ","overwrite=no ","overwrite -n ","set -C "
"101-500",,"2. What command can be used to view the current settings for your environment when using Bash? ","environment ","env ","listenv ","echoenv "
"101-500",,"3. Which command is used to access documentation on the Linux computer for a given command? ","doc ","heredoc ","man ","manual "
"101-500",,"4. Which of the following commands will print various information about the kernel and architecture, along with other details? ","info --sys ","man sys ","sysinfo ","uname -a "
"101-500",,"5. When using sed for a substitution operation, which option must be included so that the substitution applies to the entire line rather than just the first instance? ","g ","a ","r ","y "
"101-500",,"6. Which option for the wc command prints the number of lines given as input? ","-f ","-a ","-l ","-o "
"101-500",,"7. What is the default number of lines printed by the head and tail commands, respectively? ","10 for head, 5 for tail ","5 for head, 10 for tail ","10 for both head and tail ","3 for both head and tail "
"101-500",,"8. You are attempting to use rmdir to remove a directory, but there are still multiple files and other directories contained within it. Assuming that you’re sure you want to remove the directory and all of its contents, what is the command and arguments to remove the directory and all of its contents? ","rm -f ","rm -rf ","rmdir -a ","rmdir -m "
"101-500",,"9. Which command will find directories with names beginning with 2014 located beneath the current directory? ","find ./ -name ""2014"" ","find ./ -type d -name ""2014"" ","find / -type d ""2014"" ","find ./ -type d -name ""2014*"" "
"101-500",,"10. Which of the following commands will provide the usernames in a sorted list gathered from the /etc/passwd file? ","cat /etc/passwd | awk -F : '{print $1}' | sort ","sort /etc/passwd | cut ","echo /etc/passwd ","cat /etc/passwd | awk '{print $1}' | sort "
"101-500",,"11. Which options to ls will produce output, including hidden (dot) files, in a list that is ordered such that the newest files are at the end of the output? ","-la ","-lat ","-latr ","-ltr "
"101-500",,"12. What will be the result if the touch command is executed on a file that already exists? ","The access time stamp of the file will change to the current time when the touch command was executed. ","The file will be overwritten. ","There will be no change. ","The file will be appended to. "
"101-500",,"13. Which option to both mv and cp will cause the command to prompt before overwriting files that already exist? ","-f ","-Z ","-r ","-i "
"101-500",,"14. Which of the following commands will send the contents of /etc/passwd to both STDOUT and to a file called passwordfile? ","cat /etc/passwd > passwordfile ","var /etc/passwd | passwordfile ","cat /etc/passwd | tee passwordfile ","echo /etc/passwd | stdout > passwordfile "
"101-500",,"15. The current hierarchy on the server contains a directory called /usr/local. You need to create additional directories below that are called /usr/local/test/october. Which command will accomplish this task? ","mkdir -p /usr/local/test/october ","mkdir /usr/local/test/october ","mkdir -r /usr/local/test/october ","mkdir -f /usr/local/test/october "
"101-500",,"16. Which option to the cp command will copy directories in a recursive manner? ","-v ","-R ","-Z ","-i "
"101-500",,"17. You have received a file that does not have a file extension. Which command can you run to help determine what type of file it might be? ","grep ","telnet ","file ","export "
"101-500",,"18. Which command will create an image of the /dev/sda1 disk partition and place that image into a file called output.img? ","dd if=sda of=/dev/sda1 ","dd if=output.img of=/dev/sda1 ","dd if=/dev/sda1 of=output.img ","echo /dev/sda1 > output.img "
"101-500",,"19. What is the default delimiter used by the cut command? ","Colon ","Tab ","Space ","Comma "
"101-500",,"20. Which of the following will unzip and extract the contents of a file that has been tarred and gzipped? ","tar -zxf <file.tgz> ","tar -xf <file.tgz> ","tar -vz <file.tgz> ","tar -fd <file.tgz> "
"101-500",,"21. What command is used to bring a command to foreground processing after it has been backgrounded with an &? ","bg ","fore ","4g ","fg "
"101-500",,"22. You need to write a script that gathers all of the process IDs for all instances of Apache running on the system. Which of the following commands will accomplish this task? ","ps auwx | grep apache ","pgrep apache ","processlist apache ","ls -p apache "
"101-500",,"23. Which of the following command lines would monitor a single process called nagios in a continuous manner? ","top -n 1 ","top -p 23 ","ps -nagios ","top -p`pidof nagios` "
"101-500",,"24. Users are reporting that various programs are crashing on the server. By examining logs, you see that certain processes are reporting out-of-memory conditions. Which command can you use to see the overall memory usage, including available swap space? ","tree ","pgrep ","uptime ","free "
"101-500",,"25. You are using the Vi editor for changing a file and need to exit. You receive a notice indicating ""No write since last change"". Assuming you want to save your work, which of the following commands will save your work and exit Vi? ",":wq ",":q! ","dd ","x "
"101-500",,"26. What option is used to change the number of lines of output for the head and tail commands? ","-l ","-f ","-g ","-n "
"101-500",,"27. Which command can be used to determine the current load average along with information on the amount of time since the last boot of the system? ","uptime ","sysinfo ","bash ","ls -u "
"101-500",,"28. You need to start a long-running process that requires a terminal and foreground processing. However, you cannot leave your terminal window open due to security restrictions. Which command will enable you to start the process and return at a later time to continue the session? ","fg ","bg ","kill ","screen "
"101-500",,"29. You have attempted to stop a process using its service command and also using the kill command. Which signal can be sent to the process using the kill command in order to force the process to end? ",-15,"-f ",-9,"-stop "
"101-500",,"30. When working in the Bash shell, you need to redirect both STDOUT and STDERR. Which of the following commands will redirect both STDOUT and STDERR? ","1>2 ",">2 ","2>&1 ",">> "
"101-500",,"31. Which command can be run to determine the default priority for processes spawned by the current user? ","prio ","nice ","renice ","defpriority "
"101-500",,"32. Which of the following egrep commands will examine /etc/passwd to find users who are using either /bin/bash or /usr/bin/zsh for their shell environment? ","grep sh /etc/passwd ","egrep '/*/.sh$' /etc/passwd ","grep '/*/.=sh$' /etc/passwd ","egrep '/*/..?sh$' /etc/passwd "
"101-500",,"33. Which option to the man command accesses a different level of documentation, for example, system call documentation? ","man 2 <argument> ","progman <argument> ","man --sys <argument> ","man --list sys "
"101-500",,"34. When editing with Vi, which command changes to insert mode and opens a new line below the current cursor location? ","f ","a ","o ","i "
"101-500",,"35. Which kill signal can be sent in order to restart a process? ","-HUP ","-RESTART ",-9,"-SIG "
"101-500",,"36. Which of the following commands will display the last 50 lines of your command history when using Bash, including commands from the current session? ","bashhist 50 ","history 50 ","cat .bash_history ","tail -f .bash_history "
"101-500",,"37. You have backgrounded several tasks using &. Which command can be used to view the current list of running tasks that have been backgrounded? ","procs ","plist ","jobs ","free "
"101-500",,"38. Which of the following commands searches each user’s .bash_history file to determine whether the user has invoked the sudo command? ","find /home -name ""bash_history"" | grep sudo ","find /home -name "".bash_history"" | xargs grep sudo ","find /home/.bash_history | xargs grep sudo ","find /home -type history | xargs grep sudo "
"101-500",,"39. Which command will watch the Apache log at /var/log/httpd/access.log and continually scroll as new log entries are created? ","watch /var/log/httpd/access.log ","tail /var/log/httpd/access.log ","tail -f /var/log/httpd/access.log ","mon /var/log/httpd/access.log "
"101-500",,"40. You are debugging a configuration file and the daemon indicates there is a problem on line 932. Which of the following commands will prepend line numbers onto the file? ","lines ","wc -l ","newline ","nl "
"101-500",,"41. You receive a file with an .lzma extension. Which command can you use to decompress this file? ","xz ","lz ","gz ","bzip "
"101-500",,"42. Which find command will locate files within the current directory that have been modified within the last 24 hours? ","find ./ -type f -mtime 0 ","find ./ -type f -mtime 24 ","find ./ -type f -mtime +1 ","find ./ type -f time 24 "
"101-500",,"43. Which command will move all files with a .txt extension to the /tmp directory? ","mv txt* tmp ","move *txt /temp ","mv *.txt /tmp ","mv *.txt tmp "
"101-500",,"44. Which command prints your current directory? ","cwd ","curdur ","cd ","pwd "
"101-500",,"45. Assume that you have a file called zips.txt that contains several postal ZIP codes and you need to determine how many unique ZIP codes there are in the file. Which of the following commands can be used for that purpose? ","sort zips.txt | uniq -c ","uniq zips.txt ","count zips.txt ","cat zips.txt | uniq -c "
"101-500",,"46. When using Bash, how would you execute the last command starting with a certain string, even if that command was not the last one that you typed? ","Precede the command with ! and then the string to search for. ","Search for the command in history. ","Precede the command with a ? and then the string to search for. ","This is not possible with Bash. "
"101-500",,"47. Which command can be used to kill all processes by using their name? ","killproc ","killname ","killall ","kill -f "
"101-500",,"48. You’re working with a large file in Vi and need to search for instances of a string earlier in the file. Which key will search backward in the file? ","/ ","h ","? ","x "
"101-500",,"49. You need to declare a local environment variable that will then be available to child processes. Which of the following commands accomplishes this task? ","ex ","echo ","dec ","export "
"101-500",,"50. You are creating a Bash shell script and need to output the current script name to the current terminal. Which of the following commands accomplishes this task? ","cat <CMD> ","echo $0 ","echo $SCRIPT ","echo $PS1 "
"101-500",,"51. You have downloaded a file with a .gz extension. What is the most likely command that you will use to decompress this file? ","unz ","gunzip ","hunzip ","gzunzip "
"101-500",,"52. You need to remove a single file from a directory if it exists but would like to be prompted for confirmation before doing so. Which option to the rm command causes the command to prompt for confirmation? ","-a ","-e ","-i ","-o "
"101-500",,"53. You need to determine files that are sized above 1GB. Which of the following commands accomplishes this task? ","find / -size +1G ","find / -size 10000M ","find / +1M ","find / -size +1B "
"101-500",,"54. Which option to cpio lists the files as it is operating on them? ","-l ","-v ","-k ","-s "
"101-500",,"55. Which command is used to send contents of a bzip2 archive to STDOUT? ","bzout ","bzcat ","bz2cat ","bz2echo "
"101-500",,"56. You are attempting to find more information about the jobs command, however, an Internet search was not particularly helpful because there are so many Linux-related jobs available. Additionally, you attempted to view the man page for the jobs command but it was not available. Which man page should you use to view more information on jobs? ","jbs ","procctl ","bash ","ps "
"101-500",,"57. You need to start a process that cannot be sent or will not accept a SIGHUP signal. Which command should be used to start the process? ","nosig ","nohup ","nokill ","noproc "
"101-500",,"58. You need to run a command periodically and examine its output in real time. Which of the following commands enables this scenario? ","mon ","procmon ","pgrep ","watch "
"101-500",,"59. You would like to tail a log file to watch entries as they are being added to the log file. In addition, you would also like to work within the same terminal window or SSH (Secure Shell) session to add entries to another file at the same time. Which command can be used to create two sessions within the same terminal window? ","screen ","tmux ","sess ","termse "
"101-500",,"60. You need to kill several processes at once. Rather than writing a complex ps-based command to do so, you can use which other command? ","pkill ","psk ","pskill ","prock "
"101-500",,"61. You are using pgrep to find the process IDs for a given command. However, several other commands seem to also appear. Which option to pgrep enables matching against the full path of the process? ","-f ","-d ","-o ","-i "
"101-500",,"62. You need to determine the exact command that will be run based on your current environment settings. Which command is used for this purpose? ","what ","which ","find ","ls "
"101-500",,"63. An environment variable has been set on login, but you need to remove that variable temporarily for the current session. Which shell built-in command can be used for this purpose? ","reset ","unset ","undo ","clear "
"101-500",,"64. You cannot find the man page of a command but you know the command exists. For example, the alias command exists but there is no man page for it. Which of the following commands could you execute to determine what type of command alias is? ","type ","cmd ","uses ","listr "
"101-500",,"65. Which type of quotes are used so that variables are interpolated within a Bash shell script? ","Escaped quotes ","Single quotes ","Double quotes ","Side quotes "
"101-500",,"66. Which of the following pagers includes the ability to search backward and forward as well as move backward and forward, line-by-line, and page-by-page? ","more ","mplus ","less ","catch "
"101-500",,"67. You have a specialized need for outputting a file in octal format. Which command or series of commands can be used for this purpose? ","oct ","cat <file> | octalf ","od ","octf "
"101-500",,"68. Which option to sha256sum causes the file to be read in binary mode? ","-i ","-b ","-c ","-p "
"101-500",,"69. When operating in command mode, which keys enable you to move the cursor in the Vi editor? ","a, s, d, f ","h, j, k, l ","q, w, e, r ","z, x, c, v "
"101-500",,"70. Which options to xz are functionally equivalent to the xzcat program? ","decompress and output ","output and format ","decompress and stdout ","stdout and format "
"101-500",,"71. Which environment variable is used to control the default text editor used on a Linux system? ","EDITOR ","EDIT ","TEXTEDITOR ","DEFAULT_EDITOR "
"101-500",,"72. You need to examine the seventh section of the manual page for regular expressions, or regex, on a Linux system. Which command displays the seventh section of the manual? ","man regex -7 ","man regex 7 ","man --page 7 regex ","man 7 regex "
"101-500",,"73. Which of the following commands reprioritizes an already running process? ","nice ","renice ","chnice ","altnice "
"101-500",,"74. The fgrep command is equivalent to running the grep command with which option? ","-f ","-F ","-a ","-E "
"101-500",,"75. Which of the following regular expressions would find the pattern Steve or steve in a file when used with grep? ","'[sS]teve' ","'[S]*teve' ","'^[Ss]teve' ","'[$Steve]' "
"101-500",,"76. Which of the following commands shows the currently running processes and their resource usage in real time, updated every few seconds? ","nice ","ps ","top ","procs "
"101-500",,"77. You have been asked to create a compressed file that will be readable by those with other operating systems. Which tool can you use for this purpose? ","gzip ","bzip2 ","xz ","tar "
"101-500",,"78. You need to match files that begin with 201, as in 2017, 2018, 2019. Which of the following wildcard specifications can be used? ","201? ","201$ ","201@ ","201] "
"101-500",,"79. You need to break a large file into smaller pieces. Which command can be used for this purpose? ","cut ","split ","dice ","rem "
"101-500",,"80. When examining the output from top, you see that a process has a value in the PR column of 20. To what does the PR column refer? ","The process ID ","The process utilization ","The process priority ","The processor core on which the process is executing "
"101-500",,"81. You need to cut or remove eight lines from a file while editing with Vi. Which combination should be used for this purpose? ","d7 ","d8 ","r8 ","x7 "
"101-500",,"82. Which command is used in order to decompress a file that has been compressed with xz? ","unxz ","dexz ","xzu ","u2xz "
"101-500",,"83. Which of the following commands uses 128-bit message digests? ","sha256sum ","sha512sum ","sh128sum ","md5sum "
"101-500",,"84. You have several files that need to be combined, with a line from each file being appended onto a single line. Which command can be used for this purpose? ","paste ","comb ","appfile ","combo "
"101-500",,"85. You need to run a command that is not inside your current path. Which of the following represents the typical method for doing so? ","Use a fully qualified path for the command. ","Set the PATH environment variable to include the correct path. ","Restart the shell environment. ","Restart the computer for settings to take effect. "
"101-500",,"86. Which signal is used by default by the pkill command? ","SIGKILL ","SIGTERM ","SIGHUP ","SIGKS "
"101-500",,"87. You are working with the jobs built-in command to display jobs. You would like to see only running jobs. Which option to the jobs built-in command will display only running jobs? ","-s ","-a ","-l ","-r "
"101-500",,"88. Which option to the bunzip2 command sends output to STDOUT, much like the bzcat command? ","-s ","-o ","-c ","-d "
"101-500",,"1. Which option best describes the following output from the ls -la command: lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 35 Jul 8 2014 .fetchmailrc -> .configs/fetchmail/.fetchmailrc? ","It is a file called .fetchmailrc that is linked using a symbolic link. ","It is a file called .configs/fetchmail/.fetchmailrc that is owned by lrwxrwxrwx. ","It is a directory called .fetchmailrc that is owned by user Jul. ","It is a local directory called .configs/fetchmail/.fetchmailrc. "
"101-500",,"2. Assuming that a USB disk contains a single partition and is made available on /dev/sdb, which command mounts the disk in /media/usb? ","mount /dev/sdb1 /media/usb ","usbconnect /dev/sdb0 /media/usb ","mount /dev/sdb0 /media/usb ","usbmount /dev/sdb1 /media/usb "
"101-500",,"3. Which option within a partition-mounting command will cause the partition to be mounted in such a way as to prevent execution of programs? ","execless ","stoprun ","noexec ","norun "
"101-500",,"4. When working with partitions on disk, you see the type 0x82. Which type of partition is this? ","Linux ","Linux swap ","NTFS ","FAT "
"101-500",,"5. Which partition type should be created for a Linux system, non-swap partition? ",82,83,84,"L "
"101-500",,"6. Which command can be used to determine the location of a given executable that would be run if typed from your current environment and location? ","which ","what ","whatis ","when "
"101-500",,"7. Which of the following commands will correctly change the group ownership of the file called a.out to users? ","chgrp users a.out ","chgrp a.out users ","groupchg a.out users ","grpchg users a.out "
"101-500",,"8. Another administrator made a change to one of the local scripts used for administrative purposes. The change was also immediately reflected in your copy of the script. However, when examining the file with ls, you see that it appears to be a normal file. What is the likely cause of such a scenario? ","The file was executed after edit. ","The administrator copied the file to yours. ","Your file is a hard link to the original. ","The file has been restored from backup. "
"101-500",,"9. Which of the following commands shows the usage of inodes across all filesystems? ","df -i ","ls -i ","du -i ","dm -i "
"101-500",,"10. You’re running fsck on an ext3 filesystem, and the process is taking longer than expected and requiring input from the administrator to fix issues. What option could be added to fsck next time so that the command will automatically attempt to fix errors without intervention? ","-o ","-V ","-y ","-f "
"101-500",,"11. Which of the following describes a primary difference between ext2 and ext3 filesystems? ","ext3 was primarily a bug fix update to ext2. ","ext3 includes journaling for the filesystem. ","ext3 completely changed the tools needed for management of the disks. ","ext3 filesystems have no significant differences. "
"101-500",,"12. Which option to umask will display the permissions to be used in a Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) format? ","-P ","-p ","-S ","-v "
"101-500",,"13. Which option to ln creates a symlink to another file? ","-sl ","-s ","-l ","--ln "
"101-500",,"14. Which of the following commands can be used if you need to locate various elements of a given command, such as its binaries and man pages? ","whatis ","find ","whereis ","ls "
"101-500",,"15. Which option in /etc/updatedb.conf will remove a path from inclusion in the results? ","PRUNEPATHS ","EXCLUDEPATHS ","INCLUDEEXCLUDE ","SEPARATEPATH "
"101-500",,"16. According to the filesystem hierarchy standard (FHS), what is the correct location for site-specific data for a server? ","/etc ","/var ","/tmp ","/srv "
"101-500",,"17. Which of the following commands enables the sticky bit for a user on a file called homescript.sh? ","chmod +sticky homescript.sh ","chmod 755 homescript.sh ","chmod u+s homescript.sh ","chown u+sticky homescript.sh "
"101-500",,"18. Which option to the mount command will mount all filesystems that are currently available in /etc/fstab? ","-g ","-a ","-r ","-y "
"101-500",,"19. Which command is used to format a swap partition? ","fdisk ","mkswap ","formatswap ","format -s "
"101-500",,"20. Which command and option is used to display the number of times that a filesystem has been mounted? ","tune2fs -l ","cat /etc/fstab ","mount -a ","less /etc/fsmnt "
"101-500",,"21. Which option to xfs_metadump displays a progress indicator? ","-g ","-p ","-f ","-v "
"101-500",,"22. The system is running out of disk space within the home directory partition and quotas have not been enabled. Which command can you use to determine the directories that might contain large files? ","du ","df ","ls ","locate "
"101-500",,"23. Which file contains information about the filesystems to mount, their partitions, and the options that should be used to mount them? ","/etc/filesystems ","/etc/mounts ","/etc/fstab ","/srv/mounts "
"101-500",,"24. According to the FHS, what is the proper mount point for removable media? ","/etc ","/srv ","/tmp ","/media "
"101-500",,"25. Which file contains information on currently mounted filesystems, including their mount options? ","/etc/mtab ","/etc/fstab ","/tmp/files ","/etc/filesystems "
"101-500",,"26. Which option to umount will cause the command to attempt to remount the filesystem in read-only mode if the unmounting process fails? ","-o ","-r ","-f ","-v "
"101-500",,"27. The umask reports as 022. What is the permission that will be in effect for a newly nonexecutable created file? ","u+rw, g+r, w+r ",755,22,"a+r "
"101-500",,"28. The locate command is reporting out-of-date information. Which command should be run in order to have the locate command update its database? ","locatedb -u ","locate -u ","updatedb ","updatelocate "
"101-500",,"29. Which shell built-in command can be used to determine what command will be run? ","type ","when ","find ","help "
"101-500",,"30. Which option to chown recursively changes the ownership? ","-f ","-R ","-a ","-m "
"101-500",,"31. Which of the following represents the correct format for the /etc/fstab file? ","<directory> <device> <type> <options> ","<device> <type> <options> ","<device> <type> <options> <directory> <dump> <fsck> ","<filesystem> <mount point> <type> <options> <dump> <pass> "
"101-500",,"32. Which of the following commands is used to identify the UUID for partitions? ","blkid ","ls ","find ","cat "
"101-500",,"33. Which of the following describes the priority order for configuration files with systemd? ","Files in /etc/, files in /run, and then files in /lib ","Files in /run, files in /etc/, and then files in /lib ","Files in /lib, files in /run, and then files in /etc ","Files in /lib, files in /etc, and then files in /run "
"101-500",,"34. Which options to the fsck command will find and automatically assume that it should repair errors that it finds? ","-y ","-vy ","-my ","-xy "
"101-500",,"35. Which option to mke2fs sets the type of filesystem to be created? ","-F ","-a ","-t ","-e "
"101-500",,"36. Which of the following files is the default configuration file for the autofs automounter? ","/etc/autofs ","/etc/auto.master ","/etc/autofs.conf ","/etc/automounter.conf "
"101-500",,"37. Which of the following commands is used to create an ISO filesystem? ","mkiso ","mkfsiso ","mkisofs ","isofs-mk "
"101-500",,"38. Which option to the tune2fs command sets the maximum mount count before the system will automatically run fsck on the partition on boot? ","-b ","-c ","-C ","-a "
"101-500",,"39. Which option to the mount command can be used to simulate the mount process without actually mounting the filesystem? ","-q ","-v ","-l ","-f "
"101-500",,"40. When viewing /proc/mounts, you see a filesystem with the letters ro in the fourth column. To what do the letters ro refer? ","relative option ","realtime option ","read-only ","relative-only "
"101-500",,"41. Which option to dumpe2fs displays the bad blocks for a given partition? ","-bb ","-C ","-b ","-f "
"101-500",,"42. Which of the following filesystem types features copy-on-write? ","ext3 ","ext4 ","FAT ","Btrfs "
"101-500",,"43. Which of the following commands displays filesystem geometry for an XFS filesystem? ","xfsinfo ","xfs_info ","xfs -info ","xfs --info "
"101-500",,"44. Which of the following commands can be used to display information such as the UUID for partitions on a system? ","blkid ","blockdev ","devinfo ","uuidinfo "
"101-500",,"45. Which option to the umount command will cause it to unmount only filesystems of the specified type? ","-v ","-f ","-t ","-a "
"101-500",,"46. Which command causes unwritten data to be written to disk immediately? ","write ","wrnow ","connwrite ","sync "
"101-500",,"47. Which option to xfs_check is used to verify a filesystem that is stored in a file? ","-v ","-a ","-f ","-d "
"101-500",,"48. Which option to debugfs causes the filesystem to be opened in read-write mode rather than the default read-only? ","-rw ","-w ","-r ","-n "
"101-500",,"49. Which daemon is responsible for monitoring Self-Monitoring, Analysis, and Reporting Technology (SMART)-compatible hard drives? ","smartmon ","smarty ","sartd ","smartd "
"101-500",,"50. When checking an ext3 filesystem, which option to the fsck.ext3 command causes it to run the check even if the filesystem is apparently marked as clean? ","–f ","-m ","-a ","-c "
"101-500",,"51. You are performing an xfsrestore. The xfsdump was executed with a block size of 4MB. Which option do you need to invoke on xfsrestore in order for it to successfully use this dump? ","-b 4M ","-g 1M ","-i 1M ","-k 1028K "
"101-500",,"52. You see the word defaults within /etc/fstab. Which options are encompassed within the defaults? ","ro, exec, auto ","rw, suid, dev, exec, auto, nouser, async ","rw, exec, auto, nouser, async ","rw, exec, nouser, async, noauto, suid "
"101-500",,"53. Which of the following commands creates a btrfs subvolume? ","btrfs create subvolume ","btrfs subvolume create ","btrfs sv create ","btrfs svcreate "
"101-500",,"54. Which of the following options to xfsdump sets the maximum size for files to be included in the dump? ","-p ","-s ","-z ","-b "
"101-500",,"55. Which option to the tune2fs command sets the behavior when a filesystem error occurs? ","-f ","-d ","-e ","-k "
"101-500",,"56. The /etc filesystem has been mounted as a read-only for a recovery process. You need to mount another partition. Which option to the mount command causes it to not write to /etc/mtab? ","-a ","-m ","-b ","-n "
"101-500",,"57. Which of the following commands deactivates swap space? ","swapoff ","swap -off ","unmountswap ","uswap "
"101-500",,"58. Within the [mount] section of a systemd mount unit, which directive specifies the location for mounting the chosen filesystem? ","Where= ","Location= ","List= ","Dest= "
"101-500",,"59. Which of the following commands can be used to format a FAT filesystem? ","mkfs.fat ","mkfs -f ","mkfs --fat ","mkfat "
"101-500",,"60. Which of the following commands adds a journal to an existing ext2 filesystem? ","tune2fs -jrn ","e2fs -x ","tune3fs ","tune2fs -j "
"101-500",,"61. Which of the following commands creates a snapshot of a btrfs subvolume? ","btrfs subvolume snapshot ","btrfs snapshot --create ","btrfs create snapshot ","btrfs --create "
"101-500",,"62. Which option to xfs_repair will force log zeroing even if there may be metadata within the log? ","-L ","-v ","-d ","-V "
"101-500",,"63. Which of the following commands mounts a filesystem in read-only mode? ","mount read-only ","mount --read ","mount -o ro ","mount -or "
"101-500",,"64. When you are using tune2fs to set an extended option such as stripe_width, which command-line option is needed to signify that an extended option follows? ","-extend ","-E ","-e ","-f "
"101-500",,"65. Which utility is used for formatting GPT disks? ","gdisk ","gptdisk ","gpdisk ","pgdisk "
"101-500",,"66. What is the maximum size of a partition on an MBR-formatted disk? ","2TB ","4TB ","2MB ","512TB "
"101-500",,"67. Which option to mkfs.ext4 can be used to prevent reservation of blocks for system or superuser use? ","-r 0 ","-r 0b ","-m 0 ","-m 0b"
"101-500",,"68. What is the default time in seconds that xfs_fsr will use to reorganize a filesystem? ",3600,7200,86400,5150
"101-500",,"69. A user who is a member of the custom admins group is attempting to read the contents of a file but is not the owner of the file. Rather than granting sudo access to this file, what is another way to grant read access, assuming that the file is currently marked with 640 permissions? Note that you should choose the most appropriate answer to fulfill the need while minimizing additional privileges. ","Grant root access to the user. ","Run chmod 777 on the file. ","Use chgrp to change group ownership to admins. ","Use chown to change the ownership of the file to the individual user. "
"101-500",,"70. Which option to lsblk shows empty devices? ","-g ","-a ","-r ","-y "
"101-500",,"71. The /media/ mount point is used frequently for which types of devices? ","Hard drives ","SAN ","NAS ","USB devices "
"101-500",,"72. Which of the following commands is used to format an exFAT filesystem? ","mkexfat ","mkfat.ex ","mkfs.exfat ","mkfs2.exf "
"101-500",,"73. Which of the following commands is used for debugging an XFS-formatted filesystem? ","debug_xfs ","xfs_debug ","xfs_db ","debugxfs "
"101-500",,"74. You’re working with an ext2 filesystem and you suspect the superblock is corrupted. Which option to e2fsck enables you to specify the location of an alternate superblock? ","-B ","-s ","-b ","-o "
"101-500",,"75. Which option to df shows the numerical output in larger size increments, like MB, GB, TB, and so on rather than in bytes? ","-h ","-m ","-n ","-s "
"101-500",,"76. Assuming the use of Bash for the shell, in which file can the umask be set such that the file creation mask is set automatically on login? ","/etc/umask.def ","/etc/profile ","/etc/bash.d/umask ","/etc/bash.umask "
"101-500",,"77. You need to enable two users to edit the same file but keep their own individual changes. Another administrator suggested making a symbolic link for the file. Is a symbolic link the appropriate solution for this scenario and, if not, what is? ","A symbolic link is not appropriate because the users cannot keep their own changes. A copy would be a better option. ","A symbolic link is appropriate here because each user can access the file, assuming write permissions. ","A symbolic link is not appropriate given that the users will not have permissions on symbolic links. Linux cannot meet the scenario described. ","A symbolic link is appropriate because symbolic links have the ability to do version control, thus enabling the scenario. "
"101-500",,"78. You have deleted a user from the system and want to determine if this user still has files on the system. Which command will fulfill this scenario? ","locate <user> ","find -uid <uid> ","find -user <user> ","fileloc -user <user> "
"101-500",,"79. You need to update the locate database. Which of the following commands is used for this purpose? ","updatedb ","locatedb ","updlocdb ","locdbupd "
"101-500",,"80. Which option to lsblk shows the UUID of each filesystem? ","–u ","-f ","-o ","-a "
"101-500",,"81. Which option to mkswap checks the device for bad blocks before formatting? ","-b ","-B ","-c ","-d "
"101-500",,"82. You are examining output from ls -la and one file contains the permissions -rwSrw-r--. To what does the S refer? ","Specific execute ","Source formatting ","Selective execution ","Sticky bit "
"101-500",,"83. You need to change file permissions to be setgid for a file called sync.sh. The file is normally permission 755. Which of the following commands accomplishes this task? ","chmod 2775 sync.sh ","chmod u+s sync.sh ","chmod 2755 sync.sh ","chmod 4755 sync.sh "
"101-500",,"84. Which of the following commands finds files with a .sql extension across the entire filesystem? ","find . -name ""*.sql"" ","find /root -ext sql ","find / -name ""*.sql"" ","find / -exten "".sql"" "
"101-500",,"85. When working with /etc/fstab to mount by UUID, which syntax is correct as the first column in /etc/fstab, assuming a UUID denoted by <UUID>? ","<UUID> ","UUID=<UUID> ","ID=<UUID> ","GPT=<UUID> "
"101-500",,"86. Which option to du displays information on inode usage? ","-i ","-h ","--inodes ","-d "
"101-500",,"87. Which of the following find commands will look for files that are over 1GB in size? ","find -size +1G ","find -size 1GB ","find -fssize +1GB ","find -filesize +1G "
"101-500",,"88. You have a set of libraries that were installed into /usr/local/lib and would like to ensure that the libraries are also available in /usr/lib. What is the preferred way to make the libraries available in this location? ","Copy the libraries. ","Create a symbolic link. ","Move the libraries. ","Create a script to synchronize the libraries between the two locations with rsync."
LEVEL,ANSWER,QUESTION,1,2,3,4,EXPLICATION,
101-500,4,Which of the following commands is used to view kernel-related udev events in real time?,udevls all,lsudev -f,udevmon -a,udevadm monitor,"The udevadm command is used to work with the udev interface of the kernel, and the monitor subcommand displays kernel uevents and other udev events in real time.",
101-500,2,Which command enables you to view the current interrupt request (IRQ) assignments?,view /proc/irq ,cat /proc/interrupts ,cat /dev/irq ,less /dev/irq,"Current IRQ assignments are contained in the file /proc/interrupts. Therefore, viewing the contents of the file with a command such as cat will work. There is no “view” command, making option 1 incorrect. Likewise, there is no /dev/irq file, making options 3 and 4 incorrect.",
101-500,4,Configuration of udev devices is done by working with files in which directory? ,/udev/devices ,/devices/ ,/udev/config ,/etc/udev ,"Configuration files for udev are found in /etc/udev, which makes option 4 correct. The other options do not exist.",
101-500,1,Which command is used to automatically load a module and its dependencies? ,modprobe ,lsmod ,insmod ,rmmod ,"The modprobe command loads the module and its dependencies, if applicable. The lsmod command is used to list currently loaded modules, making option 2 incorrect. The insmod command will load a given module but not its dependencies. Option 4, rmmod, is used to remove a module from memory.",
101-500,2,Which command is used to obtain a list of USB devices? ,usb-list ,lsusb ,ls-usb ,ls --usb ,"The lsusb command is used to obtain a basic list of USB devices on a system. The other commands are not valid. In the case of option 4, the ls command is valid, but there is no --usb option.",
101-500,2,"When working with hotplug devices, you need to gather more information about them through udevadm. Which udevadm command enables you to query the udev database for information on a device? ",query ,info ,getinfo ,devinfo ,The info command for udevadm enables querying for additional information about a hotplug device managed with udev.,
101-500,4,Which command can be used to view the kernel ring buffer in order to troubleshoot the boot process? ,lsboot ,boot-log ,krblog ,dmesg ,"The dmesg command displays the contents of the kernel ring buffer. On many Linux distributions, this log is also saved to /var/log/dmesg. The other options shown for this question are not valid commands.",
101-500,3,"During the initialization process for a Linux system using SysV init, which runlevel corresponds to single-user mode? ",Runlevel 5 ,Runlevel SU ,Runlevel 1 ,Runlevel 6 ,"Runlevel 1, sometimes displayed as runlevel s or S, is single-user mode in which many services are not started. Runlevels 5 and 6 are used for other purposes, and runlevel SU is not a valid option.",
101-500,4,"On a system using SysV init, in which directory are the startup and shutdown scripts for services stored? ",/etc/init-d ,/etc/init ,/etc/sysV ,/etc/init.d ,Scripts are stored in /etc/init.d on a system using SysV init. You may sometimes find these linked from /etc/rc.d/init.d as well. The other options are not valid for this question.,
101-500,1,Which command can be used to reboot a system? ,init 6 ,shutdown -h -t now ,init 1 ,refresh-system ,"The init command can be used to access different runlevels. Runlevel 6 is used for rebooting the system. Option 2 will shut down the system entirely, not reboot it. Option 3 will place the system into single-user mode. Option 4 is not a valid option.",
101-500,3,"When using an SysV init-based system, which command would you use if you make changes to the /etc/inittab file and want those changes to be reloaded without a reboot? ",init-refresh ,init 6 ,telinit ,reload-inittab ,"The telinit command can be used to refresh the system after changes have been made to /etc/inittab. Notably, option 2 will reboot the system but that was not an option in the question. Options 1 and 4 are not valid commands.",
101-500,4,Which command displays the current runlevel for a system? ,show-level ,init --level ,sudo init ,runlevel ,"The runlevel command displays the current runlevel for a system. Option 2 is not a valid option to the init command, and adding sudo in front of the init command makes no difference. Option 1 is not a valid command.",
101-500,3,Within which folder are systemd unit configuration files stored? ,/etc/system.conf.d ,/lib/system.conf.d ,/lib/systemd/system ,/etc/sysconfd ,Unit configuration files are stored in /lib/systemd/system. The other directory options for this question are not relevant or do not exist by default.,
101-500,2,Which command is used with systemd in order to list the available service units? ,systemd list-units ,systemctl list-units ,systemd unit-list ,systemctl show-units ,The systemctl command is used to work with services and targets. The list-units command is used to list targets. The other commands are not used for this purpose or do not exist with the required option.,
101-500,3,Which option to lspci is used to display both numeric codes and device names? ,-numdev ,-n ,-nn ,-devnum ,"The -nn option displays both numbers and device names, making option 3 correct. The -n option (option 2) displays only numbers. The other two options do not exist.",
101-500,4,Which command can be used to obtain a list of currently loaded kernel modules? ,insmod ,modlist ,ls --modules ,lsmod ,"The lsmod command is used to list currently loaded kernel modules, making option 4 correct for this question. The insmod command (option 1) is used to load modules. Option 3 is a valid command but not a valid option for that command, and option 2 does not exist.",
101-500,3,Which option to the modprobe command shows the dependencies for a given module? ,--show-options ,--list-deps ,--show-depends ,--list-all ,The --show-depends option shows the modules that depend on the specified module. The other options do not exist.,
101-500,2,Which command can you use to send a message to all users who are currently logged into a system? ,cat ,wall ,tee,ssh,"The wall command is used to send a message to all users, thereby making option 2 correct. The cat command is used as a means to concatenate or view files, and tee is used to send output to standard output and a file. Finally, ssh is the secure shell client command and is not used for the purpose specified.",
101-500,2,Which of the following is a good first troubleshooting step when a hard disk is not detected by the Linux kernel? ,Unplug the disk. ,Check the system BIOS. ,Restart the web server service. ,Run the disk-detect command.,"Checking to ensure that the disk is detected in the basic input/output system (BIOS) is a good first step in troubleshooting. Option 1, unplugging the disk, won’t help it to be detected. Restarting the web server won’t help detect the disk, and the disk-detect command does not exist.",
101-500,4,Within which directory is information about USB devices stored? ,/etc/usbdevices ,/var/usb ,/lib/sys/usb ,/sys/bus/usb/devices,The /sys/bus/usb/devices directory contains information about USB devices. The other directories are not valid for this purpose.,
101-500,4,"If the kernel ring buffer has been overwritten, within which file can you look to find boot messages? ",/var/log/bootmessages ,/var/log/mail.info ,/var/adm/log/boot.info ,/var/log/dmesg ,"The file /var/log/dmesg will typically contain historical messages from the current booting of the system. On some distributions of Linux, this information is also in /var/log/boot.log.",
101-500,3,Which command and option can be used to determine whether a given service is currently loaded? ,systemctl --ls ,telinit ,systemctl status ,sysctl -a ,"Out of the options given, the systemctl status command and option is the most appropriate. The telinit and sysctl commands are not used for this purpose. Likewise, the --ls option is not valid for systemctl.",
101-500,2,Which command on a systemd-controlled system would place the system into single-user mode? ,systemctl one ,systemctl isolate rescue.target ,systemctl single-user ,systemctl runlevel one ,"The isolate option is used to move the system into the target specified, making option 2 the correct one. The other options do not exist.",
101-500,1,Which command on a system controlled by Upstart will reload the configuration files? ,initctl reload ,systemd reload ,upstart --reload ,ups -reload ,The initctl reload command causes Upstart to reread its configuration files.,
101-500,2,"When working with a SysV system, which option to chkconfig will display all services and their runlevels? ",--reload ,--list ,--all ,--ls ,The --list option will show all services on a system along with their status for each runlevel.,
101-500,3,A drive connected to USB is considered which type of device? ,Medium ,Coldplug ,Hotplug ,Sideplug ,"USB devices are generally considered to be hotplug devices. Hotplug devices describe those devices that can be inserted and removed while the system is “hot,” or powered on, whereas coldplug devices are those that must be inserted and removed when the system is powered off.",
101-500,2,The system is using a temporary flash USB disk for data mounted at /dev/sda1. You need to remove the disk. Which of the following commands will enable the disk to be safely removed from the system? ,usbstop /dev/sda ,umount /dev/sda1 ,unmount /dev/sda1 ,dev-eject /dev/sda1 ,The umount command is used to unmount drives within a running system. The other commands do not exist.,
101-500,4,You have connected a USB disk to the system and need to find out its connection point within the system. Which of the following is the best method for accomplishing this task? ,Rebooting the system ,Viewing the contents of /var/log/usb.log ,Connecting the drive to a USB port that you know the number of ,Running dmesg and looking for the disk ,"Of the options presented, running dmesg is a common way to determine the location to which the kernel has assigned the drive. Rebooting the system is not a good option, though it would work. There is no such thing as /var/log/usb.log, and the location of the drive may change regardless of port, depending on how the drive may be detected in the system.",
101-500,2,Which of the following commands will initiate an immediate shutdown of the system? ,shutdown -c ,halt ,systemd stop ,stop-system ,"From these options, only 2 will shut down the system immediately. Option 1 will cancel a shutdown.",
101-500,3,Which option within a systemd service file indicates the program to execute? ,StartProgram ,ShortCut ,ExecStart ,Startup ,The ExecStart option indicates the command to be executed on startup of a systemd service.,
101-500,4,Which command will display the default target on a computer running systemd? ,systemctl defaults ,update-rc.d defaults ,systemctl runlevel ,systemctl get-default ,The systemctl get-default command will show the default target. The other commands and options are not valid.,
101-500,1,Which option to the systemctl command will change a service so that it runs on the next boot of the system? ,enable ,startonboot ,loadonboot ,start ,"The enable option configures the service to start on boot. The start option, 4, is used to start a service immediately. The other options are not valid for this command.",
101-500,3,Which of the following best describes the /proc filesystem? ,/proc contains information about files to be processed. ,/proc contains configuration files for processes. ,"/proc contains information on currently running processes, including the kernel. ",/proc contains variable data such as mail and web files. ,The /proc filesystem contains information about currently running processes and additional information about the kernel and current boot of the system.,
101-500,3,Which command will retrieve information about the USB connections on a computer in a tree-like format? ,lsusb -tree ,lsusb --tree ,lsusb -t ,usblist --tree ,"The -t option to lsusb will print output in a tree-like format so that you can see which devices are connected to which bus. The other arguments to lsusb are not valid, and the usblist command is not real.",
101-500,4,"What is one reason why a device driver does not appear in the output of lsmod, even though the device is loaded and working properly? ",The use of systemd means that drivers are not required for most devices. ,The use of initramfs means that support is enabled by default. ,The system does not need a driver for the device. ,Support for the device has been compiled directly into the kernel. ,"If a working device does not appear in lsmod, it typically means that the kernel has a driver already loaded by virtue of being compiled into the kernel itself rather than loaded through a module. The use of systemd (option 1) or initramfs (option 2) has no effect.",
101-500,3,Which option to rmmod will cause the module to wait until it’s no longer in use to unload the module? ,-test ,-f ,-w ,-unload ,The -w option causes the module to wait until it’s no longer needed prior to unloading. The -f option forces immediate removal and should be used with caution. The other options are not valid for rmmod.,
101-500,2,"You are using a storage area network (SAN) that keeps causing errors on your Linux system due to an improper kernel module created by the SAN vendor. When the SAN sends updates, it causes the filesystem to be mounted as read-only. Which command and option can you use to change the behavior of the filesystem to account for the SAN bug? ",mount --continue ,tune2fs -e continue ,mkfs --no-remount ,mount -o remount ,The tune2fs command can be used for this purpose but should be used with care because it can result in data corruption.,
101-500,3,Within which directory are rules related to udev stored? ,/etc/udev.conf ,/etc/udev.conf.d ,/etc/udev/rules.d ,/etc/udev.d ,Rules related to udev are stored in /etc/udev/rules.d. The /etc/udev hierarchy contains the udev.conf configuration file along with other components related to the configuration of udev.,
101-500,2,Which option to lspci displays the kernel driver in use for the given Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) device? ,-t ,-k ,-n ,-a ,"The -k option shows the kernel driver associated with a given PCI device and can be helpful when planning a new kernel compile. The -t option displays information in a tree- like structure, and -n uses numbers instead of device names. There is no -a option.",
101-500,2,Within which of the following directories will you find blacklist information for modules loaded with modprobe? ,/etc/blacklist ,/etc/modprobe.d ,/etc/blacklist.mod ,/etc/modprobe ,"The /etc/modprobe.d directory is used for storing configuration information related to modules such as that used for blacklisting purposes but also for other configuration information, such as udev and module options.",
101-500,2,"When working with a CentOS 6 system, which command is used to create the initial RAM disk? ",mkinit ,dracut ,mkraminit ,mkinitfs ,The dracut command is used to create the initial RAM disk for newer systems and has replaced the legacy mkinitrd command used for the same purpose.,
101-500,4,Within which file will you find a list of the currently available kernel symbols? ,/proc/kernelsyms ,/etc/kernel.conf ,/etc/lsyms ,/proc/kallsyms ,"The file /proc/kallsyms provides a way to view the currently loaded kernel symbols. This can be helpful for resolving module dependencies. Note that on legacy systems, this file might be called /proc/ksyms.",
101-500,1,"Which of the following commands can be used to show the various information related to a currently loaded module, including core size and settings for options? ",systool -v -m <module> ,modinfo -r <module> ,lsmod <module> ,infmod <module> ,"The systool utility can be used to show currently loaded options for a given module. The modinfo -r command is not valid, and though modinfo shows information about a module, it does not include core size and other settings. The lsmod command cannot be used for this purpose, and there is no infmod command.",
101-500,2,"Which directory contains various elements and configuration information about the kernel such as the release number, domain name, location of modprobe, and other settings? ",/proc/sys/kmod ,/proc/sys/kernel ,/proc/kernel ,/proc/kernel/sys ,The /proc/sys/kernel hierarchy contains vital configuration information about a kernel. These settings can be changed on a running system.,
101-500,2,Within which directory should systemd unit files that you create be stored? ,/etc/system ,/etc/systemd/system ,/usr/share/systemd ,/usr/share/system ,The /etc/systemd/system directory is where it is recommended to store unit files for systemd. The other locations are not valid.,
101-500,3,Which of the following commands should you execute after making changes to systemd service configurations in order for those changes to take effect? ,systemd reload ,reboot ,systemctl daemon-reload ,systemctl reboot ,"The systemctl command will be used for this purpose with the daemon-reload subcommand. The reboot option would work to reload the systemd configuration but is not correct because it requires the entire server to reboot, which is not what was asked in this question.",
101-500,2,Which of the following files contains the runlevels for the system along with a reference to the corresponding rc file? ,/etc/runlevels ,/etc/inittab ,/etc/rc ,/etc/runlevel ,"The /etc/inittab file contains the various runlevels and what to run at the given runlevel. For example, runlevel 1 is single-user, runlevel 6 is reboot, and so on. The other files listed do not exist.",
101-500,2,Which boot loader can be used for File Allocation Table (FAT) filesystems and might be used for a rescue disk? ,SYSBOOT ,SYSLINUX ,TIELINUX ,FATLINUX ,"The SYSLINUX boot loader is used for FAT filesystems to create rescue disks and to assist with installation of Linux in general. SYSLINUX also describes an overall project containing other specialty boot loaders. The other options listed for this question are not valid boot loaders, though.",
101-500,3,Which of the following is used to provide an early filesystem-based loading process for key drivers needed to continue the boot process? ,bootrd ,driverload ,initrd ,initdrv ,initrd is used for an initial root filesystem for early drivers. initrd is configured to load within the GRUB configuration file for a given operating system.,
101-500,2,"When booting a system you receive an error similar to ""No init found"" and are then placed at an initramfs prompt. You need to check the hard drive for errors. Which of the following commands performs an error check on a hard drive partition in Linux? ",defrag ,fsck ,checkfs ,chkfs ,The fsck command is used to diagnose and repair hard drive problems in Linux. The defrag command is not available in Linux.,
101-500,4,Which of the following commands places the system in single-user mode? ,tellinit 1 ,chginit 1 ,telinet 1 ,telinit 1 ,"The telinit command can be used for this purpose, and passing 1 as the argument will switch the system into single-user mode. The other commands shown are not valid.",
101-500,4,Which of the following commands changes the boot order for the next boot? ,efibootmgr -c ,efibootmgr -b -B ,efibootmgr -o ,efibootmgr -n ,The -n option changes the boot order for the next boot only and boots from the specified partition. The -b along with -B modifies and then deletes the option. The -o option sets the boot order. The -c option creates a boot number.,
101-500,1,Which boot loader can be used with ISO9660 CD-ROMS? ,ISOLINUX ,EFIBOOT ,ISOFS ,BOOTISO ,ISOLINUX provides a means by which CD-ROMS formatted as ISO 9660 can be booted. It’s very common to have live CDs or rescue/recovery CDs that use ISOLINUX for boot. The other boot loaders are not valid for this purpose or don’t exist.,
101-500,1,Within which directory are systemd user unit files placed by installed packages? ,/usr/lib/systemd/user ,/usr/lib/systemd/system ,/usr/systemd ,/usr/system ,"The /usr/lib/systemd hierarchy contains files related to systemd configuration. The user directory within the hierarchy is used for user unit files, and the system files are stored in /usr/lib/systemd/system.",
101-500,2,"When using Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI), which of the following files can be used as a boot loader? ",shim.uefi ,shim.efi ,shim.fx ,efi.shim ,"Due to the decidedly insecure decisions made with the design of Microsoft’s UEFI, a shim is often needed to enable Linux to boot on a system with UEFI. The shim.efi file can be used as an initial boot loader for this purpose.",
101-500,4,Which directory on a SysV init-based system contains scripts that are used for starting and stopping services? ,/etc/rc.int ,/etc/boot ,/etc/bootscripts ,/etc/init.d ,Scripts for starting and stopping services are located in /etc/init.d on a SysV init-based system. The other directories listed within this question are not valid.,
101-500,3,Which of the following commands is used to find overriding configuration files on a systemd-based system? ,diff ,systemctl -diff ,systemd-delta ,systemctl configoverride ,"The systemd-delta command is used to determine overridden configuration files. Of the other commands, diff is valid but not for this purpose. The systemctl command is also valid, but again, not for the purpose described.",
101-500,2,Which of the following commands on a Red Hat system lists all of the SysV services set to be executed on boot along with their setting for each runlevel? ,rlevel ,chkconfig --list ,bootldr --list ,init --bootlist ,"The chkconfig --list command displays all services that will be executed on boot along with the setting for each service for each runlevel. Of the other commands, the init command is valid but does not have a --bootlist option. The other commands are invalid.",
101-500,2,"Which of the following commands, executed from within the UEFI shell, controls the boot configuration? ",bootcfg ,bcfg ,grub-install ,grcfg ,"The bcfg command within the UEFI shell is used to configure boot loaders on a UEFI- based system. The command can accept various parameters to configure how the boot loader and kernel will load on boot. Of the other commands shown, grub-install is valid but not within the UEFI shell.",
101-500,4,Which file must exist within /tftpboot on the Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) server for a system that will use PXELINUX for its boot loader? ,pxelinux.tftp ,pxelinux.boot ,pxelinux.conf ,pxelinux.0 ,The pxelinux.0 file must exist within /tftpboot on the TFTP server in order for a system to use PXELINUX for booting. The other files are not valid or necessary for PXELINUX.,
101-500,4,"Which utility can you use on a Debian or Ubuntu system to manage SysV init scripts, such as setting them to run on boot? ",bootorder ,bootloader ,configchk ,update-rc.d ,"The update-rc.d utility can be used to manage SysV init scripts on Debian or Ubuntu and other distributions. When using update-rc.d, you supply the script name and the utility will take care of creating symlinks to the appropriate runlevels.",
101-500,2,"Which key, pressed during the operating system selection menu, is used to enable editing of the parameters related to boot with GRUB? ",v ,e ,r ,y ,"The e key, when pressed at the right time during boot, will send you into the GRUB shell, where you can change parameters related to boot, such as the kernel options and other related parameters.",
101-500,4,Which systemctl subcommand is used to switch runlevels? ,switch ,move ,runlevel ,isolate ,The isolate subcommand followed by the desired target is used to switch between runlevels with a systemd-based system. The other subcommands shown are not valid for systemctl.,
101-500,3,"When examining the /etc/inittab file, which option signifies the default runlevel to which the system will boot? ",default ,defaultboot ,initdefault ,defaultlvl ,The runlevel defined as initdefault is the default runlevel for the system. The other options shown do not exist.,
101-500,2,Which of the following is used instead of initrd to provide an early filesystem for essential drivers? ,initnext ,initramfs ,initialize ,initfs ,The initramfs system is used instead of initrd to create the filesystem-based loading process for key drivers that are needed for boot.,
101-500,1,Which of the following commands sets the default systemd target to multi-user? ,systemctl set-default multi-user.target ,systemd set-default multi-user.target ,systemctl set-def muser.target ,systemd set-def muser.target ,"The systemctl command will be used for this purpose, and the set-default subcommand is necessary to affect the desired behavior. The target file is simply called multi-user.target.",
101-500,3,"When using a shim for booting a UEFI-based system, which of the following files is loaded after shim.efi? ",grubx64.cfg ,grub.conf ,grubx64.efi ,efi.boot ,"The shim.efi boot loader loads another boot loader, which is grubx64.efi by default. The other options are not valid filenames for the purpose described.",
101-500,4,Within which hierarchy are files from /etc/init.d linked so that the files are executed during the various runlevels of a SysV system? ,/etc/rc.S ,/etc/rc ,/etc/boot/rc ,/etc/rc.d ,"The /etc/rc.d hierarchy contains symbolic links to files found within /etc/init.d. These symlinks are then used for executing the scripts at the appropriate runlevel. For example, on boot the system will execute the scripts found in the runlevel directory for each runlevel executed at boot time.",
101-500,1,What is the name of the unit to which a systemd system is booted in order to start other levels? ,default.target ,init.target ,initial.target ,load.target ,The default.target is the default target unit that is activated by systemd on boot. The default target then starts other services based on the dependencies.,
101-500,2,"When viewing information in /dev/disk/by-path using the command ls -l, which of the following filenames represents a logical unit number (LUN) from Fibre Channel? ",/dev/fc0 ,pci-0000:1a:00.0-fc-0x500601653ee0025f:0x0000000000000000 ,pci-0000:1a:00.0-scsi-0x500601653ee0025f:0x0000000000000000 ,/dev/fibre0 ,"LUNs that contain the characters fc are found through Fibre Channel. Therein lies the difference between options 2 and 3, where option 3 contains the letters scsi, which would usually represent a local disk. The other options are not valid.",
101-500,2,You have purchased new solid-state drive (SSD) hardware that uses the NVMe (Non-Volatile Memory Express) protocol but cannot find the disks in the normal /dev/sd* location in which you have traditionally found such storage. In which location should you look for these drives? ,/dev/nd* ,/dev/nvme* ,/dev/nv* ,/dev/nvme/* ,NVMe-capable drives are named /dev/nvme*. No special drivers are needed other than those found in the native kernel on a modern system. The other options do not exist as paths by default.,
101-500,4,Which file contains information about the current md Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks (RAID) configuration such as the personalities? ,/proc/raidinfo ,/proc/rhyinfo ,/proc/mdraid ,/proc/mdstat ,"The /proc/mdstat file contains information on RAID arrays, including RAID personalities found on the system, the devices that comprise the array, and other pertinent information. The other files shown are not valid.",
101-500,2,Which of the following directory hierarchies contains information such as the World Wide Name (WWN) for Fibre Channel? ,/sys/class/wwn ,/sys/class/fc_host ,/sys/class/fclist ,/sys/class/fc/wwn ,The /sys/class/fc_host directory contains other directories based on the Fibre Channel connections available. Within those host directories will be found the WWN in a file called port_name. The other directory hierarchies are not valid.,
101-500,3,Information about logical volumes can be found in which of the following directories? ,/dev/lvinfo ,/dev/map ,/dev/mapper ,/dev/lvmap ,The /dev/mapper directory contains information about multipath devices such as logical volumes. The other directories are not valid.,
101-500,3,Which of the following commands will examine the PCI subsystem for NVMe-based devices? ,psnvme ,lsnvme ,lspci | grep scsi ,lspci | grep -i nvme ,"The lspci command will be used for this purpose. NVMe devices are listed with the name nVME or NVMe; therefore, adding -i to grep will make the search case insensitive. You’d use this in order to ensure that the devices are detected. The other commands are not valid, with the exception of the lspci command, but you cannot grep for scsi in this scenario.",
101-500,4,Which of the following devices is the location of the first Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) tape device detected at boot? ,/dev/st1 ,/dev/sd0 ,/dev/sd1 ,/dev/st0 ,"Tape devices are found within /dev/st*, making st0 the first device.",
101-500,3,Which of the following files should be used to display a message to users prior to logging in locally? ,/etc/loginmesg ,/etc/logmessage.txt ,/etc/issue ,/etc/banner ,"The /etc/issue file is used to provide a message to users, such as a login banner, prior to local login. The other files shown are not valid for the purpose described.",
101-500,3,Which file contains a message that is displayed after a successful login? ,/etc/loginbanner ,/etc/issue ,/etc/motd ,/etc/message ,"The contents of the file motd, an abbreviation for Message of the Day, are displayed when a user logs in successfully. Among the other options, the contents of /etc/issue are displayed prior to local login. The other filenames are not valid for this purpose.",
101-500,2,Which of the following files can be used to provide a message to users logging in remotely with a protocol such as telnet? ,/etc/telnet.msg ,/etc/issue.net ,/etc/login.msg ,/etc/telnet.login ,The /etc/issue.net file is used to provide a message for remote logins such as telnet. The other files listed are not valid for the purpose described.,
101-500,4,"Which of the following commands turns off the computer, including removing power, if possible? ",systemctl halt ,systemctl reboot ,systemctl stop ,systemctl poweroff ,"The poweroff target of systemd, accessed using the systemctl command, is used for halting the system and then attempting to remove power on compatible systems. The halt target stops the system but does not attempt to remove power, whereas reboot simply restarts the system. There is no stop target.",
101-500,1,Which of the following shutdown commands reboots the system in 15 minutes? ,shutdown -r +15 ,shutdown +15 ,shutdown -15 ,shutdown -r 00:15 ,"The -r option is needed to specify reboot, and the format for counting time from now is prefaced with a plus sign (+), making option 1 correct. Of the other commands, specifying +15 without the -r option simply shuts down the computer in 15 minutes, and specifying the time as 00:15, as in option 4, will shut down the computer at 12:15 a.m.",
101-500,1,"When terminating a process on a SysV init-based system, which command can be used to stop the process? ",service ,sysv ,syscl ,servc ,"The service command is used to work with services, such as starting and stopping them. On newer systems, the systemctl command has replaced the service command.",
101-500,1,Which of the following commands show the boot messages captured by systemd? ,journalctl -b ,systemctl -b ,journalctl -bm ,journalctl -l ,The journalctl command with the -b option displays boot messages.,
101-500,1,Which option to the shutdown command halts or stops the system? ,-h ,-s ,-f ,-t ,"The -h option halts the system, including shutting down acpid-related hardware.",
101-500,3,Which signal number is used as SIGKILL when used with the kill command? ,1,4,9,11,The number 9 corresponds to SIGKILL and can be passed to the kill command to issue that signal. The number 1 is SIGHUP. Others can be found within the manual for the kill command.,
101-500,3,Which directory contains rc-related startup scripts on a legacy Debian system? ,/etc/init ,/etc/inittab ,/etc/init.d ,/etc/rc.init ,The /etc/init.d directory contains the startup and shutdown scripts for services on a Debian system that is not running systemd.,
101-500,1,"When attempting to enable an integrated peripheral on a basic input/output system (BIOS) system, what should be done to determine whether the peripheral has been enabled within the BIOS? ",Examine boot messages to determine if the kernel has detected the peripheral. ,Examine /var/log/auth.log for detection of the peripheral. ,Reboot the system to determine if the device works. ,Enable the peripheral by removing it from the blacklisted modules. ,"Among the options, examining the boot messages would be a first logical step and would prevent having to reboot the system. Rebooting may be a next step in order to examine the status of the peripheral within the BIOS.",
101-500,3,"Which option to the wall command suppresses the ""Broadcast message"" banner that normally displays? ",-b ,-a ,-n ,-d ,The -n option prevents the banner from displaying when using wall. The other options shown are not used with the wall command.,
101-500,3,A Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA) disk will use which of the following identifiers? ,/dev/hdX ,/dev/sataX ,/dev/sdX ,/disk/sataX ,"SATA disks are addressed as /dev/sdX, just like a Small Computer System Interface (SCSI ) disk. /dev/hdX is a traditional ATA disk. The other options do not exist.",
101-500,3,Which option given at boot time within the GRUB configuration will boot the system into single-user mode? ,single-user ,su ,single ,root ,"The keyword single, given on the Linux kernel command line, will boot the system into single-user mode. The other options are not valid.",
101-500,1,"During boot of a system with GRUB, which key can be pressed to display the GRUB menu? ",Shift ,E ,V ,H ,"The Shift key, if pressed when control has first been handed to GRUB, will cause the GRUB menu to be displayed.",
101-500,2,"When booting, which option can be added to a GRUB configuration line to set or change the root partition at boot time to /dev/sda2? ","rootpartition={hd0,2} ",root=/dev/sda2 ,"root={hd0,3} ",rootpartition=/dev/sda2 ,"The root=/dev/sda2 option will cause the given kernel to load /dev/sda2 for its root partition. The rootpartition option is not valid, and the format of the root={hd0,3} is not valid in this context.",
101-500,3,Which key combination will enable you to edit the kernel options and then boot when using GRUB Legacy? ,ESC for editing and then Return to boot ,v for editing and then Return to boot ,e for editing and then b to boot ,v for editing and then b to boot ,"You begin an editing session with an e when the boot option is highlighted. You can then make changes and, when done, press b to boot the system.",
101-500,4,"During the boot process for a virtual machine, what is the next step in the boot process after the kernel has taken over the initialization process and initializes devices? ",The system BIOS initializes devices. ,The system is placed in multi-user mode. ,The boot loader initializes the kernel. ,The root partition is mounted. ,"The root partition is mounted after device initialization. System services, including multi-user mode, start after the root partition is mounted. The other two options, 1 and 3, take place prior to the kernel-initializing device drivers. This process is essentially the same for virtual machines as it is for physical machines.",
101-500,4,Where in the filesystem will the EFI system partition (ESP) typically be mounted? ,/etc/efi ,/efi ,/sys/efi ,/boot/efi ,The ESP is typically mounted at /boot/efi.,
101-500,4,"When partitioning a disk for a mail server running postfix, which partition/mounted directory should be the largest in order to allow for mail storage? ",/etc ,/usr/bin ,/mail ,/var ,"The partition containing /var should be the largest for a mail server because mail spools are stored within this hierarchy. The /etc/ hierarchy is usually small, as is /usr/ bin. The /mail directory does not exist by default.",
101-500,3,Which option within GRUB Legacy is used to indicate that a root partition contains a non-Linux kernel? ,initrd ,non-linux ,rootnoverify ,root-win ,"The rootnoverify option is used to specify a non-Linux kernel, one that GRUB should not attempt to load. The initrd option is used for specifying the initial RAM disk, making option 1 incorrect. The remaining options, 2 and 4, are not valid options for GRUB.",
101-500,1,Which command will output a new GRUB2 configuration file and send the output to the correct location for booting? ,update-grub > /boot/grub/grub.cfg ,update-grub boot > /boot/grub.cfg ,grub-rc.d ,grub-boot ,"The update-grub command sends its output to STDOUT. Therefore, you must redirect using > and send that output to the correct file. The other options are not valid for this purpose. Options 3 and 4 are not valid commands, and option 2 contains invalid options as well as an invalid location for the destination file.",
101-500,2,What is the maximum number of primary partitions available on an MBR partitioning system? ,2,4,1,5,"MBR-based disks can be partitioned with up to four primary partitions, one of which can be further partitioned or extended into logical partitions.",
101-500,4,Which command is used to update the links and cache for shared libraries on the system? ,ldcache ,cache-update ,link-update ,ldconfig ,The ldconfig command updates the current shared library cache and list. ldconfig reads /etc/ld.so.conf and incorporates any changes found within it. The other commands listed as options for this question do not exist.,
101-500,2,Which command and option is used to update a Debian system to the latest software? ,apt-update ,apt-get upgrade ,dpkg -U ,apt-cache clean ,"The upgrade option for apt-get will upgrade the system to the latest version of software for packages already installed. The apt-update command does not exist, nor does the -U option to dpkg. The apt-cache command is used to work with the package cache.",
101-500,3,Which option given to a yum command will install a given package? ,update ,configure ,install ,get ,The yum install command will install a given package. The update option will update a package. The other options listed do not exist.,
101-500,3,What is the location of the home directory for the root user? ,/home/root ,/home/su ,/root ,/ ,"Root’s home directory is /root on a Linux system. While the /home directory does exist, there is no root or su user within that hierarchy by default. The / directory is the root of the filesystem but not the root’s home directory.",
101-500,1,"When using rpm2cpio, by default the output is sent to which location? ",STDOUT ,The cpio.out file ,The a.out file ,The /tmp/cpi.out file ,"rpm2cpio sends its output to STDOUT by default, and therefore that output needs to be redirected to a file in most cases.",
101-500,2,Which partition or directory structure typically holds most of the programs for a Linux system? ,/etc ,/usr ,/home ,/var ,The /usr hierarchy contains many of the programs that run on a Linux system. Other notable directories for programs are /bin and /sbin.,
101-500,2,Your GRUB Legacy configuration includes a dual-boot option with Linux listed first and another operating system listed second. Which of the following options will boot to the Linux partition by default? ,default=linux ,default=0 ,default=1 ,default=other ,"GRUB begins its count at 0 and in this scenario there are two operating systems. Therefore, because Linux is first in the configuration file its number would be 0, which is then sent to the default= option.",
101-500,1,Which file should you edit when using GRUB2 in order to set things like the timeout? ,/etc/default/grub ,/etc/grub/boot ,/etc/boot/grub.d ,/grub.d/boot ,"The /etc/default/grub file can be used for this purpose. You may also edit /boot/ grub/grub.cfg, but this was not an option given for this question.",
101-500,2,Which yum option displays the dependencies for the package specified? ,list ,deplist ,dependencies ,listdeps ,The deplist option displays the dependencies for the given package. The list option displays information about a specific package while the other two options are not valid.,
101-500,1,Which options for an rpm command will display verbose output for an installation along with progress of the installation? ,-ivh ,-wvh ,--avh ,--ins-verbose ,"The -ivh options will install a file using rpm, displaying both verbose output and hash marks for progress. The other options presented do not exist or do not accomplish the specified task.",
101-500,2,Which of the following commands adds /usr/local/lib to the LD_LIBRARY_PATH when using BASH shell? ,set PATH=/usr/local/lib ,export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:/usr/local/lib ,LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/lib ,connectpath LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/lib ,The export command is used to set environment variables in BASH. The other commands are not valid for this purpose.,
101-500,4,Which command can be used to download an RPM package without installing it? ,yumdl ,yumdownloadonly ,yumdown ,yumdownloader ,The yumdownloader utility will download an RPM package but not install it. The yumdownloader utility is part of the yum-utils package. The other options listed for this question do not exist.,
101-500,1,Which command will search for a package named zsh on a Debian system? ,apt-cache search zsh ,apt-get search zsh ,apt-cache locate zsh ,apt search zsh ,"The apt-cache command is used to work with the package cache and the search option is used to search the cache for the supplied argument, in this case zsh. The apt-get command is used to work with packages themselves, and the apt search command does not exist.",
101-500,3,Which option within /etc/default/grub is used to configure the default operating system for boot? ,GRUB_OS ,GRUB_ON ,GRUB_DEFAULT ,DEFAULT_OS ,"The GRUB_DEFAULT option, when in the /etc/default/grub file, is used to configure the operating system that will boot by default. The other options do not exist in this context.",
101-500,1,"When found in a GRUB configuration file, what does the ro option indicate? ",Initially mount the root partition as read-only. ,Mount the kernel as read-only. ,Start the init program as read-once. ,Mount the root partition in Raised Object mode. ,"The ro option, which is the default for GRUB, will initially mount the root partition as read-only and then remount as read-write.",
101-500,4,Within which directory will you find the repositories used by yum? ,/etc/yum.conf ,/etc/repos ,/etc/yum.conf.d ,/etc/yum.repos.d ,"Configuration files related to the repositories for yum are located in /etc/yum.repos.d. Of the other options, /etc/yum.conf is a file and not a directory, and the other directories do not exist.",
101-500,1,Which rpm option can be used to verify that no files have been altered since installation? ,-V ,-v ,--verbose ,--filesum ,"The -V or --verify option will check the files in a given package against versions (or checksums) in the package database. If no files have been altered, then no output is produced. Note that output may be produced for files that are changed during installation or for other reasons. Note also the use of an uppercase V for this option as opposed to the lowercase v for verbose.",
101-500,3,Which option for the grub-mkconfig command sends output to a file instead of STDOUT? ,-stdout ,--fileout ,-o ,-f ,The -o option can be used to specify a destination file to which output will be sent instead of STDOUT. The other options listed in this question do not exist.,
101-500,1,The presence of menu.lst within the filesystem typically indicates which condition? ,GRUB Legacy is in use on the system. ,GRUB2 is in use on the system. ,An error has occurred creating the output to menu.lst. ,The options for rescue boot have been changed. ,"The menu.lst and grub.conf files are used in GRUB Legacy, that is, prior to GRUB 2. This therefore makes option B incorrect.",
101-500,4,Which command is used to determine the libraries on which a given command depends? ,ldconfig ,librarylist ,listdeps ,ldd ,The ldd command will list the libraries on which the command’s argument depends.,
101-500,2,Which of the following is true of Linux swap space? ,Swap is used to hold temporary database tables. ,Swap is used as additional memory when there is insufficient RAM. ,Swap is used by the mail server for security. ,Swap is used to scrub data from the network temporarily. ,Swap space is used when there is insufficient RAM memory on a system.,
101-500,2,Which of the following is not typically used to store libraries? ,/lib ,/etc/lib ,/usr/lib ,/usr/local/lib ,The /etc/lib directory is not typically associated with library files and does not usually exist on a Linux system unless manually created. The other options either contain system libraries or can be used for that purpose.,
101-500,3,Which of the following commands updates the package cache for a Debian system? ,apt-get cache-update ,apt-cache update ,apt-get update ,apt-get upgrade ,The apt-get update command will cause the package cache to be updated by retrieving the latest package list from the package sources. There is no cache-update or update option to apt-cache. The upgrade option is used to update the system’s packages and not the cache.,
101-500,3,Within which file are details of the current package repositories stored on a Debian system? ,/etc/apt.list ,/etc/sources.list ,/etc/apt/sources.list ,/etc/apt.d/sources.list ,The sources.list file located in /etc/apt contains the list of repositories for Debian packages. The other file locations do not exist by default.,
101-500,1,"Of the following choices, which size would be most appropriate for the /boot partition of a Linux system? ",Between 100MB and 500MB ,Between 1GB and 10GB ,/boot should not be partitioned separately. ,Less than 5MB ,"The /boot partition will typically be much less than 500MB but should not be undersized. The used space within /boot will increase as more kernels are added, such as during an upgrade process. Therefore, even though the recommended size is up to 500MB, experience proves that a larger partition is helpful, possibly 1GB to 2GB.",
101-500,2,Which of the following commands initializes a physical disk partition for use with Logical Volume Manager (LVM)? ,lvmcreate ,pvcreate ,fvcreate ,lvinit ,The pvcreate command initializes a physical partition for future use as a logical volume with LVM.,
101-500,4,Which of the following commands installs GRUB into the MBR of the second SATA disk? ,grub-install /dev/hdb2 ,grub-install /dev/sda2 ,grub-config /dev/sda ,grub-install /dev/sdb ,"The grub-install command is used to install GRUB onto a disk and the second SATA disk would be /dev/sdb, making option 4 correct.",
101-500,1,Which command should be used to make changes to the choices made when a Debian package was installed? ,dpkg-reconfigure ,dpkg -r ,dpkg --reconf ,apt-get reinstall ,"The dpkg-reconfigure program will cause an already installed package to be reconfigured or changed. The -r option for dpkg removes a package, making option 2 incorrect. There is no reconf option for dpkg or reinstall option for apt-get.",
101-500,3,Which command is used to create a logical volume with LVM? ,pvcreate ,lvmcreate ,lvcreate ,volcreate ,The lvcreate command is used to create logical volumes with LVM. The pvcreate command initializes physical volumes prior to creating logical volumes. The commands in the other two options for this question do not exist.,
101-500,1,What is the logical order for creation of an LVM logical volume? ,"Physical volume creation, volume group creation, logical volume creation ","Physical volume creation, logical volume creation, volume group creation ","Logical volume creation, physical volume creation, volume group creation ","LVM creation, format, partition ","Physical volumes are initialized first, followed by volume group creation, and then logical volume creation.",
101-500,4,Which of the Debian package management tools provides a terminal-based interface for management? ,apt-get ,dpkg ,apt-cache ,aptitude ,aptitude provides the terminal-based interface rather than the standard command-line interface of the other tools listed in this question.,
101-500,4,Which option for yum performs a search of the package cache? ,seek ,query ,--search ,search ,The search option performs a search of various fields such as the package name and description.,
101-500,2,Which command option for rpm can be used to show the version of the kernel? ,rpm kernel ,rpm -qa kernel ,rpm search kernel ,rpm --list kern ,The rpm -qa kernel command will show the kernel version. You can also use uname -r for the same purpose.,
101-500,3,"Assuming a menu entry of Debian in your GRUB configuration, which option in /etc/default/grub would set that as the default operating system to boot? ",GRUB_OS ,GRUB_OS_DEF ,GRUB_DEFAULT ,GRUB_CONF ,The GRUB_DEFAULT option in /etc/default/grub will set the operating system to boot by default.,
101-500,1,Which option in /etc/yum.conf is used to ensure that the kernel is not updated when the system is updated? ,exclude=kernel* ,exclude-kernel ,updatekernel=false ,include-except=kernel ,"The exclude option can be used to exclude certain packages. The argument accepts wildcards, and therefore excluding all kernel* updates will create the desired behavior.",
101-500,2,Which command should be run after making a change to the /etc/default/grub file? ,grub ,grub-mkconfig ,grub-inst ,reboot ,The grub-mkconfig command should be run after making a change to the /etc/ default/grub file so that a new configuration file can be created with the changed option(s).,
101-500,2,"Which command searches for and provides information on a given package on a Debian system, including whether or not the package is currently installed? ",dpkg -i ,dpkg -s ,apt-cache ,apt-info ,"The -s option to dpkg searches for the given package and provides information about its current status on the system. The apt-cache command is not used for this purpose, and the -i option for dpkg installs a package. The apt-info command does not exist.",
101-500,3,Which command is used to search for physical volumes for use with LVM? ,lvmcreate ,pvcreate ,lvmdiskscan ,lvmscan ,The lvmdiskscan command looks for physical volumes that have been initialized for use with LVM.,
101-500,2,Which option added to yumdownloader will also download dependencies? ,--deps ,--resolve ,--resdeps ,-d ,The --resolve option will download the dependencies of the package being downloaded. The other options shown within this question are not valid for the yumdownloader command.,
101-500,1,Which of the following installs a previously downloaded Debian package? ,dpkg -i <package name> ,apt-install <package name> ,apt-slash <package name> ,dpkg -U <package name> ,"The -i option to dpkg will install a previously downloaded package. The other commands don’t exist, and the -U option for dpkg does not exist.",
101-500,4,"A hard drive is reported as hd(0,0) by the GRUB Legacy configuration file. To which of the following disks and partitions does this correspond? ",/dev/hdb2 ,/dev/hda0 ,/dev/disk1 ,/dev/sda1 ,"GRUB Legacy begins counting at 0 and separates disk letter and partition with a comma, making 0,0 the first partition on the first disk. Options 1 and 3 are not the first disk on the system, and option 2 contains a nonexistent partition.",
101-500,1,Which filesystem format type is used for the EFI System Partition (ESP)? ,FAT ,EXT4 ,NTFS ,EXT3 ,ESP uses the legacy FAT filesystem type for its underlying format. There is a specification for how the ESP partition must be created on top of the FAT format for boot loaders and kernel images. Note that the partition is typically FAT32 but can be FAT16 if only Linux systems will reside on the drive.,
101-500,1,Which of the following commands installs extlinux into the /boot partition? ,extlinux --install /boot ,extlinux --inst /boot ,extlinux -boot ,extlinux /boot install ,The --install option is used followed by the partition to which extlinux will be installed for boot.,
101-500,3,Which of the following commands mounts /dev/sda1 in the /boot partition? ,mount /dev/sda /boot ,mount /boot /dev/sda1 ,mount /dev/sda1 /boot ,mount -dev sda1 /boot ,"The format for the mount command is [partition] [target], making option 3 correct. The other options are not valid because the arguments are in the wrong order.",
101-500,2,Which of the following can be identified as an initial sector on a disk that stores information about the disk partitioning and operating system location? ,Minimal boot record (MBR) ,Master boot record (MBR) ,Init sector ,Master partition table (MPT) ,"The master boot record (MBR) is the first sector on a disk and contains information about the structure of the disk. If the MBR becomes corrupt, all data on the disk may be lost. The other options shown for this question are not valid.",
101-500,4,Which option to grub-install will place the GRUB images into an alternate directory? ,--boot-dir ,-b ,-boot ,--boot-directory ,The --boot-directory option enables you to specify an alternative location for GRUB images rather than the default /boot. The other options shown for this question are not valid.,
101-500,4,Within which file is a list of the currently mounted filesystems stored? ,/etc/fstab ,/etc/curmount ,/var/spool/files ,/etc/mtab ,The /etc/mtab file lists the currently mounted filesystems. The /etc/fstab file lists overall filesystems for the computer but does not distinguish between mounted or unmounted filesystems. The other options listed for this question do not exist.,
101-500,2,Which command is used to activate swap space on a system? ,mkswap ,swapon ,swapact ,actswap ,"The swapon command enables swap space, making it available for use as virtual memory. The mkswap command formats the space. The other two commands are not valid.",
101-500,3,Which of the following commands displays information about a given physical volume in an LVM setup? ,pvdisp ,pvlist ,pvdisplay ,pvl ,The pvdisplay command shows information about a given physical volume. You can use pvdisplay to view the device on which the PV is built along with the extent size of the PV. The other commands shown are not valid.,
101-500,2,Which of the following commands creates a logical volume with LVM? ,lvc ,lvcreate ,lvlist ,lvmake ,The lvcreate command is used to create a logical volume from previously created physical devices and volume groups. Using lvcreate is the final of three steps in the process for using LVM prior to actually using the logical volume.,
101-500,1,Which of the following commands looks for LVM physical volumes and volume groups involved in an LVM configuration? ,vgscan ,lvmscan ,lvlist ,pvlist ,The vgscan command looks for both physical volumes and volume groups related to an LVM configuration. The vgscan command is run at system startup but can also be run manually. The other commands are not valid.,
101-500,3,Which of the following commands is used to display a list of physical volumes involved in LVM? ,pvdisp ,pvlist ,pvscan ,pvmm ,The pvscan command displays a list of physical volumes on a given server. The PVs displayed are those that have been initialized with pvcreate for use with LVM.,
101-500,1,Which option to lvchange sets whether the logical volume is available? ,-a ,-b ,-c ,-d ,"The -a or --activate option sets whether or not the logical volume can be used. There is no -b or -c option, and the -d option is used for debugging.",
101-500,3,"When working with a script to create directories, the script is checking to see if srv/vhosts exists. When doing an ls of the root directory, /, you see that it does exist. However, the script does not. What might be the issue? ",The script is not executable. ,The script does not have the setuid bit set. ,The script is using a relative path. ,The script is owned by root. ,The script is using a relative path to look for srv/vhosts rather than /srv/vhosts with an absolute path back to the root directory of the system.,
101-500,2,You are architecting an application and need to choose between application containerization and virtualization. Which of the following describes a difference between application containers and a virtual machine? ,An application container can contain only one application whereas a virtual machine can contain many. ,An application container shares the host kernel whereas a virtual machine can have its own kernel. ,An application container is used for small applications whereas a virtual machine is used for large applications. ,The use of application containers is for testing only whereas a virtual machine is used for production. ,Application containers share kernel and other resources with the underlying OS and use a container daemon to communicate between the host OS and the application container. Virtual machines have their own kernel and are self-contained machines running on top of a host OS or host kernel. Linux containers also provide a containerized virtual machine– like experience but are distinct from application containers.,
101-500,4,"In addition to including /lib and /usr/lib, where does ldconfig look to find additional directories to incorporate into the library path? ",/etc/lib.conf ,/etc/ldconf ,/etc/lib.cfg ,/etc/ld.so.conf ,The /etc/ld.so.conf directory is used in addition to /lib and /usr/lib to configure library locations. The other paths and files shown do not exist.,
101-500,1,You are working with a cloud instance virtual machine deployed with an Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) provider. The virtual machine is running slowly. Which type of resource might you add to the cloud instance in order to improve performance? ,Compute ,Block storage ,Networking ,Disk ,"Among these options, compute resources, such as adding more CPUs, would be the most likely option. Adding RAM might also be warranted, but that was not one of the available options for this question. There is no indication in the question that the network is slow, and there is no indication that adding disk space or block storage (which are essentially the same thing in this context) will help.",
101-500,1,"When working with a system to determine if it is using GRUB or GRUB2, the presence of which file indicates that it is GRUB2? ",grub.cfg ,grub.conf ,menu.lst ,grub2.conf ,"GRUB 2 uses grub.cfg whereas GRUB uses menu.lst and grub.conf, making option 1 the correct choice.",
101-500,2,You are working to create a system image or template from which other virtual machines will be deployed. Which of the following represents a unique item that will change with each deployed virtual host or image? ,System directories ,MAC address ,Guest drivers ,Pilot homing ,"The MAC address will be unique for each virtual machine deployed using the image. Guest drivers would usually not be unique to an individual virtual machine but might be unique on a per-template or per-image basis. System directories are not unique per virtual machine, and there is no such thing as pilot homing in this context.",
101-500,2,Which program can be used to deploy an Ubuntu image to a remote cloud provider? ,dep-image ,cloud-init ,init-cloud ,image-dep ,The cloud-init program is available on Ubuntu and other distributions and can be used to deploy images to popular cloud providers.,
101-500,3,Which file is used as the primary configuration file for the yum package manager? ,/etc/yum.cfg ,/etc/yum.d ,/etc/yum.conf ,/etc/yum.config ,The yum package manager configuration file is /etc/yum.conf. The other files listed do not exist.,
101-500,2,Which of the following commands and options lists all of the files included with a package on a Debian system? ,apt -L ,dpkg -L ,dpkg -f ,apt-get show ,"The -L option to dpkg lists the files included with a given package. The -f option to dpkg shows a field from a package entry, and the other options do not exist.",
101-500,1,"When working with SSH (Secure Shell) keys for a virtual machine cloud deployment, which key is deployed to the virtual machine so that you can connect from the host? ",The public key ,The signature file ,The private key ,Both the public and private keys ,"The public key is deployed to the authorized_keys file on each image, and the private key is used from the host to connect to each virtual machine. There is no reason to deploy the private key to the virtual machine in order to make a connection to it.",
101-500,1,"When using a GPT disk, which partition needs to be created for a Linux system to boot? ",/boot/efi ,/boot/gpt ,/gpt ,/vmgpt ,"The /boot/efi partition needs to exist for the EFI partition and is typically sized 100MB to 250MB, though that size can vary.",
101-500,1,Which option to zypper installs a package? ,install ,retr ,get ,ref ,"The install option, or simply in, will install a package on a system that uses zypper for package management. Among the other options listed, the ref option refreshes the repository. The other options are not valid with zypper",
101-500,4,You are working with a Fedora 22 system and need to install a package. Which of the following is the default package manager on this system? ,yum ,apt ,dpkg ,dnf ,"A system running Fedora 22 will use the dnf package manager by default. The yum package manager is used on CentOS and Red Hat, and apt and dpkg are used on Debian.",
101-500,1,You need to list the files available on a package on CentOS. Which of the following commands accomplishes this task? ,repoquery -l ,pkgquery -l ,dpkg -L ,pkglist ,The repoquery command with the -l option is used for this purpose. The dpkg -L command is appropriate for this purpose on Debian systems. The other commands do not exist.,
101-500,3,You need to create a backup of user home directories including root. Which directory or directories need to be included in the backup? ,/home ,/home and /home/root ,/home and /root ,/home and /root/home ,"Home directories for normal users are in /home and the home directory for root is at /root, making option 3 correct.",
101-500,1,In which file can you find the unique D-Bus machine ID for a given system? ,/etc/machine-id ,/etc/machineID ,/etc/mch.conf ,/etc/machine.id.conf ,The /etc/machine-id file contains the unique identifier for a given machine.,
101-500,1,Which option to ldconfig can be used to process only those directories given on the command line rather than the directories found in /etc/ld.so.conf? ,-n ,-i ,-v ,-r ,"The -n option tells ldconfig to process only the directories given on the command line. The -i option ignores the auxiliary cache file. The -v option is verbose, and -r changes the root directory from which to begin processing.",
101-500,3,"When working with package caches on Debian, you need to determine if the package list is being updated. Which option to apt-cache shows the number of available packages on the system? ",packagenum ,status ,stats ,liststatus ,The stats option shows total package names along with other information about the package cache. The other options are not valid for use with apt-cache.,
101-500,4,Which option to grub-install specifies the directory in which the EFI partition is located? ,--boot-dir ,--efi ,--efi-boot ,--efi-directory ,"The --efi-directory option is used to specify the location of the EFI partition, typically /boot/efi.",
101-500,1,Within which file are mount points for the system stored? ,/etc/fstab ,/etc/mtab ,/etc/partitions.list ,/etc/disk.conf ,The /etc/fstab file contains a list of partitions for the system. The /etc/mtab file contains currently mounted partitions. The other files do not exist.,
101-500,2,Which of the following option sets for rpm lists the files within the package? ,lf ,qlp ,qf ,eps ,The options qlp list the files in an rpm package. The other options are not valid for the purpose described in the question.,
101-500,2,"When working with a CentOS system, you need to determine the release of a certain package. Which command and option will accomplish this task? ",dpkg -i ,yum info ,yum search ,apt search ,"Among the commands and options shown, the info option to yum is used for this purpose. The dpkg and apt package managers are used on Debian systems and thus would not be appropriate for a CentOS system.",
101-500,1,You are using a host machine and are unsure if it supports the extensions to enable virtualization. Which of the following should you look for in /proc/cpuinfo to indicate that the system is ready for virtualization? ,vmx ,virt ,envirt ,vtcapable ,The presence of the string vmx in the flags section indicates that an Intel processor is capable of virtualization. This extension is called svm on an AMD architecture.,
101-500,1,Within which file can you configure a filter for devices when using vgscan? ,lvm.conf ,vg.conf ,vgscan.conf ,lv.cfg ,"The lvm.conf file is a primary configuration file for LVM. Within lvm.conf, typically found in /etc/ or /etc/lvm/, you can set things like filters for devices to include or exclude from the vgscan process. The other files shown are not valid.",
101-500,3,Which of the following swapon options displays information on the size of swap space along with its used space? ,--list ,-a ,--show ,-h ,"The --show option displays information about the swap spaces on the computer, including how much swap is currently being used. The -a option activates all swap spaces. There is no --list option, and -h displays help.",
101-500,4,Assume that you’re using the Bash shell and want to prevent output redirects from accidentally overwriting existing files. Which command and option can be used to invoke this behavior? ,setoutput -f ,overwrite=no ,overwrite -n ,set -C ,"The set command can be used for a variety of purposes to change how the shell environment works. One such option is –C, which prevents output redirection such as that done with > from overwriting a file if the file already exists.",
101-500,2,What command can be used to view the current settings for your environment when using Bash? ,environment ,env ,listenv ,echoenv ,The env command will print the current environment variables from Bash. The printenv command will perform the same operation. The other commands listed in this question do not exist.,
101-500,3,Which command is used to access documentation on the Linux computer for a given command? ,doc ,heredoc ,man ,manual ,The man command displays documentation for the command given as the argument. The other options listed for this question do not exist.,
101-500,4,"Which of the following commands will print various information about the kernel and architecture, along with other details? ",info --sys ,man sys ,sysinfo ,uname -a ,"The uname command is used to print system information, and the -a option prints all information available to uname.",
101-500,1,"When using sed for a substitution operation, which option must be included so that the substitution applies to the entire line rather than just the first instance? ",g ,a ,r ,y ,"The g option, also known as global or greedy, will apply the matched operation to the entire line rather than just the first instance of the match. The other options apply as they would for a Perl-Compatible Regular Expression. Note also the tr command that provides some of the same functionality as sed.",
101-500,3,Which option for the wc command prints the number of lines given as input? ,-f ,-a ,-l ,-o ,"The -l option provides the number of lines given as input. For example, wc -l /etc/ passwd would print the number of lines in the /etc/passwd file. The other options given in this question are not valid for the wc command.",
101-500,3,"What is the default number of lines printed by the head and tail commands, respectively? ","10 for head, 5 for tail ","5 for head, 10 for tail ",10 for both head and tail ,3 for both head and tail ,Both head and tail print 10 lines of output by default.,
101-500,2,"You are attempting to use rmdir to remove a directory, but there are still multiple files and other directories contained within it. Assuming that you’re sure you want to remove the directory and all of its contents, what is the command and arguments to remove the directory and all of its contents? ",rm -f ,rm -rf ,rmdir -a ,rmdir -m ,"The -rf options to rm will recursively remove the contents of a directory, including other directories. The -f option alone will not work in this case because of the additional directories. The other options given for rmdir do not exist.",
101-500,4,Which command will find directories with names beginning with 2014 located beneath the current directory? ,"find ./ -name ""2014"" ","find ./ -type d -name ""2014"" ","find / -type d ""2014"" ","find ./ -type d -name ""2014*"" ","The -type option causes find to limit its search to directories only, whereas the -name option limits the names of returned elements. Note the use of the wildcard due to the phrasing of the question. Also note the use of ./ to denote beginning the search in the current directory.",
101-500,1,Which of the following commands will provide the usernames in a sorted list gathered from the /etc/passwd file? ,cat /etc/passwd | awk -F : '{print $1}' | sort ,sort /etc/passwd | cut ,echo /etc/passwd ,cat /etc/passwd | awk '{print $1}' | sort ,"The cat command will display the contents of file /etc/passwd and then pipe that output to the awk command. The awk command then parses its input, splitting along the specified separator for /etc/passwd, which is a colon (:). The output is then printed and piped to the sort command. The sort command in option 2 will not work because the cut command requires an argument. Likewise, the echo command in option 3 will only echo /etc/passwd to STDOUT.",
101-500,3,"Which options to ls will produce output, including hidden (dot) files, in a list that is ordered such that the newest files are at the end of the output? ",-la ,-lat ,-latr ,-ltr ,"The -l option for ls produces long or listed output and -t sorts by time stamp. The -r option reverses the order, and -a is needed to include hidden (dot) files, making option 3 correct.",
101-500,1,What will be the result if the touch command is executed on a file that already exists? ,The access time stamp of the file will change to the current time when the touch command was executed. ,The file will be overwritten. ,There will be no change. ,The file will be appended to. ,The time stamp of the file will change when touch is run on a file that already exists.,
101-500,4,Which option to both mv and cp will cause the command to prompt before overwriting files that already exist? ,-f ,-Z ,-r ,-i ,"The -i option will cause both cp and mv to be interactive, that is, prompt before overwriting. The -f option will force the command to run, whereas -r is recursive.",
101-500,3,Which of the following commands will send the contents of /etc/passwd to both STDOUT and to a file called passwordfile? ,cat /etc/passwd > passwordfile ,var /etc/passwd | passwordfile ,cat /etc/passwd | tee passwordfile ,echo /etc/passwd | stdout > passwordfile ,"The tee command will send output both to STDOUT and to the specified file, making option 3 correct. Option 1 will redirect output to the correct file but not to STDOUT simultaneously. The other options will not work for this question.",
101-500,1,The current hierarchy on the server contains a directory called /usr/local. You need to create additional directories below that are called /usr/local/test/october. Which command will accomplish this task? ,mkdir -p /usr/local/test/october ,mkdir /usr/local/test/october ,mkdir -r /usr/local/test/october ,mkdir -f /usr/local/test/october ,The -p option will cause mkdir to create additional levels of directories without error. Running mkdir without options will not work in this case. The -r and -f options to mkdir do not exist.,
101-500,2,Which option to the cp command will copy directories in a recursive manner? ,-v ,-R ,-Z ,-i ,"The -R option will copy directories recursively. Note that if the -i option is not enabled, the recursive copy will overwrite files in the destination. The -v option adds verbosity but does not cause any recursion, and the -Z option does not exist.",
101-500,3,You have received a file that does not have a file extension. Which command can you run to help determine what type of file it might be? ,grep ,telnet ,file ,export ,"The file command can be used to determine which type of file is being used. This can be particularly helpful for files without extensions where you are unsure if you should view the contents of the file. Option 1, grep, is used to look within files but would not be helpful in this case. The telnet and export commands are not used for this purpose.",
101-500,3,Which command will create an image of the /dev/sda1 disk partition and place that image into a file called output.img? ,dd if=sda of=/dev/sda1 ,dd if=output.img of=/dev/sda1 ,dd if=/dev/sda1 of=output.img ,echo /dev/sda1 > output.img ,"The dd command is used to create disk images, among other things. In this case, the input file is /dev/sda1 and the output file is output.img. It’s also common to add the blocksize option by using the bs argument, such as bs=1M.",
101-500,2,What is the default delimiter used by the cut command? ,Colon ,Tab ,Space ,Comma ,The cut command uses Tab as its default delimiter. This can be changed with the -d option.,
101-500,1,Which of the following will unzip and extract the contents of a file that has been tarred and gzipped? ,tar -zxf <file.tgz> ,tar -xf <file.tgz> ,tar -vz <file.tgz> ,tar -fd <file.tgz> ,"The -z option will unzip the file, -x will extract from the tar archive, and -f is used to indicate the file on which to perform the aforementioned operations. It’s typical to add -v for verbose output as well.",
101-500,4,What command is used to bring a command to foreground processing after it has been backgrounded with an &? ,bg ,fore ,4g ,fg ,The fg command will bring a command to the foreground if it has been backgrounded with either & or with the bg command.,
101-500,2,You need to write a script that gathers all of the process IDs for all instances of Apache running on the system. Which of the following commands will accomplish this task? ,ps auwx | grep apache ,pgrep apache ,processlist apache ,ls -p apache ,"While the ps auwx command combined with grep will provide information on the running Apache instances, it will provide much more information than is required or useful for this problem. The pgrep command provides only the process IDs and therefore meets the criteria presented in the question.",
101-500,4,Which of the following command lines would monitor a single process called nagios in a continuous manner? ,top -n 1 ,top -p 23 ,ps -nagios ,top -p`pidof nagios` ,"The top command is used to continuously monitor things like CPU and memory usage, and the -p option monitors a single process. By using the runquotes with the pidof command, the process ID is provided as input to the -p option.",
101-500,4,"Users are reporting that various programs are crashing on the server. By examining logs, you see that certain processes are reporting out-of-memory conditions. Which command can you use to see the overall memory usage, including available swap space? ",tree ,pgrep ,uptime ,free ,The free command displays overall memory usage for both RAM and swap and can be used to determine when additional memory might be needed.,
101-500,1,"You are using the Vi editor for changing a file and need to exit. You receive a notice indicating ""No write since last change"". Assuming you want to save your work, which of the following commands will save your work and exit Vi? ",:wq ,:q! ,dd ,x ,"You need to write the changes to the file; therefore you’ll need :w. The addition of q will also quit. Note that you could use ZZ to write and quit as well. The dd command deletes a line, and x deletes a single character.",
101-500,4,What option is used to change the number of lines of output for the head and tail commands? ,-l ,-f ,-g ,-n ,"The -n option changes the number of lines of output for both head and tail to the number specified. The other options listed in this question are not valid for head, and the -f option follows a file with tail as the file grows.",
101-500,1,Which command can be used to determine the current load average along with information on the amount of time since the last boot of the system? ,uptime ,sysinfo ,bash ,ls -u ,"The uptime command shows basic information such as that described along with the number of users logged into the system and the current time. The bash command is a shell environment, and the ls command will not display the required information.",
101-500,4,"You need to start a long-running process that requires a terminal and foreground processing. However, you cannot leave your terminal window open due to security restrictions. Which command will enable you to start the process and return at a later time to continue the session? ",fg ,bg ,kill ,screen ,"The screen command starts a new terminal that can be disconnected and reconnected as needed. Processes running from within the screen session do not know that they are running in a screen session and therefore meet the criteria needed to satisfy this question. The fg and bg commands will not meet the criteria, and the kill command will stop a process.",
101-500,3,You have attempted to stop a process using its service command and also using the kill command. Which signal can be sent to the process using the kill command in order to force the process to end? ,-15,-f ,-9,-stop ,"The -9 option invokes SIGKILL, which will force the process to end. The 15 signal is the default, and the -f and -stop options do not exist.",
101-500,3,"When working in the Bash shell, you need to redirect both STDOUT and STDERR. Which of the following commands will redirect both STDOUT and STDERR? ",1>2 ,>2 ,2>&1 ,>> ,"Within Bash, the number 1 represents STDOUT and 2 represents STDERR. Redirecting both means combining them in the manner shown in option 3.",
101-500,2,Which command can be run to determine the default priority for processes spawned by the current user? ,prio ,nice ,renice ,defpriority ,"The nice command, when run without arguments, will output the priority for the currently logged-in user, which is normally 0. The renice command can be used to change the priority of running processes. The other two commands shown as options for this question do not exist.",
101-500,4,Which of the following egrep commands will examine /etc/passwd to find users who are using either /bin/bash or /usr/bin/zsh for their shell environment? ,grep sh /etc/passwd ,egrep '/*/.sh$' /etc/passwd ,grep '/*/.=sh$' /etc/passwd ,egrep '/*/..?sh$' /etc/passwd ,"Within a regular expression, * represents 0 or more characters. In this case, it doesn’t matter whether a person is using /bin/bash or /usr/bin/zsh. Likewise, a . matches a single character, but in the case of bash and zsh, we need to look at the first and then optionally a second character. The ? character makes the second . optional. Finally, the $ anchors the pattern at the end of the string and is also the key for this regular expression.",
101-500,1,"Which option to the man command accesses a different level of documentation, for example, system call documentation? ",man 2 <argument> ,progman <argument> ,man --sys <argument> ,man --list sys ,"The different levels of the manual are accessed by preceding the argument with the desired level. The other options, such as --list, do not exist in this context.",
101-500,3,"When editing with Vi, which command changes to insert mode and opens a new line below the current cursor location? ",f ,a ,o ,i ,"The o command opens a new line below the current cursor location. The a command begins an insert mode session at the character after the cursor, not the line. The i command begins an insert mode session at the current cursor location.",
101-500,1,Which kill signal can be sent in order to restart a process? ,-HUP ,-RESTART ,-9,-SIG ,"Sending -HUP as part of the kill command will restart a process. Of the other options, a -9 will kill the process completely. The other two options do not exist as valid means to kill a process.",
101-500,2,"Which of the following commands will display the last 50 lines of your command history when using Bash, including commands from the current session? ",bashhist 50 ,history 50 ,cat .bash_history ,tail -f .bash_history ,"The history command will display your command history, including commands from the current session. You can specify how many lines of history to display, as shown in the answer for this question. Note that .bash_history will not show the current session’s history.",
101-500,3,You have backgrounded several tasks using &. Which command can be used to view the current list of running tasks that have been backgrounded? ,procs ,plist ,jobs ,free ,The jobs built-in command shows the list of jobs running in the background. Its output includes a job number and the status of the job.,
101-500,2,Which of the following commands searches each user’s .bash_history file to determine whether the user has invoked the sudo command? ,"find /home -name ""bash_history"" | grep sudo ","find /home -name "".bash_history"" | xargs grep sudo ",find /home/.bash_history | xargs grep sudo ,find /home -type history | xargs grep sudo ,"The find command, beginning with the path and then the -name argument, will locate all of the files called .bash_history. The output from the find command should be piped to xargs, which can then build further commands from standard input. Note that this question and solution assumes that all users use the Bash shell and are keeping history. ",
101-500,3,Which command will watch the Apache log at /var/log/httpd/access.log and continually scroll as new log entries are created? ,watch /var/log/httpd/access.log ,tail /var/log/httpd/access.log ,tail -f /var/log/httpd/access.log ,mon /var/log/httpd/access.log ,The tail command provides the end portion of the file given as an argument. Adding the -f option will cause the output to update as new lines are added to the file being tailed.,
101-500,4,You are debugging a configuration file and the daemon indicates there is a problem on line 932. Which of the following commands will prepend line numbers onto the file? ,lines ,wc -l ,newline ,nl ,"The nl command will prepend line numbers onto the file given as its argument. The output is then sent to STDOUT. Of the other options, wc -l will print the number of lines in the file but not prepend those numbers onto each line, as was asked for in this question.",
101-500,1,You receive a file with an .lzma extension. Which command can you use to decompress this file? ,xz ,lz ,gz ,bzip ,"The xz command can compress and decompress files in a variety of formats, one of which is lzma.",
101-500,1,Which find command will locate files within the current directory that have been modified within the last 24 hours? ,find ./ -type f -mtime 0 ,find ./ -type f -mtime 24 ,find ./ -type f -mtime +1 ,find ./ type -f time 24 ,The find command will be used for this purpose. Adding -type f will limit the search to only files and the -mtime option will limit to modification time in day format.,
101-500,3,Which command will move all files with a .txt extension to the /tmp directory? ,mv txt* tmp ,move *txt /temp ,mv *.txt /tmp ,mv *.txt tmp ,"The mv command is used to move files, and *.txt will look for all files with a .txt extension. Note the fully qualified destination with a / preceding the name tmp.",
101-500,4,Which command prints your current directory? ,cwd ,curdur ,cd ,pwd ,The pwd command prints the current working directory. The cd command changes directory.,
101-500,1,Assume that you have a file called zips.txt that contains several postal ZIP codes and you need to determine how many unique ZIP codes there are in the file. Which of the following commands can be used for that purpose? ,sort zips.txt | uniq -c ,uniq zips.txt ,count zips.txt ,cat zips.txt | uniq -c ,"The file needs to first be sorted to group common ZIP codes together. After that, piping the output to uniq will display the unique ZIP codes, and the -c option provides a count.",
101-500,1,"When using Bash, how would you execute the last command starting with a certain string, even if that command was not the last one that you typed? ",Precede the command with ! and then the string to search for. ,Search for the command in history. ,Precede the command with a ? and then the string to search for. ,This is not possible with Bash. ,"Preceding the command with a ! will search history and execute the specified command. For example, !vi will start your last Vi session.",
101-500,3,Which command can be used to kill all processes by using their name? ,killproc ,killname ,killall ,kill -f ,The killall command is used to terminate processes using their name.,
101-500,3,You’re working with a large file in Vi and need to search for instances of a string earlier in the file. Which key will search backward in the file? ,/ ,h ,? ,x ,"The ? key will search backward in a file within Vi. The / is used for searching forward. The h key moves the cursor to the left one character, and the x key will delete a character.",
101-500,4,You need to declare a local environment variable that will then be available to child processes. Which of the following commands accomplishes this task? ,ex ,echo ,dec ,export ,The export command makes an environment variable available to subsequent child processes. The other commands shown are not valid.,
101-500,2,You are creating a Bash shell script and need to output the current script name to the current terminal. Which of the following commands accomplishes this task? ,cat <CMD> ,echo $0 ,echo $SCRIPT ,echo $PS1 ,"The echo command sends output and $0 is the parameter that contains the current script name. Of the other options, $PS1 is the shell prompt and the other two options do not exist by default.",
101-500,2,You have downloaded a file with a .gz extension. What is the most likely command that you will use to decompress this file? ,unz ,gunzip ,hunzip ,gzunzip ,The gunzip command is typically used for decompressing files with a .gz extension. The other options are not valid commands.,
101-500,3,You need to remove a single file from a directory if it exists but would like to be prompted for confirmation before doing so. Which option to the rm command causes the command to prompt for confirmation? ,-a ,-e ,-i ,-o ,"The -i option causes rm to use interactive mode, where the command will prompt for confirmation prior to taking action. See the (1) rm man page for additional information on the other options.",
101-500,1,You need to determine files that are sized above 1GB. Which of the following commands accomplishes this task? ,find / -size +1G ,find / -size 10000M ,find / +1M ,find / -size +1B ,"The find command can be used for this purpose. When used with the size option, various size-related options can be used. The option +1G searches for files greater than or equal to 1GB.",
101-500,2,Which option to cpio lists the files as it is operating on them? ,-l ,-v ,-k ,-s ,"The -v or verbose option lists files as cpio is working with them. Of the other options, -s is swap bytes and –l is used to link files. The -k option is included for compatibility purposes.",
101-500,2,Which command is used to send contents of a bzip2 archive to STDOUT? ,bzout ,bzcat ,bz2cat ,bz2echo ,The bzcat command sends output to STDOUT from a bzip2 archive.,
101-500,3,"You are attempting to find more information about the jobs command, however, an Internet search was not particularly helpful because there are so many Linux-related jobs available. Additionally, you attempted to view the man page for the jobs command but it was not available. Which man page should you use to view more information on jobs? ",jbs ,procctl ,bash ,ps ,"The jobs command is actually a shell built-in command, meaning that more information is available by using the man page for bash itself. The other options either are not valid or will not show information about the jobs command/built-in.",
101-500,2,You need to start a process that cannot be sent or will not accept a SIGHUP signal. Which command should be used to start the process? ,nosig ,nohup ,nokill ,noproc ,The nohup command can preface another command when starting so that the process or command will not accept a SIGHUP.,
101-500,4,You need to run a command periodically and examine its output in real time. Which of the following commands enables this scenario? ,mon ,procmon ,pgrep ,watch ,The watch command runs a command repeatedly and displays the output and errors from the command. The pgrep command does not fulfill the needs of this scenario. The mon and procmon commands are not real.,
101-500,2,"You would like to tail a log file to watch entries as they are being added to the log file. In addition, you would also like to work within the same terminal window or SSH (Secure Shell) session to add entries to another file at the same time. Which command can be used to create two sessions within the same terminal window? ",screen ,tmux ,sess ,termse ,"The tmux command creates two (or more) sessions within the same physical terminal window and thus enables this scenario. The screen command can be used to create an additional session, but the screen command does not meet the criteria specified in this scenario, because the scrollback buffer does not capture enough lines by default. The other commands shown are not valid.",
101-500,1,"You need to kill several processes at once. Rather than writing a complex ps-based command to do so, you can use which other command? ",pkill ,psk ,pskill ,prock ,The pkill command can be used for the scenario described. The other options are not valid commands.,
101-500,1,"You are using pgrep to find the process IDs for a given command. However, several other commands seem to also appear. Which option to pgrep enables matching against the full path of the process? ",-f ,-d ,-o ,-i ,"The -f option matches against the full path. The -d option is used to set the delimiter, the -o option matches the oldest process, and the -i option sets the search to be case insensitive.",
101-500,2,You need to determine the exact command that will be run based on your current environment settings. Which command is used for this purpose? ,what ,which ,find ,ls ,The which command is used to determine the command that will be run based on the current environment settings such as the path. The find and ls commands will not work for this purpose.,
101-500,2,"An environment variable has been set on login, but you need to remove that variable temporarily for the current session. Which shell built-in command can be used for this purpose? ",reset ,unset ,undo ,clear ,"The unset shell built-in is used for the purpose described. Both the reset and clear commands do not accomplish the task described, and there is no undo command.",
101-500,1,"You cannot find the man page of a command but you know the command exists. For example, the alias command exists but there is no man page for it. Which of the following commands could you execute to determine what type of command alias is? ",type ,cmd ,uses ,listr ,"The type shell built-in displays information about a given executable. For example, the command type alias shows that alias is a shell built-in as well.",
101-500,3,Which type of quotes are used so that variables are interpolated within a Bash shell script? ,Escaped quotes ,Single quotes ,Double quotes ,Side quotes ,"Double quotes help to ensure that variables are interpolated within a shell script. Runquotes are not used for this purpose, and the other options are not valid types of quotes.",
101-500,3,"Which of the following pagers includes the ability to search backward and forward as well as move backward and forward, line-by-line, and page-by-page? ",more ,mplus ,less ,catch ,The less pager fits the scenario described. The more pager does not have as much flexibility as less. The other options shown are not valid.,
101-500,3,You have a specialized need for outputting a file in octal format. Which command or series of commands can be used for this purpose? ,oct ,cat <file> | octalf ,od ,octf ,The od command converts a file to octal format. The other options shown all have invalid commands.,
101-500,2,Which option to sha256sum causes the file to be read in binary mode? ,-i ,-b ,-c ,-p ,"The -b option for sha256sum and sha512sum reads the file in binary mode as opposed to text mode, which is the default.",
101-500,2,"When operating in command mode, which keys enable you to move the cursor in the Vi editor? ","a, s, d, f ","h, j, k, l ","q, w, e, r ","z, x, c, v ","The h, j, k, and l keys enable movement of the cursor in command mode Vi.",
101-500,3,Which options to xz are functionally equivalent to the xzcat program? ,decompress and output ,output and format ,decompress and stdout ,stdout and format ,The decompress and stdout options to xz are functionally equivalent to the xzcat program. There is also a related program called zcat for outputting files compressed with gzip to STDOUT.,
101-500,1,Which environment variable is used to control the default text editor used on a Linux system? ,EDITOR ,EDIT ,TEXTEDITOR ,DEFAULT_EDITOR ,"The EDITOR environment variable controls the editor that is used. Typical choices include nano, Emacs, Vi or enhanced Vi, known as Vim.",
101-500,4,"You need to examine the seventh section of the manual page for regular expressions, or regex, on a Linux system. Which command displays the seventh section of the manual? ",man regex -7 ,man regex 7 ,man --page 7 regex ,man 7 regex ,The seventh manual section for regex is found by specifying the level after the command and prior to the manual page to examine.,
101-500,2,Which of the following commands reprioritizes an already running process? ,nice ,renice ,chnice ,altnice ,"The renice command changes the priority of a running process. The nice command is not capable of altering running processes, and the other commands shown are not valid.",
101-500,2,The fgrep command is equivalent to running the grep command with which option? ,-f ,-F ,-a ,-E ,"The fgrep command is equivalent to running the grep command with an -F option. The -f option specifies a file, and the -E option utilizes an extended regular expression and is equivalent to the egrep command. The -a option is important in its own right and causes grep to process a binary file as if it were a text file.",
101-500,1,Which of the following regular expressions would find the pattern Steve or steve in a file when used with grep? ,'[sS]teve' ,'[S]*teve' ,'^[Ss]teve' ,'[$Steve]' ,"All of the options shown use regular expressions. In the correct answer, the strings Steve and steve will match due to the use of a character class. Option 2 would match only Steve but, due to the quantifier *, would also match strings like Siwejfiwjfheteve. Option 3 uses anchoring and thus would only match Steve or steve at the beginning of a line. Option 4 also uses an anchor to indicate end of line and thus does not make sense in this context.",
101-500,3,"Which of the following commands shows the currently running processes and their resource usage in real time, updated every few seconds? ",nice ,ps ,top ,procs ,"The top command shows running processes, typically sorted by CPU usage and updates every few seconds. The ps command shows processes but does not auto-update. The nice command sets priority, and there is no procs command.",
101-500,1,You have been asked to create a compressed file that will be readable by those with other operating systems. Which tool can you use for this purpose? ,gzip ,bzip2 ,xz ,tar ,"Files compressed with the gzip utility can typically be read by other operating systems, though it may require additional software for certain operating systems. Compression utilities like bzip2 and xz almost certainly require additional software. The tar command in option 4 is not a compression utility.",
101-500,1,"You need to match files that begin with 201, as in 2017, 2018, 2019. Which of the following wildcard specifications can be used? ",201? ,201$ ,201@ ,201] ,The question mark can be used as a wildcard for such a scenario. An asterisk would also work for file globbing.,
101-500,2,You need to break a large file into smaller pieces. Which command can be used for this purpose? ,cut ,split ,dice ,rem ,The split command can break up a file into multiple pieces. The cut command would split an individual line but does not meet the criteria in this scenario. There is no dice or rem command.,
101-500,3,"When examining the output from top, you see that a process has a value in the PR column of 20. To what does the PR column refer? ",The process ID ,The process utilization ,The process priority ,The processor core on which the process is executing ,The scheduling priority of the process is shown in the PR column. The process ID is displayed in the PID column. The top command shows CPU utilization in the %CPU column and does not display information about the processor cores.,
101-500,1,You need to cut or remove eight lines from a file while editing with Vi. Which combination should be used for this purpose? ,d7 ,d8 ,r8 ,x7 ,"The d key will be used for this and the number 7 used in order to cut or remove eight lines. Other keys to work with text for cut, copy, and paste in Vi include p, y, dd, and yy. The other options shown for this question are not valid.",
101-500,1,Which command is used in order to decompress a file that has been compressed with xz? ,unxz ,dexz ,xzu ,u2xz ,The unxz command decompress a file that has been compressed with xz.,
101-500,4,Which of the following commands uses 128-bit message digests? ,sha256sum ,sha512sum ,sh128sum ,md5sum ,"The md5sum command creates a 128-bit MD5 message digest. The sha256sum command produces 256-bit values, whereas sha512sum produces 512-bit values.",
101-500,1,"You have several files that need to be combined, with a line from each file being appended onto a single line. Which command can be used for this purpose? ",paste ,comb ,appfile ,combo ,The paste command fits the scenario described and separates the lines from each file by a tab. The other commands are not valid.,
101-500,1,You need to run a command that is not inside your current path. Which of the following represents the typical method for doing so? ,Use a fully qualified path for the command. ,Set the PATH environment variable to include the correct path. ,Restart the shell environment. ,Restart the computer for settings to take effect. ,"Using a fully qualified path meets the scenario in the most typical manner. You could add the command path to the PATH environment variable, but that is unnecessary given the scenario. Restarting the shell or computer would not have any effect.",
101-500,2,Which signal is used by default by the pkill command? ,SIGKILL ,SIGTERM ,SIGHUP ,SIGKS ,The SIGTERM signal is used by default by the pkill command. This can be changed using the --signal option.,
101-500,4,You are working with the jobs built-in command to display jobs. You would like to see only running jobs. Which option to the jobs built-in command will display only running jobs? ,-s ,-a ,-l ,-r ,"Running jobs are listed with the -r option. The -s option displays only stopped jobs, whereas -l shows process IDs. There is no -a option to the jobs built-in command.",
101-500,3,"Which option to the bunzip2 command sends output to STDOUT, much like the bzcat command? ",-s ,-o ,-c ,-d ,The -c option outputs to STDOUT. See the bzip2(1) man page for additional details.,
101-500,1,Which option best describes the following output from the ls -la command: lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 35 Jul 8 2014 .fetchmailrc -> .configs/fetchmail/.fetchmailrc? ,It is a file called .fetchmailrc that is linked using a symbolic link. ,It is a file called .configs/fetchmail/.fetchmailrc that is owned by lrwxrwxrwx. ,It is a directory called .fetchmailrc that is owned by user Jul. ,It is a local directory called .configs/fetchmail/.fetchmailrc. ,"The listing shows a symbolic linked file located in the current directory, linked to .configs/fetchmail/.fetchmailrc. The file is owned by the root user and root group and was created on July 8, 2014.",
101-500,1,"Assuming that a USB disk contains a single partition and is made available on /dev/sdb, which command mounts the disk in /media/usb? ",mount /dev/sdb1 /media/usb ,usbconnect /dev/sdb0 /media/usb ,mount /dev/sdb0 /media/usb ,usbmount /dev/sdb1 /media/usb ,"The mount command is used to mount drives in Linux. The source and destination mount points are expected as arguments. Drive partitions begin at the number 1, making the first partition number 1.",
101-500,3,Which option within a partition-mounting command will cause the partition to be mounted in such a way as to prevent execution of programs? ,execless ,stoprun ,noexec ,norun ,The noexec option will prevent programs from being executed that reside on the partition. The noexec option is used frequently for mounting the /tmp partition.,
101-500,2,"When working with partitions on disk, you see the type 0x82. Which type of partition is this? ",Linux ,Linux swap ,NTFS ,FAT ,"0x82 is Linux swap, and 0x83 is Linux. NTFS is 0x07, and FAT is 0.0c.",
101-500,2,"Which partition type should be created for a Linux system, non-swap partition? ",82,83,84,L ,The partition type 0x83 should be created for a normal Linux partition. Type 82 is used for swap, 84 is an OS/2 partition. There is no L type.
101-500,1,Which command can be used to determine the location of a given executable that would be run if typed from your current environment and location? ,which ,what ,whatis ,when ,The which command returns the full path to the given command and is useful for determining both whether a given command is available and the location from which the command will run.,
101-500,1,Which of the following commands will correctly change the group ownership of the file called a.out to users? ,chgrp users a.out ,chgrp a.out users ,groupchg a.out users ,grpchg users a.out ,The chgrp command can be used to change group ownership of a file. The order is chgrp <groupname> <target>.,
101-500,3,"Another administrator made a change to one of the local scripts used for administrative purposes. The change was also immediately reflected in your copy of the script. However, when examining the file with ls, you see that it appears to be a normal file. What is the likely cause of such a scenario? ",The file was executed after edit. ,The administrator copied the file to yours. ,Your file is a hard link to the original. ,The file has been restored from backup. ,"The file is almost certainly a hard link to the original script. Although ls won’t show this information, the stat command will show that it is a link and also show the inode to which the file is linked.",
101-500,1,Which of the following commands shows the usage of inodes across all filesystems? ,df -i ,ls -i ,du -i ,dm -i ,"The -i option to df produces information on inodes across all filesystems. The ls -i option will produce inode listings, but only for the current directory. The -i option is invalid for du, and dm does not exist as a command.",
101-500,3,"You’re running fsck on an ext3 filesystem, and the process is taking longer than expected and requiring input from the administrator to fix issues. What option could be added to fsck next time so that the command will automatically attempt to fix errors without intervention? ",-o ,-V ,-y ,-f ,"The -y option will attempt to repair automatically, essentially answering y or yes instead of prompting. Of the other options, only -V is valid and will produce verbose output.",
101-500,2,Which of the following describes a primary difference between ext2 and ext3 filesystems? ,ext3 was primarily a bug fix update to ext2. ,ext3 includes journaling for the filesystem. ,ext3 completely changed the tools needed for management of the disks. ,ext3 filesystems have no significant differences. ,The addition of journaling in ext3 increased filesystem reliability and performance.,
101-500,3,Which option to umask will display the permissions to be used in a Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) format? ,-P ,-p ,-S ,-v ,"The -S option displays output in a format such as u=rwx,g=rx,o=rx. The other options listed do not perform the desired operation.",
101-500,2,Which option to ln creates a symlink to another file? ,-sl ,-s ,-l ,--ln ,"The -s option to ln creates a symbolic link, or symlink.",
101-500,3,"Which of the following commands can be used if you need to locate various elements of a given command, such as its binaries and man pages? ",whatis ,find ,whereis ,ls ,"The whereis command displays pertinent information about the command given as its argument. For example, entering whereis apache2 on a Debian system will show the binary location, configuration file location, and other relevant details.",
101-500,1,Which option in /etc/updatedb.conf will remove a path from inclusion in the results? ,PRUNEPATHS ,EXCLUDEPATHS ,INCLUDEEXCLUDE ,SEPARATEPATH ,The PRUNEPATHS option accepts a space-separated list of paths to remove from the results. The other options listed do not exist.,
101-500,4,"According to the filesystem hierarchy standard (FHS), what is the correct location for site-specific data for a server? ",/etc ,/var ,/tmp ,/srv ,"The /srv hierarchy is used for data for server programs. The /etc hierarchy is configuration information; /var is also data files but variable, such as mail files. The /tmp directory is for temporary files.",
101-500,3,Which of the following commands enables the sticky bit for a user on a file called homescript.sh? ,chmod +sticky homescript.sh ,chmod 755 homescript.sh ,chmod u+s homescript.sh ,chown u+sticky homescript.sh ,"The chmod command is used for this purpose, and the u+s option sets the sticky bit for the user on the specified target.",
101-500,2,Which option to the mount command will mount all filesystems that are currently available in /etc/fstab? ,-g ,-a ,-r ,-y ,The -a option mounts all filesystems in /etc/fstab that are currently available. This option is typically used if the mount points are not mounted at boot time or another mount point is added to the system after it has been booted.,
101-500,2,Which command is used to format a swap partition? ,fdisk ,mkswap ,formatswap ,format -s ,The mkswap command formats a swap partition. The fdisk command is used to create the partition itself but not format it. The other two options do not exist.,
101-500,1,Which command and option is used to display the number of times that a filesystem has been mounted? ,tune2fs -l ,cat /etc/fstab ,mount -a ,less /etc/fsmnt ,"The tune2fs command displays a lot of information about filesystems, and when used with the -l option, the output includes the number of times that the filesystem has been mounted.",
101-500,1,Which option to xfs_metadump displays a progress indicator? ,-g ,-p ,-f ,-v ,The -g option displays progress of the dump. The other options listed do not exist.,
101-500,1,The system is running out of disk space within the home directory partition and quotas have not been enabled. Which command can you use to determine the directories that might contain large files? ,du ,df ,ls ,locate ,"The du command will report on disk usage in a recursive manner, unlike the other commands shown here.",
101-500,3,"Which file contains information about the filesystems to mount, their partitions, and the options that should be used to mount them? ",/etc/filesystems ,/etc/mounts ,/etc/fstab ,/srv/mounts ,The /etc/fstab file is used to store information about the filesystems to mount within the system.,
101-500,4,"According to the FHS, what is the proper mount point for removable media? ",/etc ,/srv ,/tmp ,/media ,The /media mount point is used for removable media. See https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/lsb/fhs-30 for more information on the FHS.,
101-500,1,"Which file contains information on currently mounted filesystems, including their mount options? ",/etc/mtab ,/etc/fstab ,/tmp/files ,/etc/filesystems ,The /etc/mtab file contains currently mounted filesystems. Note that /etc/fstab contains filesystem information but doesn’t report which filesystems are currently mounted.,
101-500,2,Which option to umount will cause the command to attempt to remount the filesystem in read-only mode if the unmounting process fails? ,-o ,-r ,-f ,-v ,"The -r option causes umount to attempt to remount in read-only mode. The -v option is verbose mode, and the -f option forces the operation. The -o option does not exist.",
101-500,1,The umask reports as 022. What is the permission that will be in effect for a newly nonexecutable created file? ,"u+rw, g+r, w+r ",755,22,a+r ,The 022 umask will translate into 644 permissions on a new nonexecutable file.,
101-500,3,The locate command is reporting out-of-date information. Which command should be run in order to have the locate command update its database? ,locatedb -u ,locate -u ,updatedb ,updatelocate ,The updatedb command will update the database used by the locate command.,
101-500,1,Which shell built-in command can be used to determine what command will be run? ,type ,when ,find ,help ,"The type built-in returns the location that the shell will use in order to run the given command. The find command cannot be used for this purpose, and the other commands do not exist.",
101-500,2,Which option to chown recursively changes the ownership? ,-f ,-R ,-a ,-m ,The -R option will perform the change ownership in a recursive manner.,
101-500,4,Which of the following represents the correct format for the /etc/fstab file? ,<directory> <device> <type> <options> ,<device> <type> <options> ,<device> <type> <options> <directory> <dump> <fsck> ,<filesystem> <mount point> <type> <options> <dump> <pass> ,"The proper order is the device (UUID or partition) or filesystem to mount, followed by the mount point or directory to mount that device, followed by its type and options, and then the dump and pass settings.",
101-500,1,Which of the following commands is used to identify the UUID for partitions? ,blkid ,ls ,find ,cat ,The blkid command will show partition UUIDs. You can also get this information with the lsblk -no UUID <partition> command. The other commands shown in this question do not accomplish the required task.,
101-500,1,Which of the following describes the priority order for configuration files with systemd? ,"Files in /etc/, files in /run, and then files in /lib ","Files in /run, files in /etc/, and then files in /lib ","Files in /lib, files in /run, and then files in /etc ","Files in /lib, files in /etc, and then files in /run ","Priority order for systemd configuration files are those within the /etc/ hierarchy, followed by files in the /run/ hierarchy, followed by files in the /lib/ hierarchy.",
101-500,1,Which options to the fsck command will find and automatically assume that it should repair errors that it finds? ,-y ,-vy ,-my ,-xy ,The -y option causes fsck to assume yes instead of prompting when repairing a filesystem. The -v option is verbosity. There is no -m or -x option for fsck.,
101-500,3,Which option to mke2fs sets the type of filesystem to be created? ,-F ,-a ,-t ,-e ,"The -t option sets the filesystem type as ext2, ext3, or ext4. The mke2fs command is typically symlinked from /sbin/mkfs.ext2, /sbin/mkfs.ext3, and /sbin/mkfs.ext4. The -F option forces mke2fs to create a filesystem, and the -a and -e options do not exist.",
101-500,2,Which of the following files is the default configuration file for the autofs automounter? ,/etc/autofs ,/etc/auto.master ,/etc/autofs.conf ,/etc/automounter.conf ,The file /etc/auto.master contains the configuration for autofs. The other files listed as options are not valid for this scenario.,
101-500,3,Which of the following commands is used to create an ISO filesystem? ,mkiso ,mkfsiso ,mkisofs ,isofs-mk ,"The mkisofs command creates an ISO filesystem, which can then be written to a CD or DVD. The other commands listed are not valid.",
101-500,2,Which option to the tune2fs command sets the maximum mount count before the system will automatically run fsck on the partition on boot? ,-b ,-c ,-C ,-a ,The -c option sets the maximum mount count. The -C option sets the current number of mounts. The -b and -a options do not exist.,
101-500,4,Which option to the mount command can be used to simulate the mount process without actually mounting the filesystem? ,-q ,-v ,-l ,-f ,"The -f option, also known as fake, is helpful for situations where you need to debug the mount process or when you need to add an entry to /etc/mtab for a previously mounted filesystem. The -l option shows labels, and -v is verbose. There is no -q option.",
101-500,3,"When viewing /proc/mounts, you see a filesystem with the letters ro in the fourth column. To what do the letters ro refer? ",relative option ,realtime option ,read-only ,relative-only ,"The letters ro indicate that the filesystem has been mounted read-only, meaning that it is not possible to perform a write to the filesystem. The other possible option is rw, indicating that the filesystem has been mounted read-write.",
101-500,3,Which option to dumpe2fs displays the bad blocks for a given partition? ,-bb ,-C ,-b ,-f ,"Bad blocks are shown with the -b option. The -f option forces dumpe2fs to perform the requested operation, and the other command options do not exist.",
101-500,4,Which of the following filesystem types features copy-on-write? ,ext3 ,ext4 ,FAT ,Btrfs ,Btrfs is based on the copy-on-write principle and is generally considered more advanced than ext4 and its predecessors. FAT is a legacy filesystem primarily used for DOS and its follow-ons like Windows.,
101-500,2,Which of the following commands displays filesystem geometry for an XFS filesystem? ,xfsinfo ,xfs_info ,xfs -info ,xfs --info ,"The xfs_info command, which is functionally equivalent to xfs_grow -n, displays information about an XFS-formatted filesystem.",
101-500,1,Which of the following commands can be used to display information such as the UUID for partitions on a system? ,blkid ,blockdev ,devinfo ,uuidinfo ,"The blkid command shows information about partitions including their type, their UUID, and other basic information. The other commands shown do not exist.",
101-500,3,Which option to the umount command will cause it to unmount only filesystems of the specified type? ,-v ,-f ,-t ,-a ,"The -t option, which can accept a comma-separated list of types, specifies that only filesystems of the listed type are to be unmounted. This is useful in conjunction with the -a option, which unmounts all filesystems except /proc. The -v option is verbose, and -f forces the operation to continue.",
101-500,4,Which command causes unwritten data to be written to disk immediately? ,write ,wrnow ,connwrite ,sync ,The sync command writes unwritten data to the disk immediately and is useful to run just prior to attempting an unmount operation.,
101-500,3,Which option to xfs_check is used to verify a filesystem that is stored in a file? ,-v ,-a ,-f ,-d ,"The -f option specifies that xfs_check should check the contents of the named file for consistency. The -v option sets verbosity, and there is no -d or -a option.",
101-500,2,Which option to debugfs causes the filesystem to be opened in read-write mode rather than the default read-only? ,-rw ,-w ,-r ,-n ,"The -w option causes debugfs to open the filesystem in read-write mode. There is also a -c option to open in catastrophic mode for filesystems with significant damage. The -rw, -r, and -n options are not valid.",
101-500,4,"Which daemon is responsible for monitoring Self-Monitoring, Analysis, and Reporting Technology (SMART)-compatible hard drives? ",smartmon ,smarty ,sartd ,smartd ,The smartd daemon monitors SMART-compatible disks for notable events and can be configured to send alerts when events occur. The other commands listed are not valid for this scenario.,
101-500,1,"When checking an ext3 filesystem, which option to the fsck.ext3 command causes it to run the check even if the filesystem is apparently marked as clean? ",–f ,-m ,-a ,-c ,"The -f option forces fsck to run on an otherwise clean filesystem for ext3 filesystems. This can be helpful for times when you suspect there is an error on the filesystem and need to verify the integrity of the filesystem as part of the troubleshooting process. This can also be helpful to prepare the filesystem for conversion, such as might be the case with a tool like btrfs-convert.",
101-500,1,You are performing an xfsrestore. The xfsdump was executed with a block size of 4MB. Which option do you need to invoke on xfsrestore in order for it to successfully use this dump? ,-b 4M ,-g 1M ,-i 1M ,-k 1028K ,"The block size for import or restore must match the block size used on export or dump. Block size is specified with the -b option, making option A correct. The other options are not valid for xfsrestore.",
101-500,2,You see the word defaults within /etc/fstab. Which options are encompassed within the defaults? ,"ro, exec, auto ","rw, suid, dev, exec, auto, nouser, async ","rw, exec, auto, nouser, async ","rw, exec, nouser, async, noauto, suid ","A filesystem with the word defaults for its mount options will be mounted read-write (rw), suid, with the ability to have executables (exec). The filesystem will be auto-mounted (auto), but users will not be able to mount it (nouser). Character and block special devices will be interpreted (dev), and operations on the disk will be performed in an asynchronous manner (async).",
101-500,2,Which of the following commands creates a btrfs subvolume? ,btrfs create subvolume ,btrfs subvolume create ,btrfs sv create ,btrfs svcreate ,The btrfs subvolume create command creates a btrfs subvolume. The other commands are not valid.,
101-500,3,Which of the following options to xfsdump sets the maximum size for files to be included in the dump? ,-p ,-s ,-z ,-b ,"The -z option sets the maximum size for files to be included in the dump. The -b option sets the block size but is not related to what is being asked for in this scenario. The –s option sets the path for inclusion in the dump, and -p sets the interval for progress indicators.",
101-500,3,Which option to the tune2fs command sets the behavior when a filesystem error occurs? ,-f ,-d ,-e ,-k ,"The -e option sets the behavior, such as continue, remount read-only, or panic, when an error occurs at the filesystem level. The -f option forces whatever operation you’re requesting to continue even if there are errors. The -d and -k options are not valid.",
101-500,4,The /etc filesystem has been mounted as a read-only for a recovery process. You need to mount another partition. Which option to the mount command causes it to not write to /etc/mtab? ,-a ,-m ,-b ,-n ,The -n option causes mount to not write to /etc/mtab and is particularly useful for the scenario described. The -a option mounts all filesystems in /etc/fstab. There is no -b or -a option.,
101-500,1,Which of the following commands deactivates swap space? ,swapoff ,swap -off ,unmountswap ,uswap ,"The swapoff command deactivates swap space, thereby making it unavailable as virtual memory on the system. The other commands shown as options are not valid.",
101-500,1,"Within the [mount] section of a systemd mount unit, which directive specifies the location for mounting the chosen filesystem? ",Where= ,Location= ,List= ,Dest= ,The Where= directive specifies the location for the final mounted filesystem.,
101-500,1,Which of the following commands can be used to format a FAT filesystem? ,mkfs.fat ,mkfs -f ,mkfs --fat ,mkfat ,"The mkfs.fat or mkfs.vfat commands are valid for creation of FAT filesystems. There is no -f option to mkfs, and there is no mkfat command.",
101-500,4,Which of the following commands adds a journal to an existing ext2 filesystem? ,tune2fs -jrn ,e2fs -x ,tune3fs ,tune2fs -j ,"The tune2fs command is used for working with ext2, ext3, and ext4 filesystems. The -j option adds a journal. The other commands are not valid.",
101-500,1,Which of the following commands creates a snapshot of a btrfs subvolume? ,btrfs subvolume snapshot ,btrfs snapshot --create ,btrfs create snapshot ,btrfs --create ,The snapshot subcommand of btrfs subvolume creates a snapshot. The other commands shown are not valid.,
101-500,1,Which option to xfs_repair will force log zeroing even if there may be metadata within the log? ,-L ,-v ,-d ,-V ,"The -L option forces the log to be cleared or zeroed out, which may cause a loss of data. The -v option sets verbose output; -V prints the version. The -d option performs a dangerous repair, which can be used on a read-only filesystem.",
101-500,3,Which of the following commands mounts a filesystem in read-only mode? ,mount read-only ,mount --read ,mount -o ro ,mount -or ,"The -o option enables the setting of one or more options for the mount command, and ro is read-only. Note that the -r option will also mount as read-only. The other options shown are not valid.",
101-500,2,"When you are using tune2fs to set an extended option such as stripe_width, which command-line option is needed to signify that an extended option follows? ",-extend ,-E ,-e ,-f ,"The -E option signals that an extended option follows, such as stripe_width. The -f option forces an operation but should not be necessary for this solution, and the -e option sets the behavior on error. There is no -extend option.",
101-500,1,Which utility is used for formatting GPT disks? ,gdisk ,gptdisk ,gpdisk ,pgdisk ,The gdisk utility is the equivalent of fdisk for working with GPT partitions. Later versions of fdisk can also be used to manage GPT partitions.,
101-500,1,What is the maximum size of a partition on an MBR-formatted disk? ,2TB ,4TB ,2MB ,512TB ,The maximum size for a partition on an MBR disk is 2 terabytes. GPT has largely replaced MBR on newer Linux systems.,
101-500,3,Which option to mkfs.ext4 can be used to prevent reservation of blocks for system or superuser use? ,-r 0 ,-r 0b ,-m 0 ,-m 0b,The -m option with 0 will format the partition with no reserved blocks for superuser or system use. The -r option sets the filesystem revision.,
101-500,2,What is the default time in seconds that xfs_fsr will use to reorganize a filesystem? ,3600,7200,86400,5150,"The default time for filesystem reorganization is two hours, or 7200 seconds.",
101-500,3,"A user who is a member of the custom admins group is attempting to read the contents of a file but is not the owner of the file. Rather than granting sudo access to this file, what is another way to grant read access, assuming that the file is currently marked with 640 permissions? Note that you should choose the most appropriate answer to fulfill the need while minimizing additional privileges. ",Grant root access to the user. ,Run chmod 777 on the file. ,Use chgrp to change group ownership to admins. ,Use chown to change the ownership of the file to the individual user. ,"The file permissions are 640, meaning that the group owner can read the file. Therefore, changing group ownership should have the fewest side effects. Granting root access is not preferred, especially noting that the problem statement indicated that granting sudo wasn’t preferred. While using chown on the file to change the owner would also work, it’s likely to have additional side effects that could prevent the owner of the file from reading and writing, and there isn’t enough information in the problem for that. Finally, running chmod 777 is almost never the correct solution to any problem on Linux.",
101-500,2,Which option to lsblk shows empty devices? ,-g ,-a ,-r ,-y ,"The -a option shows all devices, even those that are empty. The -r option is for raw devices, and the other options do not exist.",
101-500,4,The /media/ mount point is used frequently for which types of devices? ,Hard drives ,SAN ,NAS ,USB devices ,USB devices and others removable media can typically be found within the /media/mount point.,
101-500,3,Which of the following commands is used to format an exFAT filesystem? ,mkexfat ,mkfat.ex ,mkfs.exfat ,mkfs2.exf ,"The mkfs-related commands are typically used for formatting filesystems on Linux. In this case, mkfs.exfat is the correct option for formatting exFAT filesystems.",
101-500,3,Which of the following commands is used for debugging an XFS-formatted filesystem? ,debug_xfs ,xfs_debug ,xfs_db ,debugxfs ,The xfs_db command is used for debugging XFS-formatted filesystems.,
101-500,3,You’re working with an ext2 filesystem and you suspect the superblock is corrupted. Which option to e2fsck enables you to specify the location of an alternate superblock? ,-B ,-s ,-b ,-o ,"The -b option is used to specify an alternate superblock and helps in the scenario described, where the superblock has been damaged. The -B option specifies the block size. There is no –s or -o option for e2fsck.",
101-500,1,"Which option to df shows the numerical output in larger size increments, like MB, GB, TB, and so on rather than in bytes? ",-h ,-m ,-n ,-s ,The -h option is the flag for human-readable formatting and shows numerical output in larger size increments rather than bytes. The other options are not valid for df.,
101-500,2,"Assuming the use of Bash for the shell, in which file can the umask be set such that the file creation mask is set automatically on login? ",/etc/umask.def ,/etc/profile ,/etc/bash.d/umask ,/etc/bash.umask ,The /etc/profile file is one of a few locations in which default options can be set for users of Bash. The other file locations shown do not exist.,
101-500,1,"You need to enable two users to edit the same file but keep their own individual changes. Another administrator suggested making a symbolic link for the file. Is a symbolic link the appropriate solution for this scenario and, if not, what is? ",A symbolic link is not appropriate because the users cannot keep their own changes. A copy would be a better option. ,"A symbolic link is appropriate here because each user can access the file, assuming write permissions. ",A symbolic link is not appropriate given that the users will not have permissions on symbolic links. Linux cannot meet the scenario described. ,"A symbolic link is appropriate because symbolic links have the ability to do version control, thus enabling the scenario. ","A symbolic link will not work. The users would be editing the same file and, without saving as a different filename, would not be able to keep their own edits.",
101-500,2,You have deleted a user from the system and want to determine if this user still has files on the system. Which command will fulfill this scenario? ,locate <user> ,find -uid <uid> ,find -user <user> ,fileloc -user <user> ,"The find command will be used for this purpose, and the -uid option will need to be used because the user has already been deleted. If the user had not been deleted, then the -user option would still work.",
101-500,1,You need to update the locate database. Which of the following commands is used for this purpose? ,updatedb ,locatedb ,updlocdb ,locdbupd ,The updatedb command is used to update the locate database. The other commands are not valid.,
101-500,2,Which option to lsblk shows the UUID of each filesystem? ,–u ,-f ,-o ,-a ,"The -f option shows the UUIDs of the filesystems mounted on the system. The -a option shows all devices, the -o option enables specification of output columns, and the -u option does not exist.",
101-500,3,Which option to mkswap checks the device for bad blocks before formatting? ,-b ,-B ,-c ,-d ,The -c option checks for bad blocks before formatting. The other options are not valid with mkswap.,
101-500,4,You are examining output from ls -la and one file contains the permissions -rwSrw-r--. To what does the S refer? ,Specific execute ,Source formatting ,Selective execution ,Sticky bit ,The sticky bit has been set on the file as denoted by an uppercase S.,
101-500,3,You need to change file permissions to be setgid for a file called sync.sh. The file is normally permission 755. Which of the following commands accomplishes this task? ,chmod 2775 sync.sh ,chmod u+s sync.sh ,chmod 2755 sync.sh ,chmod 4755 sync.sh ,"Using octal form, 4 is user, 2 is group, and 1 is sticky bit. Therefore, 2755 would have setgid for the file.",
101-500,3,Which of the following commands finds files with a .sql extension across the entire filesystem? ,"find . -name ""*.sql"" ",find /root -ext sql ,"find / -name ""*.sql"" ","find / -exten "".sql"" ","The -name option is used for this purpose, and / indicates the root of the system. A * wildcard is used to indicate all filenames ending in .sql, as described in the scenario.",
101-500,2,"When working with /etc/fstab to mount by UUID, which syntax is correct as the first column in /etc/fstab, assuming a UUID denoted by <UUID>? ",<UUID> ,UUID=<UUID> ,ID=<UUID> ,GPT=<UUID> ,The UUID=<UUID> syntax is correct for the /etc/fstab file.,
101-500,3,Which option to du displays information on inode usage? ,-i ,-h ,--inodes ,-d ,"The --inodes option shows inode usage with du. The -h option is human-readable, and -d sets the maximum depth. There is no -i option for du.",
101-500,1,Which of the following find commands will look for files that are over 1GB in size? ,find -size +1G ,find -size 1GB ,find -fssize +1GB ,find -filesize +1G ,"The -size option is used with find for this purpose, and the +1G argument will look for files greater than 1 gigabyte. Note that if the + is omitted, only files of the exact size are found.",
101-500,2,You have a set of libraries that were installed into /usr/local/lib and would like to ensure that the libraries are also available in /usr/lib. What is the preferred way to make the libraries available in this location? ,Copy the libraries. ,Create a symbolic link. ,Move the libraries. ,Create a script to synchronize the libraries between the two locations with rsync.,A symbolic link is the preferred method because it does not require additional maintenance that a script would or that copying would in order to keep the libraries current. Moving the libraries may have unintended consequences if another program is dependent on the libraries in that location.,
1
LEVEL
ANSWER
QUESTION
1
2
3
4
EXPLICATION
2
101-500
4
1. Which of the following commands is used to view kernel-related udev events in real time?Which of the following commands is used to view kernel-related udev events in real time?
udevls all
lsudev -f
udevmon -a
udevadm monitor
The udevadm command is used to work with the udev interface of the kernel, and the monitor subcommand displays kernel uevents and other udev events in real time.
3
101-500
2
2. Which command enables you to view the current interrupt request (IRQ) assignments?Which command enables you to view the current interrupt request (IRQ) assignments?
view /proc/irq
cat /proc/interrupts
cat /dev/irq
less /dev/irq
Current IRQ assignments are contained in the file /proc/interrupts. Therefore, viewing the contents of the file with a command such as cat will work. There is no “view” command, making option 1 incorrect. Likewise, there is no /dev/irq file, making options 3 and 4 incorrect.
4
101-500
4
3. Configuration of udev devices is done by working with files in which directory? Configuration of udev devices is done by working with files in which directory?
/udev/devices
/devices/
/udev/config
/etc/udev
Configuration files for udev are found in /etc/udev, which makes option 4 correct. The other options do not exist.
5
101-500
1
4. Which command is used to automatically load a module and its dependencies? Which command is used to automatically load a module and its dependencies?
modprobe
lsmod
insmod
rmmod
The modprobe command loads the module and its dependencies, if applicable. The lsmod command is used to list currently loaded modules, making option 2 incorrect. The insmod command will load a given module but not its dependencies. Option 4, rmmod, is used to remove a module from memory.
6
101-500
2
5. Which command is used to obtain a list of USB devices? Which command is used to obtain a list of USB devices?
usb-list
lsusb
ls-usb
ls --usb
The lsusb command is used to obtain a basic list of USB devices on a system. The other commands are not valid. In the case of option 4, the ls command is valid, but there is no --usb option.
7
101-500
2
6. When working with hotplug devices, you need to gather more information about them through udevadm. Which udevadm command enables you to query the udev database for information on a device? When working with hotplug devices, you need to gather more information about them through udevadm. Which udevadm command enables you to query the udev database for information on a device?
query
info
getinfo
devinfo
The info command for udevadm enables querying for additional information about a hotplug device managed with udev.
8
101-500
4
7. Which command can be used to view the kernel ring buffer in order to troubleshoot the boot process? Which command can be used to view the kernel ring buffer in order to troubleshoot the boot process?
lsboot
boot-log
krblog
dmesg
The dmesg command displays the contents of the kernel ring buffer. On many Linux distributions, this log is also saved to /var/log/dmesg. The other options shown for this question are not valid commands.
9
101-500
3
8. During the initialization process for a Linux system using SysV init, which runlevel corresponds to single-user mode? During the initialization process for a Linux system using SysV init, which runlevel corresponds to single-user mode?
Runlevel 5
Runlevel SU
Runlevel 1
Runlevel 6
Runlevel 1, sometimes displayed as runlevel s or S, is single-user mode in which many services are not started. Runlevels 5 and 6 are used for other purposes, and runlevel SU is not a valid option.
10
101-500
4
9. On a system using SysV init, in which directory are the startup and shutdown scripts for services stored? On a system using SysV init, in which directory are the startup and shutdown scripts for services stored?
/etc/init-d
/etc/init
/etc/sysV
/etc/init.d
Scripts are stored in /etc/init.d on a system using SysV init. You may sometimes find these linked from /etc/rc.d/init.d as well. The other options are not valid for this question.
11
101-500
1
10. Which command can be used to reboot a system? Which command can be used to reboot a system?
init 6
shutdown -h -t now
init 1
refresh-system
The init command can be used to access different runlevels. Runlevel 6 is used for rebooting the system. Option 2 will shut down the system entirely, not reboot it. Option 3 will place the system into single-user mode. Option 4 is not a valid option.
12
101-500
3
11. When using an SysV init-based system, which command would you use if you make changes to the /etc/inittab file and want those changes to be reloaded without a reboot? When using an SysV init-based system, which command would you use if you make changes to the /etc/inittab file and want those changes to be reloaded without a reboot?
init-refresh
init 6
telinit
reload-inittab
The telinit command can be used to refresh the system after changes have been made to /etc/inittab. Notably, option 2 will reboot the system but that was not an option in the question. Options 1 and 4 are not valid commands.
13
101-500
4
12. Which command displays the current runlevel for a system? Which command displays the current runlevel for a system?
show-level
init --level
sudo init
runlevel
The runlevel command displays the current runlevel for a system. Option 2 is not a valid option to the init command, and adding sudo in front of the init command makes no difference. Option 1 is not a valid command.
14
101-500
3
13. Within which folder are systemd unit configuration files stored? Within which folder are systemd unit configuration files stored?
/etc/system.conf.d
/lib/system.conf.d
/lib/systemd/system
/etc/sysconfd
Unit configuration files are stored in /lib/systemd/system. The other directory options for this question are not relevant or do not exist by default.
15
101-500
2
14. Which command is used with systemd in order to list the available service units? Which command is used with systemd in order to list the available service units?
systemd list-units
systemctl list-units
systemd unit-list
systemctl show-units
The systemctl command is used to work with services and targets. The list-units command is used to list targets. The other commands are not used for this purpose or do not exist with the required option.
16
101-500
3
15. Which option to lspci is used to display both numeric codes and device names? Which option to lspci is used to display both numeric codes and device names?
-numdev
-n
-nn
-devnum
The -nn option displays both numbers and device names, making option 3 correct. The -n option (option 2) displays only numbers. The other two options do not exist.
17
101-500
4
16. Which command can be used to obtain a list of currently loaded kernel modules? Which command can be used to obtain a list of currently loaded kernel modules?
insmod
modlist
ls --modules
lsmod
The lsmod command is used to list currently loaded kernel modules, making option 4 correct for this question. The insmod command (option 1) is used to load modules. Option 3 is a valid command but not a valid option for that command, and option 2 does not exist.
18
101-500
3
17. Which option to the modprobe command shows the dependencies for a given module? Which option to the modprobe command shows the dependencies for a given module?
--show-options
--list-deps
--show-depends
--list-all
The --show-depends option shows the modules that depend on the specified module. The other options do not exist.
19
101-500
2
18. Which command can you use to send a message to all users who are currently logged into a system? Which command can you use to send a message to all users who are currently logged into a system?
cat
wall
tee
ssh
The wall command is used to send a message to all users, thereby making option 2 correct. The cat command is used as a means to concatenate or view files, and tee is used to send output to standard output and a file. Finally, ssh is the secure shell client command and is not used for the purpose specified.
20
101-500
2
19. Which of the following is a good first troubleshooting step when a hard disk is not detected by the Linux kernel? Which of the following is a good first troubleshooting step when a hard disk is not detected by the Linux kernel?
Unplug the disk.
Check the system BIOS.
Restart the web server service.
Run the disk-detect command.
Checking to ensure that the disk is detected in the basic input/output system (BIOS) is a good first step in troubleshooting. Option 1, unplugging the disk, won’t help it to be detected. Restarting the web server won’t help detect the disk, and the disk-detect command does not exist.
21
101-500
4
20. Within which directory is information about USB devices stored? Within which directory is information about USB devices stored?
/etc/usbdevices
/var/usb
/lib/sys/usb
/sys/bus/usb/devices
The /sys/bus/usb/devices directory contains information about USB devices. The other directories are not valid for this purpose.
22
101-500
4
21. If the kernel ring buffer has been overwritten, within which file can you look to find boot messages? If the kernel ring buffer has been overwritten, within which file can you look to find boot messages?
/var/log/bootmessages
/var/log/mail.info
/var/adm/log/boot.info
/var/log/dmesg
The file /var/log/dmesg will typically contain historical messages from the current booting of the system. On some distributions of Linux, this information is also in /var/log/boot.log.
23
101-500
3
22. Which command and option can be used to determine whether a given service is currently loaded? Which command and option can be used to determine whether a given service is currently loaded?
systemctl --ls
telinit
systemctl status
sysctl -a
Out of the options given, the systemctl status command and option is the most appropriate. The telinit and sysctl commands are not used for this purpose. Likewise, the --ls option is not valid for systemctl.
24
101-500
2
23. Which command on a systemd-controlled system would place the system into single-user mode? Which command on a systemd-controlled system would place the system into single-user mode?
systemctl one
systemctl isolate rescue.target
systemctl single-user
systemctl runlevel one
The isolate option is used to move the system into the target specified, making option 2 the correct one. The other options do not exist.
25
101-500
1
24. Which command on a system controlled by Upstart will reload the configuration files? Which command on a system controlled by Upstart will reload the configuration files?
initctl reload
systemd reload
upstart --reload
ups -reload
The initctl reload command causes Upstart to reread its configuration files.
26
101-500
2
25. When working with a SysV system, which option to chkconfig will display all services and their runlevels? When working with a SysV system, which option to chkconfig will display all services and their runlevels?
--reload
--list
--all
--ls
The --list option will show all services on a system along with their status for each runlevel.
27
101-500
3
26. A drive connected to USB is considered which type of device? A drive connected to USB is considered which type of device?
Medium
Coldplug
Hotplug
Sideplug
USB devices are generally considered to be hotplug devices. Hotplug devices describe those devices that can be inserted and removed while the system is “hot,” or powered on, whereas coldplug devices are those that must be inserted and removed when the system is powered off.
28
101-500
2
27. The system is using a temporary flash USB disk for data mounted at /dev/sda1. You need to remove the disk. Which of the following commands will enable the disk to be safely removed from the system? The system is using a temporary flash USB disk for data mounted at /dev/sda1. You need to remove the disk. Which of the following commands will enable the disk to be safely removed from the system?
usbstop /dev/sda
umount /dev/sda1
unmount /dev/sda1
dev-eject /dev/sda1
The umount command is used to unmount drives within a running system. The other commands do not exist.
29
101-500
4
28. You have connected a USB disk to the system and need to find out its connection point within the system. Which of the following is the best method for accomplishing this task? You have connected a USB disk to the system and need to find out its connection point within the system. Which of the following is the best method for accomplishing this task?
Rebooting the system
Viewing the contents of /var/log/usb.log
Connecting the drive to a USB port that you know the number of
Running dmesg and looking for the disk
Of the options presented, running dmesg is a common way to determine the location to which the kernel has assigned the drive. Rebooting the system is not a good option, though it would work. There is no such thing as /var/log/usb.log, and the location of the drive may change regardless of port, depending on how the drive may be detected in the system.
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29. Which of the following commands will initiate an immediate shutdown of the system? Which of the following commands will initiate an immediate shutdown of the system?
shutdown -c
halt
systemd stop
stop-system
From these options, only 2 will shut down the system immediately. Option 1 will cancel a shutdown.
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30. Which option within a systemd service file indicates the program to execute? Which option within a systemd service file indicates the program to execute?
StartProgram
ShortCut
ExecStart
Startup
The ExecStart option indicates the command to be executed on startup of a systemd service.
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31. Which command will display the default target on a computer running systemd? Which command will display the default target on a computer running systemd?
systemctl defaults
update-rc.d defaults
systemctl runlevel
systemctl get-default
The systemctl get-default command will show the default target. The other commands and options are not valid.
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32. Which option to the systemctl command will change a service so that it runs on the next boot of the system? Which option to the systemctl command will change a service so that it runs on the next boot of the system?
enable
startonboot
loadonboot
start
The enable option configures the service to start on boot. The start option, 4, is used to start a service immediately. The other options are not valid for this command.
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33. Which of the following best describes the /proc filesystem? Which of the following best describes the /proc filesystem?
/proc contains information about files to be processed.
/proc contains configuration files for processes.
/proc contains information on currently running processes, including the kernel.
/proc contains variable data such as mail and web files.
The /proc filesystem contains information about currently running processes and additional information about the kernel and current boot of the system.
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34. Which command will retrieve information about the USB connections on a computer in a tree-like format? Which command will retrieve information about the USB connections on a computer in a tree-like format?
lsusb -tree
lsusb --tree
lsusb -t
usblist --tree
The -t option to lsusb will print output in a tree-like format so that you can see which devices are connected to which bus. The other arguments to lsusb are not valid, and the usblist command is not real.
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35. What is one reason why a device driver does not appear in the output of lsmod, even though the device is loaded and working properly? What is one reason why a device driver does not appear in the output of lsmod, even though the device is loaded and working properly?
The use of systemd means that drivers are not required for most devices.
The use of initramfs means that support is enabled by default.
The system does not need a driver for the device.
Support for the device has been compiled directly into the kernel.
If a working device does not appear in lsmod, it typically means that the kernel has a driver already loaded by virtue of being compiled into the kernel itself rather than loaded through a module. The use of systemd (option 1) or initramfs (option 2) has no effect.
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36. Which option to rmmod will cause the module to wait until it’s no longer in use to unload the module? Which option to rmmod will cause the module to wait until it’s no longer in use to unload the module?
-test
-f
-w
-unload
The -w option causes the module to wait until it’s no longer needed prior to unloading. The -f option forces immediate removal and should be used with caution. The other options are not valid for rmmod.
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37. You are using a storage area network (SAN) that keeps causing errors on your Linux system due to an improper kernel module created by the SAN vendor. When the SAN sends updates, it causes the filesystem to be mounted as read-only. Which command and option can you use to change the behavior of the filesystem to account for the SAN bug? You are using a storage area network (SAN) that keeps causing errors on your Linux system due to an improper kernel module created by the SAN vendor. When the SAN sends updates, it causes the filesystem to be mounted as read-only. Which command and option can you use to change the behavior of the filesystem to account for the SAN bug?
mount --continue
tune2fs -e continue
mkfs --no-remount
mount -o remount
The tune2fs command can be used for this purpose but should be used with care because it can result in data corruption.
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38. Within which directory are rules related to udev stored? Within which directory are rules related to udev stored?
/etc/udev.conf
/etc/udev.conf.d
/etc/udev/rules.d
/etc/udev.d
Rules related to udev are stored in /etc/udev/rules.d. The /etc/udev hierarchy contains the udev.conf configuration file along with other components related to the configuration of udev.
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39. Which option to lspci displays the kernel driver in use for the given Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) device? Which option to lspci displays the kernel driver in use for the given Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) device?
-t
-k
-n
-a
The -k option shows the kernel driver associated with a given PCI device and can be helpful when planning a new kernel compile. The -t option displays information in a tree- like structure, and -n uses numbers instead of device names. There is no -a option.
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40. Within which of the following directories will you find blacklist information for modules loaded with modprobe? Within which of the following directories will you find blacklist information for modules loaded with modprobe?
/etc/blacklist
/etc/modprobe.d
/etc/blacklist.mod
/etc/modprobe
The /etc/modprobe.d directory is used for storing configuration information related to modules such as that used for blacklisting purposes but also for other configuration information, such as udev and module options.
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41. When working with a CentOS 6 system, which command is used to create the initial RAM disk? When working with a CentOS 6 system, which command is used to create the initial RAM disk?
mkinit
dracut
mkraminit
mkinitfs
The dracut command is used to create the initial RAM disk for newer systems and has replaced the legacy mkinitrd command used for the same purpose.
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42. Within which file will you find a list of the currently available kernel symbols? Within which file will you find a list of the currently available kernel symbols?
/proc/kernelsyms
/etc/kernel.conf
/etc/lsyms
/proc/kallsyms
The file /proc/kallsyms provides a way to view the currently loaded kernel symbols. This can be helpful for resolving module dependencies. Note that on legacy systems, this file might be called /proc/ksyms.
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43. Which of the following commands can be used to show the various information related to a currently loaded module, including core size and settings for options? Which of the following commands can be used to show the various information related to a currently loaded module, including core size and settings for options?
systool -v -m <module>
modinfo -r <module>
lsmod <module>
infmod <module>
The systool utility can be used to show currently loaded options for a given module. The modinfo -r command is not valid, and though modinfo shows information about a module, it does not include core size and other settings. The lsmod command cannot be used for this purpose, and there is no infmod command.
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44. Which directory contains various elements and configuration information about the kernel such as the release number, domain name, location of modprobe, and other settings? Which directory contains various elements and configuration information about the kernel such as the release number, domain name, location of modprobe, and other settings?
/proc/sys/kmod
/proc/sys/kernel
/proc/kernel
/proc/kernel/sys
The /proc/sys/kernel hierarchy contains vital configuration information about a kernel. These settings can be changed on a running system.
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45. Within which directory should systemd unit files that you create be stored? Within which directory should systemd unit files that you create be stored?
/etc/system
/etc/systemd/system
/usr/share/systemd
/usr/share/system
The /etc/systemd/system directory is where it is recommended to store unit files for systemd. The other locations are not valid.
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46. Which of the following commands should you execute after making changes to systemd service configurations in order for those changes to take effect? Which of the following commands should you execute after making changes to systemd service configurations in order for those changes to take effect?
systemd reload
reboot
systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl reboot
The systemctl command will be used for this purpose with the daemon-reload subcommand. The reboot option would work to reload the systemd configuration but is not correct because it requires the entire server to reboot, which is not what was asked in this question.
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47. Which of the following files contains the runlevels for the system along with a reference to the corresponding rc file? Which of the following files contains the runlevels for the system along with a reference to the corresponding rc file?
/etc/runlevels
/etc/inittab
/etc/rc
/etc/runlevel
The /etc/inittab file contains the various runlevels and what to run at the given runlevel. For example, runlevel 1 is single-user, runlevel 6 is reboot, and so on. The other files listed do not exist.
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48. Which boot loader can be used for File Allocation Table (FAT) filesystems and might be used for a rescue disk? Which boot loader can be used for File Allocation Table (FAT) filesystems and might be used for a rescue disk?
SYSBOOT
SYSLINUX
TIELINUX
FATLINUX
The SYSLINUX boot loader is used for FAT filesystems to create rescue disks and to assist with installation of Linux in general. SYSLINUX also describes an overall project containing other specialty boot loaders. The other options listed for this question are not valid boot loaders, though.
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49. Which of the following is used to provide an early filesystem-based loading process for key drivers needed to continue the boot process? Which of the following is used to provide an early filesystem-based loading process for key drivers needed to continue the boot process?
bootrd
driverload
initrd
initdrv
initrd is used for an initial root filesystem for early drivers. initrd is configured to load within the GRUB configuration file for a given operating system.
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50. When booting a system you receive an error similar to "No init found" and are then placed at an initramfs prompt. You need to check the hard drive for errors. Which of the following commands performs an error check on a hard drive partition in Linux? When booting a system you receive an error similar to "No init found" and are then placed at an initramfs prompt. You need to check the hard drive for errors. Which of the following commands performs an error check on a hard drive partition in Linux?
defrag
fsck
checkfs
chkfs
The fsck command is used to diagnose and repair hard drive problems in Linux. The defrag command is not available in Linux.
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51. Which of the following commands places the system in single-user mode? Which of the following commands places the system in single-user mode?
tellinit 1
chginit 1
telinet 1
telinit 1
The telinit command can be used for this purpose, and passing 1 as the argument will switch the system into single-user mode. The other commands shown are not valid.
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52. Which of the following commands changes the boot order for the next boot? Which of the following commands changes the boot order for the next boot?
efibootmgr -c
efibootmgr -b -B
efibootmgr -o
efibootmgr -n
The -n option changes the boot order for the next boot only and boots from the specified partition. The -b along with -B modifies and then deletes the option. The -o option sets the boot order. The -c option creates a boot number.
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53. Which boot loader can be used with ISO9660 CD-ROMS? Which boot loader can be used with ISO9660 CD-ROMS?
ISOLINUX
EFIBOOT
ISOFS
BOOTISO
ISOLINUX provides a means by which CD-ROMS formatted as ISO 9660 can be booted. It’s very common to have live CDs or rescue/recovery CDs that use ISOLINUX for boot. The other boot loaders are not valid for this purpose or don’t exist.
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54. Within which directory are systemd user unit files placed by installed packages? Within which directory are systemd user unit files placed by installed packages?
/usr/lib/systemd/user
/usr/lib/systemd/system
/usr/systemd
/usr/system
The /usr/lib/systemd hierarchy contains files related to systemd configuration. The user directory within the hierarchy is used for user unit files, and the system files are stored in /usr/lib/systemd/system.
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55. When using Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI), which of the following files can be used as a boot loader? When using Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI), which of the following files can be used as a boot loader?
shim.uefi
shim.efi
shim.fx
efi.shim
Due to the decidedly insecure decisions made with the design of Microsoft’s UEFI, a shim is often needed to enable Linux to boot on a system with UEFI. The shim.efi file can be used as an initial boot loader for this purpose.
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56. Which directory on a SysV init-based system contains scripts that are used for starting and stopping services? Which directory on a SysV init-based system contains scripts that are used for starting and stopping services?
/etc/rc.int
/etc/boot
/etc/bootscripts
/etc/init.d
Scripts for starting and stopping services are located in /etc/init.d on a SysV init-based system. The other directories listed within this question are not valid.
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57. Which of the following commands is used to find overriding configuration files on a systemd-based system? Which of the following commands is used to find overriding configuration files on a systemd-based system?
diff
systemctl -diff
systemd-delta
systemctl configoverride
The systemd-delta command is used to determine overridden configuration files. Of the other commands, diff is valid but not for this purpose. The systemctl command is also valid, but again, not for the purpose described.
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58. Which of the following commands on a Red Hat system lists all of the SysV services set to be executed on boot along with their setting for each runlevel? Which of the following commands on a Red Hat system lists all of the SysV services set to be executed on boot along with their setting for each runlevel?
rlevel
chkconfig --list
bootldr --list
init --bootlist
The chkconfig --list command displays all services that will be executed on boot along with the setting for each service for each runlevel. Of the other commands, the init command is valid but does not have a --bootlist option. The other commands are invalid.
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59. Which of the following commands, executed from within the UEFI shell, controls the boot configuration? Which of the following commands, executed from within the UEFI shell, controls the boot configuration?
bootcfg
bcfg
grub-install
grcfg
The bcfg command within the UEFI shell is used to configure boot loaders on a UEFI- based system. The command can accept various parameters to configure how the boot loader and kernel will load on boot. Of the other commands shown, grub-install is valid but not within the UEFI shell.
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60. Which file must exist within /tftpboot on the Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) server for a system that will use PXELINUX for its boot loader? Which file must exist within /tftpboot on the Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) server for a system that will use PXELINUX for its boot loader?
pxelinux.tftp
pxelinux.boot
pxelinux.conf
pxelinux.0
The pxelinux.0 file must exist within /tftpboot on the TFTP server in order for a system to use PXELINUX for booting. The other files are not valid or necessary for PXELINUX.
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61. Which utility can you use on a Debian or Ubuntu system to manage SysV init scripts, such as setting them to run on boot? Which utility can you use on a Debian or Ubuntu system to manage SysV init scripts, such as setting them to run on boot?
bootorder
bootloader
configchk
update-rc.d
The update-rc.d utility can be used to manage SysV init scripts on Debian or Ubuntu and other distributions. When using update-rc.d, you supply the script name and the utility will take care of creating symlinks to the appropriate runlevels.
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62. Which key, pressed during the operating system selection menu, is used to enable editing of the parameters related to boot with GRUB? Which key, pressed during the operating system selection menu, is used to enable editing of the parameters related to boot with GRUB?
v
e
r
y
The e key, when pressed at the right time during boot, will send you into the GRUB shell, where you can change parameters related to boot, such as the kernel options and other related parameters.
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63. Which systemctl subcommand is used to switch runlevels? Which systemctl subcommand is used to switch runlevels?
switch
move
runlevel
isolate
The isolate subcommand followed by the desired target is used to switch between runlevels with a systemd-based system. The other subcommands shown are not valid for systemctl.
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64. When examining the /etc/inittab file, which option signifies the default runlevel to which the system will boot? When examining the /etc/inittab file, which option signifies the default runlevel to which the system will boot?
default
defaultboot
initdefault
defaultlvl
The runlevel defined as initdefault is the default runlevel for the system. The other options shown do not exist.
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65. Which of the following is used instead of initrd to provide an early filesystem for essential drivers? Which of the following is used instead of initrd to provide an early filesystem for essential drivers?
initnext
initramfs
initialize
initfs
The initramfs system is used instead of initrd to create the filesystem-based loading process for key drivers that are needed for boot.
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66. Which of the following commands sets the default systemd target to multi-user? Which of the following commands sets the default systemd target to multi-user?
systemctl set-default multi-user.target
systemd set-default multi-user.target
systemctl set-def muser.target
systemd set-def muser.target
The systemctl command will be used for this purpose, and the set-default subcommand is necessary to affect the desired behavior. The target file is simply called multi-user.target.
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67. When using a shim for booting a UEFI-based system, which of the following files is loaded after shim.efi? When using a shim for booting a UEFI-based system, which of the following files is loaded after shim.efi?
grubx64.cfg
grub.conf
grubx64.efi
efi.boot
The shim.efi boot loader loads another boot loader, which is grubx64.efi by default. The other options are not valid filenames for the purpose described.
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68. Within which hierarchy are files from /etc/init.d linked so that the files are executed during the various runlevels of a SysV system? Within which hierarchy are files from /etc/init.d linked so that the files are executed during the various runlevels of a SysV system?
/etc/rc.S
/etc/rc
/etc/boot/rc
/etc/rc.d
The /etc/rc.d hierarchy contains symbolic links to files found within /etc/init.d. These symlinks are then used for executing the scripts at the appropriate runlevel. For example, on boot the system will execute the scripts found in the runlevel directory for each runlevel executed at boot time.
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69. What is the name of the unit to which a systemd system is booted in order to start other levels? What is the name of the unit to which a systemd system is booted in order to start other levels?
default.target
init.target
initial.target
load.target
The default.target is the default target unit that is activated by systemd on boot. The default target then starts other services based on the dependencies.
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70. When viewing information in /dev/disk/by-path using the command ls -l, which of the following filenames represents a logical unit number (LUN) from Fibre Channel? When viewing information in /dev/disk/by-path using the command ls -l, which of the following filenames represents a logical unit number (LUN) from Fibre Channel?
LUNs that contain the characters fc are found through Fibre Channel. Therein lies the difference between options 2 and 3, where option 3 contains the letters scsi, which would usually represent a local disk. The other options are not valid.
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71. You have purchased new solid-state drive (SSD) hardware that uses the NVMe (Non-Volatile Memory Express) protocol but cannot find the disks in the normal /dev/sd* location in which you have traditionally found such storage. In which location should you look for these drives? You have purchased new solid-state drive (SSD) hardware that uses the NVMe (Non-Volatile Memory Express) protocol but cannot find the disks in the normal /dev/sd* location in which you have traditionally found such storage. In which location should you look for these drives?
/dev/nd*
/dev/nvme*
/dev/nv*
/dev/nvme/*
NVMe-capable drives are named /dev/nvme*. No special drivers are needed other than those found in the native kernel on a modern system. The other options do not exist as paths by default.
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72. Which file contains information about the current md Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks (RAID) configuration such as the personalities? Which file contains information about the current md Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks (RAID) configuration such as the personalities?
/proc/raidinfo
/proc/rhyinfo
/proc/mdraid
/proc/mdstat
The /proc/mdstat file contains information on RAID arrays, including RAID personalities found on the system, the devices that comprise the array, and other pertinent information. The other files shown are not valid.
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73. Which of the following directory hierarchies contains information such as the World Wide Name (WWN) for Fibre Channel? Which of the following directory hierarchies contains information such as the World Wide Name (WWN) for Fibre Channel?
/sys/class/wwn
/sys/class/fc_host
/sys/class/fclist
/sys/class/fc/wwn
The /sys/class/fc_host directory contains other directories based on the Fibre Channel connections available. Within those host directories will be found the WWN in a file called port_name. The other directory hierarchies are not valid.
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74. Information about logical volumes can be found in which of the following directories? Information about logical volumes can be found in which of the following directories?
/dev/lvinfo
/dev/map
/dev/mapper
/dev/lvmap
The /dev/mapper directory contains information about multipath devices such as logical volumes. The other directories are not valid.
76
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75. Which of the following commands will examine the PCI subsystem for NVMe-based devices? Which of the following commands will examine the PCI subsystem for NVMe-based devices?
psnvme
lsnvme
lspci | grep scsi
lspci | grep -i nvme
The lspci command will be used for this purpose. NVMe devices are listed with the name nVME or NVMe; therefore, adding -i to grep will make the search case insensitive. You’d use this in order to ensure that the devices are detected. The other commands are not valid, with the exception of the lspci command, but you cannot grep for scsi in this scenario.
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76. Which of the following devices is the location of the first Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) tape device detected at boot? Which of the following devices is the location of the first Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) tape device detected at boot?
/dev/st1
/dev/sd0
/dev/sd1
/dev/st0
Tape devices are found within /dev/st*, making st0 the first device.
78
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3
77. Which of the following files should be used to display a message to users prior to logging in locally? Which of the following files should be used to display a message to users prior to logging in locally?
/etc/loginmesg
/etc/logmessage.txt
/etc/issue
/etc/banner
The /etc/issue file is used to provide a message to users, such as a login banner, prior to local login. The other files shown are not valid for the purpose described.
79
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78. Which file contains a message that is displayed after a successful login? Which file contains a message that is displayed after a successful login?
/etc/loginbanner
/etc/issue
/etc/motd
/etc/message
The contents of the file motd, an abbreviation for Message of the Day, are displayed when a user logs in successfully. Among the other options, the contents of /etc/issue are displayed prior to local login. The other filenames are not valid for this purpose.
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79. Which of the following files can be used to provide a message to users logging in remotely with a protocol such as telnet? Which of the following files can be used to provide a message to users logging in remotely with a protocol such as telnet?
/etc/telnet.msg
/etc/issue.net
/etc/login.msg
/etc/telnet.login
The /etc/issue.net file is used to provide a message for remote logins such as telnet. The other files listed are not valid for the purpose described.
81
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80. Which of the following commands turns off the computer, including removing power, if possible? Which of the following commands turns off the computer, including removing power, if possible?
systemctl halt
systemctl reboot
systemctl stop
systemctl poweroff
The poweroff target of systemd, accessed using the systemctl command, is used for halting the system and then attempting to remove power on compatible systems. The halt target stops the system but does not attempt to remove power, whereas reboot simply restarts the system. There is no stop target.
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81. Which of the following shutdown commands reboots the system in 15 minutes? Which of the following shutdown commands reboots the system in 15 minutes?
shutdown -r +15
shutdown +15
shutdown -15
shutdown -r 00:15
The -r option is needed to specify reboot, and the format for counting time from now is prefaced with a plus sign (+), making option 1 correct. Of the other commands, specifying +15 without the -r option simply shuts down the computer in 15 minutes, and specifying the time as 00:15, as in option 4, will shut down the computer at 12:15 a.m.
83
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82. When terminating a process on a SysV init-based system, which command can be used to stop the process? When terminating a process on a SysV init-based system, which command can be used to stop the process?
service
sysv
syscl
servc
The service command is used to work with services, such as starting and stopping them. On newer systems, the systemctl command has replaced the service command.
84
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83. Which of the following commands show the boot messages captured by systemd? Which of the following commands show the boot messages captured by systemd?
journalctl -b
systemctl -b
journalctl -bm
journalctl -l
The journalctl command with the -b option displays boot messages.
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84. Which option to the shutdown command halts or stops the system? Which option to the shutdown command halts or stops the system?
-h
-s
-f
-t
The -h option halts the system, including shutting down acpid-related hardware.
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85. Which signal number is used as SIGKILL when used with the kill command? Which signal number is used as SIGKILL when used with the kill command?
1
4
9
11
The number 9 corresponds to SIGKILL and can be passed to the kill command to issue that signal. The number 1 is SIGHUP. Others can be found within the manual for the kill command.
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86. Which directory contains rc-related startup scripts on a legacy Debian system? Which directory contains rc-related startup scripts on a legacy Debian system?
/etc/init
/etc/inittab
/etc/init.d
/etc/rc.init
The /etc/init.d directory contains the startup and shutdown scripts for services on a Debian system that is not running systemd.
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87. When attempting to enable an integrated peripheral on a basic input/output system (BIOS) system, what should be done to determine whether the peripheral has been enabled within the BIOS? When attempting to enable an integrated peripheral on a basic input/output system (BIOS) system, what should be done to determine whether the peripheral has been enabled within the BIOS?
Examine boot messages to determine if the kernel has detected the peripheral.
Examine /var/log/auth.log for detection of the peripheral.
Reboot the system to determine if the device works.
Enable the peripheral by removing it from the blacklisted modules.
Among the options, examining the boot messages would be a first logical step and would prevent having to reboot the system. Rebooting may be a next step in order to examine the status of the peripheral within the BIOS.
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88. Which option to the wall command suppresses the "Broadcast message" banner that normally displays? Which option to the wall command suppresses the "Broadcast message" banner that normally displays?
-b
-a
-n
-d
The -n option prevents the banner from displaying when using wall. The other options shown are not used with the wall command.
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1. A Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA) disk will use which of the following identifiers? A Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA) disk will use which of the following identifiers?
/dev/hdX
/dev/sataX
/dev/sdX
/disk/sataX
SATA disks are addressed as /dev/sdX, just like a Small Computer System Interface (SCSI ) disk. /dev/hdX is a traditional ATA disk. The other options do not exist.
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2. Which option given at boot time within the GRUB configuration will boot the system into single-user mode? Which option given at boot time within the GRUB configuration will boot the system into single-user mode?
single-user
su
single
root
The keyword single, given on the Linux kernel command line, will boot the system into single-user mode. The other options are not valid.
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3. During boot of a system with GRUB, which key can be pressed to display the GRUB menu? During boot of a system with GRUB, which key can be pressed to display the GRUB menu?
Shift
E
V
H
The Shift key, if pressed when control has first been handed to GRUB, will cause the GRUB menu to be displayed.
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4. When booting, which option can be added to a GRUB configuration line to set or change the root partition at boot time to /dev/sda2? When booting, which option can be added to a GRUB configuration line to set or change the root partition at boot time to /dev/sda2?
rootpartition={hd0,2}
root=/dev/sda2
root={hd0,3}
rootpartition=/dev/sda2
The root=/dev/sda2 option will cause the given kernel to load /dev/sda2 for its root partition. The rootpartition option is not valid, and the format of the root={hd0,3} is not valid in this context.
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5. Which key combination will enable you to edit the kernel options and then boot when using GRUB Legacy? Which key combination will enable you to edit the kernel options and then boot when using GRUB Legacy?
ESC for editing and then Return to boot
v for editing and then Return to boot
e for editing and then b to boot
v for editing and then b to boot
You begin an editing session with an e when the boot option is highlighted. You can then make changes and, when done, press b to boot the system.
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6. During the boot process for a virtual machine, what is the next step in the boot process after the kernel has taken over the initialization process and initializes devices? During the boot process for a virtual machine, what is the next step in the boot process after the kernel has taken over the initialization process and initializes devices?
The system BIOS initializes devices.
The system is placed in multi-user mode.
The boot loader initializes the kernel.
The root partition is mounted.
The root partition is mounted after device initialization. System services, including multi-user mode, start after the root partition is mounted. The other two options, 1 and 3, take place prior to the kernel-initializing device drivers. This process is essentially the same for virtual machines as it is for physical machines.
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7. Where in the filesystem will the EFI system partition (ESP) typically be mounted? Where in the filesystem will the EFI system partition (ESP) typically be mounted?
/etc/efi
/efi
/sys/efi
/boot/efi
The ESP is typically mounted at /boot/efi.
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8. When partitioning a disk for a mail server running postfix, which partition/mounted directory should be the largest in order to allow for mail storage? When partitioning a disk for a mail server running postfix, which partition/mounted directory should be the largest in order to allow for mail storage?
/etc
/usr/bin
/mail
/var
The partition containing /var should be the largest for a mail server because mail spools are stored within this hierarchy. The /etc/ hierarchy is usually small, as is /usr/ bin. The /mail directory does not exist by default.
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9. Which option within GRUB Legacy is used to indicate that a root partition contains a non-Linux kernel? Which option within GRUB Legacy is used to indicate that a root partition contains a non-Linux kernel?
initrd
non-linux
rootnoverify
root-win
The rootnoverify option is used to specify a non-Linux kernel, one that GRUB should not attempt to load. The initrd option is used for specifying the initial RAM disk, making option 1 incorrect. The remaining options, 2 and 4, are not valid options for GRUB.
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10. Which command will output a new GRUB2 configuration file and send the output to the correct location for booting? Which command will output a new GRUB2 configuration file and send the output to the correct location for booting?
update-grub > /boot/grub/grub.cfg
update-grub boot > /boot/grub.cfg
grub-rc.d
grub-boot
The update-grub command sends its output to STDOUT. Therefore, you must redirect using > and send that output to the correct file. The other options are not valid for this purpose. Options 3 and 4 are not valid commands, and option 2 contains invalid options as well as an invalid location for the destination file.
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11. What is the maximum number of primary partitions available on an MBR partitioning system? What is the maximum number of primary partitions available on an MBR partitioning system?
2
4
1
5
MBR-based disks can be partitioned with up to four primary partitions, one of which can be further partitioned or extended into logical partitions.
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12. Which command is used to update the links and cache for shared libraries on the system? Which command is used to update the links and cache for shared libraries on the system?
ldcache
cache-update
link-update
ldconfig
The ldconfig command updates the current shared library cache and list. ldconfig reads /etc/ld.so.conf and incorporates any changes found within it. The other commands listed as options for this question do not exist.
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13. Which command and option is used to update a Debian system to the latest software? Which command and option is used to update a Debian system to the latest software?
apt-update
apt-get upgrade
dpkg -U
apt-cache clean
The upgrade option for apt-get will upgrade the system to the latest version of software for packages already installed. The apt-update command does not exist, nor does the -U option to dpkg. The apt-cache command is used to work with the package cache.
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14. Which option given to a yum command will install a given package? Which option given to a yum command will install a given package?
update
configure
install
get
The yum install command will install a given package. The update option will update a package. The other options listed do not exist.
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15. What is the location of the home directory for the root user? What is the location of the home directory for the root user?
/home/root
/home/su
/root
/
Root’s home directory is /root on a Linux system. While the /home directory does exist, there is no root or su user within that hierarchy by default. The / directory is the root of the filesystem but not the root’s home directory.
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16. When using rpm2cpio, by default the output is sent to which location? When using rpm2cpio, by default the output is sent to which location?
STDOUT
The cpio.out file
The a.out file
The /tmp/cpi.out file
rpm2cpio sends its output to STDOUT by default, and therefore that output needs to be redirected to a file in most cases.
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17. Which partition or directory structure typically holds most of the programs for a Linux system? Which partition or directory structure typically holds most of the programs for a Linux system?
/etc
/usr
/home
/var
The /usr hierarchy contains many of the programs that run on a Linux system. Other notable directories for programs are /bin and /sbin.
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18. Your GRUB Legacy configuration includes a dual-boot option with Linux listed first and another operating system listed second. Which of the following options will boot to the Linux partition by default? Your GRUB Legacy configuration includes a dual-boot option with Linux listed first and another operating system listed second. Which of the following options will boot to the Linux partition by default?
default=linux
default=0
default=1
default=other
GRUB begins its count at 0 and in this scenario there are two operating systems. Therefore, because Linux is first in the configuration file its number would be 0, which is then sent to the default= option.
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19. Which file should you edit when using GRUB2 in order to set things like the timeout? Which file should you edit when using GRUB2 in order to set things like the timeout?
/etc/default/grub
/etc/grub/boot
/etc/boot/grub.d
/grub.d/boot
The /etc/default/grub file can be used for this purpose. You may also edit /boot/ grub/grub.cfg, but this was not an option given for this question.
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20. Which yum option displays the dependencies for the package specified? Which yum option displays the dependencies for the package specified?
list
deplist
dependencies
listdeps
The deplist option displays the dependencies for the given package. The list option displays information about a specific package while the other two options are not valid.
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21. Which options for an rpm command will display verbose output for an installation along with progress of the installation? Which options for an rpm command will display verbose output for an installation along with progress of the installation?
-ivh
-wvh
--avh
--ins-verbose
The -ivh options will install a file using rpm, displaying both verbose output and hash marks for progress. The other options presented do not exist or do not accomplish the specified task.
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22. Which of the following commands adds /usr/local/lib to the LD_LIBRARY_PATH when using BASH shell? Which of the following commands adds /usr/local/lib to the LD_LIBRARY_PATH when using BASH shell?
The export command is used to set environment variables in BASH. The other commands are not valid for this purpose.
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23. Which command can be used to download an RPM package without installing it? Which command can be used to download an RPM package without installing it?
yumdl
yumdownloadonly
yumdown
yumdownloader
The yumdownloader utility will download an RPM package but not install it. The yumdownloader utility is part of the yum-utils package. The other options listed for this question do not exist.
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24. Which command will search for a package named zsh on a Debian system? Which command will search for a package named zsh on a Debian system?
apt-cache search zsh
apt-get search zsh
apt-cache locate zsh
apt search zsh
The apt-cache command is used to work with the package cache and the search option is used to search the cache for the supplied argument, in this case zsh. The apt-get command is used to work with packages themselves, and the apt search command does not exist.
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25. Which option within /etc/default/grub is used to configure the default operating system for boot? Which option within /etc/default/grub is used to configure the default operating system for boot?
GRUB_OS
GRUB_ON
GRUB_DEFAULT
DEFAULT_OS
The GRUB_DEFAULT option, when in the /etc/default/grub file, is used to configure the operating system that will boot by default. The other options do not exist in this context.
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26. When found in a GRUB configuration file, what does the ro option indicate? When found in a GRUB configuration file, what does the ro option indicate?
Initially mount the root partition as read-only.
Mount the kernel as read-only.
Start the init program as read-once.
Mount the root partition in Raised Object mode.
The ro option, which is the default for GRUB, will initially mount the root partition as read-only and then remount as read-write.
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27. Within which directory will you find the repositories used by yum? Within which directory will you find the repositories used by yum?
/etc/yum.conf
/etc/repos
/etc/yum.conf.d
/etc/yum.repos.d
Configuration files related to the repositories for yum are located in /etc/yum.repos.d. Of the other options, /etc/yum.conf is a file and not a directory, and the other directories do not exist.
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28. Which rpm option can be used to verify that no files have been altered since installation? Which rpm option can be used to verify that no files have been altered since installation?
-V
-v
--verbose
--filesum
The -V or --verify option will check the files in a given package against versions (or checksums) in the package database. If no files have been altered, then no output is produced. Note that output may be produced for files that are changed during installation or for other reasons. Note also the use of an uppercase V for this option as opposed to the lowercase v for verbose.
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29. Which option for the grub-mkconfig command sends output to a file instead of STDOUT? Which option for the grub-mkconfig command sends output to a file instead of STDOUT?
-stdout
--fileout
-o
-f
The -o option can be used to specify a destination file to which output will be sent instead of STDOUT. The other options listed in this question do not exist.
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30. The presence of menu.lst within the filesystem typically indicates which condition? The presence of menu.lst within the filesystem typically indicates which condition?
GRUB Legacy is in use on the system.
GRUB2 is in use on the system.
An error has occurred creating the output to menu.lst.
The options for rescue boot have been changed.
The menu.lst and grub.conf files are used in GRUB Legacy, that is, prior to GRUB 2. This therefore makes option B incorrect.
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31. Which command is used to determine the libraries on which a given command depends? Which command is used to determine the libraries on which a given command depends?
ldconfig
librarylist
listdeps
ldd
The ldd command will list the libraries on which the command’s argument depends.
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32. Which of the following is true of Linux swap space? Which of the following is true of Linux swap space?
Swap is used to hold temporary database tables.
Swap is used as additional memory when there is insufficient RAM.
Swap is used by the mail server for security.
Swap is used to scrub data from the network temporarily.
Swap space is used when there is insufficient RAM memory on a system.
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33. Which of the following is not typically used to store libraries? Which of the following is not typically used to store libraries?
/lib
/etc/lib
/usr/lib
/usr/local/lib
The /etc/lib directory is not typically associated with library files and does not usually exist on a Linux system unless manually created. The other options either contain system libraries or can be used for that purpose.
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34. Which of the following commands updates the package cache for a Debian system? Which of the following commands updates the package cache for a Debian system?
apt-get cache-update
apt-cache update
apt-get update
apt-get upgrade
The apt-get update command will cause the package cache to be updated by retrieving the latest package list from the package sources. There is no cache-update or update option to apt-cache. The upgrade option is used to update the system’s packages and not the cache.
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35. Within which file are details of the current package repositories stored on a Debian system? Within which file are details of the current package repositories stored on a Debian system?
/etc/apt.list
/etc/sources.list
/etc/apt/sources.list
/etc/apt.d/sources.list
The sources.list file located in /etc/apt contains the list of repositories for Debian packages. The other file locations do not exist by default.
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36. Of the following choices, which size would be most appropriate for the /boot partition of a Linux system? Of the following choices, which size would be most appropriate for the /boot partition of a Linux system?
Between 100MB and 500MB
Between 1GB and 10GB
/boot should not be partitioned separately.
Less than 5MB
The /boot partition will typically be much less than 500MB but should not be undersized. The used space within /boot will increase as more kernels are added, such as during an upgrade process. Therefore, even though the recommended size is up to 500MB, experience proves that a larger partition is helpful, possibly 1GB to 2GB.
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37. Which of the following commands initializes a physical disk partition for use with Logical Volume Manager (LVM)? Which of the following commands initializes a physical disk partition for use with Logical Volume Manager (LVM)?
lvmcreate
pvcreate
fvcreate
lvinit
The pvcreate command initializes a physical partition for future use as a logical volume with LVM.
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38. Which of the following commands installs GRUB into the MBR of the second SATA disk? Which of the following commands installs GRUB into the MBR of the second SATA disk?
grub-install /dev/hdb2
grub-install /dev/sda2
grub-config /dev/sda
grub-install /dev/sdb
The grub-install command is used to install GRUB onto a disk and the second SATA disk would be /dev/sdb, making option 4 correct.
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39. Which command should be used to make changes to the choices made when a Debian package was installed? Which command should be used to make changes to the choices made when a Debian package was installed?
dpkg-reconfigure
dpkg -r
dpkg --reconf
apt-get reinstall
The dpkg-reconfigure program will cause an already installed package to be reconfigured or changed. The -r option for dpkg removes a package, making option 2 incorrect. There is no reconf option for dpkg or reinstall option for apt-get.
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40. Which command is used to create a logical volume with LVM? Which command is used to create a logical volume with LVM?
pvcreate
lvmcreate
lvcreate
volcreate
The lvcreate command is used to create logical volumes with LVM. The pvcreate command initializes physical volumes prior to creating logical volumes. The commands in the other two options for this question do not exist.
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41. What is the logical order for creation of an LVM logical volume? What is the logical order for creation of an LVM logical volume?
Physical volume creation, volume group creation, logical volume creation
Physical volume creation, logical volume creation, volume group creation
Logical volume creation, physical volume creation, volume group creation
LVM creation, format, partition
Physical volumes are initialized first, followed by volume group creation, and then logical volume creation.
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42. Which of the Debian package management tools provides a terminal-based interface for management? Which of the Debian package management tools provides a terminal-based interface for management?
apt-get
dpkg
apt-cache
aptitude
aptitude provides the terminal-based interface rather than the standard command-line interface of the other tools listed in this question.
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43. Which option for yum performs a search of the package cache? Which option for yum performs a search of the package cache?
seek
query
--search
search
The search option performs a search of various fields such as the package name and description.
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44. Which command option for rpm can be used to show the version of the kernel? Which command option for rpm can be used to show the version of the kernel?
rpm kernel
rpm -qa kernel
rpm search kernel
rpm --list kern
The rpm -qa kernel command will show the kernel version. You can also use uname -r for the same purpose.
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45. Assuming a menu entry of Debian in your GRUB configuration, which option in /etc/default/grub would set that as the default operating system to boot? Assuming a menu entry of Debian in your GRUB configuration, which option in /etc/default/grub would set that as the default operating system to boot?
GRUB_OS
GRUB_OS_DEF
GRUB_DEFAULT
GRUB_CONF
The GRUB_DEFAULT option in /etc/default/grub will set the operating system to boot by default.
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46. Which option in /etc/yum.conf is used to ensure that the kernel is not updated when the system is updated? Which option in /etc/yum.conf is used to ensure that the kernel is not updated when the system is updated?
exclude=kernel*
exclude-kernel
updatekernel=false
include-except=kernel
The exclude option can be used to exclude certain packages. The argument accepts wildcards, and therefore excluding all kernel* updates will create the desired behavior.
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47. Which command should be run after making a change to the /etc/default/grub file? Which command should be run after making a change to the /etc/default/grub file?
grub
grub-mkconfig
grub-inst
reboot
The grub-mkconfig command should be run after making a change to the /etc/ default/grub file so that a new configuration file can be created with the changed option(s).
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48. Which command searches for and provides information on a given package on a Debian system, including whether or not the package is currently installed? Which command searches for and provides information on a given package on a Debian system, including whether or not the package is currently installed?
dpkg -i
dpkg -s
apt-cache
apt-info
The -s option to dpkg searches for the given package and provides information about its current status on the system. The apt-cache command is not used for this purpose, and the -i option for dpkg installs a package. The apt-info command does not exist.
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49. Which command is used to search for physical volumes for use with LVM? Which command is used to search for physical volumes for use with LVM?
lvmcreate
pvcreate
lvmdiskscan
lvmscan
The lvmdiskscan command looks for physical volumes that have been initialized for use with LVM.
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50. Which option added to yumdownloader will also download dependencies? Which option added to yumdownloader will also download dependencies?
--deps
--resolve
--resdeps
-d
The --resolve option will download the dependencies of the package being downloaded. The other options shown within this question are not valid for the yumdownloader command.
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51. Which of the following installs a previously downloaded Debian package? Which of the following installs a previously downloaded Debian package?
dpkg -i <package name>
apt-install <package name>
apt-slash <package name>
dpkg -U <package name>
The -i option to dpkg will install a previously downloaded package. The other commands don’t exist, and the -U option for dpkg does not exist.
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52. A hard drive is reported as hd(0,0) by the GRUB Legacy configuration file. To which of the following disks and partitions does this correspond? A hard drive is reported as hd(0,0) by the GRUB Legacy configuration file. To which of the following disks and partitions does this correspond?
/dev/hdb2
/dev/hda0
/dev/disk1
/dev/sda1
GRUB Legacy begins counting at 0 and separates disk letter and partition with a comma, making 0,0 the first partition on the first disk. Options 1 and 3 are not the first disk on the system, and option 2 contains a nonexistent partition.
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53. Which filesystem format type is used for the EFI System Partition (ESP)? Which filesystem format type is used for the EFI System Partition (ESP)?
FAT
EXT4
NTFS
EXT3
ESP uses the legacy FAT filesystem type for its underlying format. There is a specification for how the ESP partition must be created on top of the FAT format for boot loaders and kernel images. Note that the partition is typically FAT32 but can be FAT16 if only Linux systems will reside on the drive.
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54. Which of the following commands installs extlinux into the /boot partition? Which of the following commands installs extlinux into the /boot partition?
extlinux --install /boot
extlinux --inst /boot
extlinux -boot
extlinux /boot install
The --install option is used followed by the partition to which extlinux will be installed for boot.
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55. Which of the following commands mounts /dev/sda1 in the /boot partition? Which of the following commands mounts /dev/sda1 in the /boot partition?
mount /dev/sda /boot
mount /boot /dev/sda1
mount /dev/sda1 /boot
mount -dev sda1 /boot
The format for the mount command is [partition] [target], making option 3 correct. The other options are not valid because the arguments are in the wrong order.
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56. Which of the following can be identified as an initial sector on a disk that stores information about the disk partitioning and operating system location? Which of the following can be identified as an initial sector on a disk that stores information about the disk partitioning and operating system location?
Minimal boot record (MBR)
Master boot record (MBR)
Init sector
Master partition table (MPT)
The master boot record (MBR) is the first sector on a disk and contains information about the structure of the disk. If the MBR becomes corrupt, all data on the disk may be lost. The other options shown for this question are not valid.
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57. Which option to grub-install will place the GRUB images into an alternate directory? Which option to grub-install will place the GRUB images into an alternate directory?
--boot-dir
-b
-boot
--boot-directory
The --boot-directory option enables you to specify an alternative location for GRUB images rather than the default /boot. The other options shown for this question are not valid.
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58. Within which file is a list of the currently mounted filesystems stored? Within which file is a list of the currently mounted filesystems stored?
/etc/fstab
/etc/curmount
/var/spool/files
/etc/mtab
The /etc/mtab file lists the currently mounted filesystems. The /etc/fstab file lists overall filesystems for the computer but does not distinguish between mounted or unmounted filesystems. The other options listed for this question do not exist.
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59. Which command is used to activate swap space on a system? Which command is used to activate swap space on a system?
mkswap
swapon
swapact
actswap
The swapon command enables swap space, making it available for use as virtual memory. The mkswap command formats the space. The other two commands are not valid.
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60. Which of the following commands displays information about a given physical volume in an LVM setup? Which of the following commands displays information about a given physical volume in an LVM setup?
pvdisp
pvlist
pvdisplay
pvl
The pvdisplay command shows information about a given physical volume. You can use pvdisplay to view the device on which the PV is built along with the extent size of the PV. The other commands shown are not valid.
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61. Which of the following commands creates a logical volume with LVM? Which of the following commands creates a logical volume with LVM?
lvc
lvcreate
lvlist
lvmake
The lvcreate command is used to create a logical volume from previously created physical devices and volume groups. Using lvcreate is the final of three steps in the process for using LVM prior to actually using the logical volume.
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62. Which of the following commands looks for LVM physical volumes and volume groups involved in an LVM configuration? Which of the following commands looks for LVM physical volumes and volume groups involved in an LVM configuration?
vgscan
lvmscan
lvlist
pvlist
The vgscan command looks for both physical volumes and volume groups related to an LVM configuration. The vgscan command is run at system startup but can also be run manually. The other commands are not valid.
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63. Which of the following commands is used to display a list of physical volumes involved in LVM? Which of the following commands is used to display a list of physical volumes involved in LVM?
pvdisp
pvlist
pvscan
pvmm
The pvscan command displays a list of physical volumes on a given server. The PVs displayed are those that have been initialized with pvcreate for use with LVM.
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64. Which option to lvchange sets whether the logical volume is available? Which option to lvchange sets whether the logical volume is available?
-a
-b
-c
-d
The -a or --activate option sets whether or not the logical volume can be used. There is no -b or -c option, and the -d option is used for debugging.
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65. When working with a script to create directories, the script is checking to see if srv/vhosts exists. When doing an ls of the root directory, /, you see that it does exist. However, the script does not. What might be the issue? When working with a script to create directories, the script is checking to see if srv/vhosts exists. When doing an ls of the root directory, /, you see that it does exist. However, the script does not. What might be the issue?
The script is not executable.
The script does not have the setuid bit set.
The script is using a relative path.
The script is owned by root.
The script is using a relative path to look for srv/vhosts rather than /srv/vhosts with an absolute path back to the root directory of the system.
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66. You are architecting an application and need to choose between application containerization and virtualization. Which of the following describes a difference between application containers and a virtual machine? You are architecting an application and need to choose between application containerization and virtualization. Which of the following describes a difference between application containers and a virtual machine?
An application container can contain only one application whereas a virtual machine can contain many.
An application container shares the host kernel whereas a virtual machine can have its own kernel.
An application container is used for small applications whereas a virtual machine is used for large applications.
The use of application containers is for testing only whereas a virtual machine is used for production.
Application containers share kernel and other resources with the underlying OS and use a container daemon to communicate between the host OS and the application container. Virtual machines have their own kernel and are self-contained machines running on top of a host OS or host kernel. Linux containers also provide a containerized virtual machine– like experience but are distinct from application containers.
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67. In addition to including /lib and /usr/lib, where does ldconfig look to find additional directories to incorporate into the library path? In addition to including /lib and /usr/lib, where does ldconfig look to find additional directories to incorporate into the library path?
/etc/lib.conf
/etc/ldconf
/etc/lib.cfg
/etc/ld.so.conf
The /etc/ld.so.conf directory is used in addition to /lib and /usr/lib to configure library locations. The other paths and files shown do not exist.
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68. You are working with a cloud instance virtual machine deployed with an Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) provider. The virtual machine is running slowly. Which type of resource might you add to the cloud instance in order to improve performance? You are working with a cloud instance virtual machine deployed with an Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) provider. The virtual machine is running slowly. Which type of resource might you add to the cloud instance in order to improve performance?
Compute
Block storage
Networking
Disk
Among these options, compute resources, such as adding more CPUs, would be the most likely option. Adding RAM might also be warranted, but that was not one of the available options for this question. There is no indication in the question that the network is slow, and there is no indication that adding disk space or block storage (which are essentially the same thing in this context) will help.
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69. When working with a system to determine if it is using GRUB or GRUB2, the presence of which file indicates that it is GRUB2? When working with a system to determine if it is using GRUB or GRUB2, the presence of which file indicates that it is GRUB2?
grub.cfg
grub.conf
menu.lst
grub2.conf
GRUB 2 uses grub.cfg whereas GRUB uses menu.lst and grub.conf, making option 1 the correct choice.
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70. You are working to create a system image or template from which other virtual machines will be deployed. Which of the following represents a unique item that will change with each deployed virtual host or image? You are working to create a system image or template from which other virtual machines will be deployed. Which of the following represents a unique item that will change with each deployed virtual host or image?
System directories
MAC address
Guest drivers
Pilot homing
The MAC address will be unique for each virtual machine deployed using the image. Guest drivers would usually not be unique to an individual virtual machine but might be unique on a per-template or per-image basis. System directories are not unique per virtual machine, and there is no such thing as pilot homing in this context.
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71. Which program can be used to deploy an Ubuntu image to a remote cloud provider? Which program can be used to deploy an Ubuntu image to a remote cloud provider?
dep-image
cloud-init
init-cloud
image-dep
The cloud-init program is available on Ubuntu and other distributions and can be used to deploy images to popular cloud providers.
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72. Which file is used as the primary configuration file for the yum package manager? Which file is used as the primary configuration file for the yum package manager?
/etc/yum.cfg
/etc/yum.d
/etc/yum.conf
/etc/yum.config
The yum package manager configuration file is /etc/yum.conf. The other files listed do not exist.
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73. Which of the following commands and options lists all of the files included with a package on a Debian system? Which of the following commands and options lists all of the files included with a package on a Debian system?
apt -L
dpkg -L
dpkg -f
apt-get show
The -L option to dpkg lists the files included with a given package. The -f option to dpkg shows a field from a package entry, and the other options do not exist.
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74. When working with SSH (Secure Shell) keys for a virtual machine cloud deployment, which key is deployed to the virtual machine so that you can connect from the host? When working with SSH (Secure Shell) keys for a virtual machine cloud deployment, which key is deployed to the virtual machine so that you can connect from the host?
The public key
The signature file
The private key
Both the public and private keys
The public key is deployed to the authorized_keys file on each image, and the private key is used from the host to connect to each virtual machine. There is no reason to deploy the private key to the virtual machine in order to make a connection to it.
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75. When using a GPT disk, which partition needs to be created for a Linux system to boot? When using a GPT disk, which partition needs to be created for a Linux system to boot?
/boot/efi
/boot/gpt
/gpt
/vmgpt
The /boot/efi partition needs to exist for the EFI partition and is typically sized 100MB to 250MB, though that size can vary.
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76. Which option to zypper installs a package? Which option to zypper installs a package?
install
retr
get
ref
The install option, or simply in, will install a package on a system that uses zypper for package management. Among the other options listed, the ref option refreshes the repository. The other options are not valid with zypper
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77. You are working with a Fedora 22 system and need to install a package. Which of the following is the default package manager on this system? You are working with a Fedora 22 system and need to install a package. Which of the following is the default package manager on this system?
yum
apt
dpkg
dnf
A system running Fedora 22 will use the dnf package manager by default. The yum package manager is used on CentOS and Red Hat, and apt and dpkg are used on Debian.
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78. You need to list the files available on a package on CentOS. Which of the following commands accomplishes this task? You need to list the files available on a package on CentOS. Which of the following commands accomplishes this task?
repoquery -l
pkgquery -l
dpkg -L
pkglist
The repoquery command with the -l option is used for this purpose. The dpkg -L command is appropriate for this purpose on Debian systems. The other commands do not exist.
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79. You need to create a backup of user home directories including root. Which directory or directories need to be included in the backup? You need to create a backup of user home directories including root. Which directory or directories need to be included in the backup?
/home
/home and /home/root
/home and /root
/home and /root/home
Home directories for normal users are in /home and the home directory for root is at /root, making option 3 correct.
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80. In which file can you find the unique D-Bus machine ID for a given system? In which file can you find the unique D-Bus machine ID for a given system?
/etc/machine-id
/etc/machineID
/etc/mch.conf
/etc/machine.id.conf
The /etc/machine-id file contains the unique identifier for a given machine.
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81. Which option to ldconfig can be used to process only those directories given on the command line rather than the directories found in /etc/ld.so.conf? Which option to ldconfig can be used to process only those directories given on the command line rather than the directories found in /etc/ld.so.conf?
-n
-i
-v
-r
The -n option tells ldconfig to process only the directories given on the command line. The -i option ignores the auxiliary cache file. The -v option is verbose, and -r changes the root directory from which to begin processing.
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82. When working with package caches on Debian, you need to determine if the package list is being updated. Which option to apt-cache shows the number of available packages on the system? When working with package caches on Debian, you need to determine if the package list is being updated. Which option to apt-cache shows the number of available packages on the system?
packagenum
status
stats
liststatus
The stats option shows total package names along with other information about the package cache. The other options are not valid for use with apt-cache.
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83. Which option to grub-install specifies the directory in which the EFI partition is located? Which option to grub-install specifies the directory in which the EFI partition is located?
--boot-dir
--efi
--efi-boot
--efi-directory
The --efi-directory option is used to specify the location of the EFI partition, typically /boot/efi.
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84. Within which file are mount points for the system stored? Within which file are mount points for the system stored?
/etc/fstab
/etc/mtab
/etc/partitions.list
/etc/disk.conf
The /etc/fstab file contains a list of partitions for the system. The /etc/mtab file contains currently mounted partitions. The other files do not exist.
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85. Which of the following option sets for rpm lists the files within the package? Which of the following option sets for rpm lists the files within the package?
lf
qlp
qf
eps
The options qlp list the files in an rpm package. The other options are not valid for the purpose described in the question.
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86. When working with a CentOS system, you need to determine the release of a certain package. Which command and option will accomplish this task? When working with a CentOS system, you need to determine the release of a certain package. Which command and option will accomplish this task?
dpkg -i
yum info
yum search
apt search
Among the commands and options shown, the info option to yum is used for this purpose. The dpkg and apt package managers are used on Debian systems and thus would not be appropriate for a CentOS system.
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87. You are using a host machine and are unsure if it supports the extensions to enable virtualization. Which of the following should you look for in /proc/cpuinfo to indicate that the system is ready for virtualization? You are using a host machine and are unsure if it supports the extensions to enable virtualization. Which of the following should you look for in /proc/cpuinfo to indicate that the system is ready for virtualization?
vmx
virt
envirt
vtcapable
The presence of the string vmx in the flags section indicates that an Intel processor is capable of virtualization. This extension is called svm on an AMD architecture.
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88. Within which file can you configure a filter for devices when using vgscan? Within which file can you configure a filter for devices when using vgscan?
lvm.conf
vg.conf
vgscan.conf
lv.cfg
The lvm.conf file is a primary configuration file for LVM. Within lvm.conf, typically found in /etc/ or /etc/lvm/, you can set things like filters for devices to include or exclude from the vgscan process. The other files shown are not valid.
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89. Which of the following swapon options displays information on the size of swap space along with its used space? Which of the following swapon options displays information on the size of swap space along with its used space?
--list
-a
--show
-h
The --show option displays information about the swap spaces on the computer, including how much swap is currently being used. The -a option activates all swap spaces. There is no --list option, and -h displays help.
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1. Assume that you’re using the Bash shell and want to prevent output redirects from accidentally overwriting existing files. Which command and option can be used to invoke this behavior? Assume that you’re using the Bash shell and want to prevent output redirects from accidentally overwriting existing files. Which command and option can be used to invoke this behavior?
setoutput -f
overwrite=no
overwrite -n
set -C
The set command can be used for a variety of purposes to change how the shell environment works. One such option is –C, which prevents output redirection such as that done with > from overwriting a file if the file already exists.
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2. What command can be used to view the current settings for your environment when using Bash? What command can be used to view the current settings for your environment when using Bash?
environment
env
listenv
echoenv
The env command will print the current environment variables from Bash. The printenv command will perform the same operation. The other commands listed in this question do not exist.
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3. Which command is used to access documentation on the Linux computer for a given command? Which command is used to access documentation on the Linux computer for a given command?
doc
heredoc
man
manual
The man command displays documentation for the command given as the argument. The other options listed for this question do not exist.
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4. Which of the following commands will print various information about the kernel and architecture, along with other details? Which of the following commands will print various information about the kernel and architecture, along with other details?
info --sys
man sys
sysinfo
uname -a
The uname command is used to print system information, and the -a option prints all information available to uname.
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5. When using sed for a substitution operation, which option must be included so that the substitution applies to the entire line rather than just the first instance? When using sed for a substitution operation, which option must be included so that the substitution applies to the entire line rather than just the first instance?
g
a
r
y
The g option, also known as global or greedy, will apply the matched operation to the entire line rather than just the first instance of the match. The other options apply as they would for a Perl-Compatible Regular Expression. Note also the tr command that provides some of the same functionality as sed.
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6. Which option for the wc command prints the number of lines given as input? Which option for the wc command prints the number of lines given as input?
-f
-a
-l
-o
The -l option provides the number of lines given as input. For example, wc -l /etc/ passwd would print the number of lines in the /etc/passwd file. The other options given in this question are not valid for the wc command.
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7. What is the default number of lines printed by the head and tail commands, respectively? What is the default number of lines printed by the head and tail commands, respectively?
10 for head, 5 for tail
5 for head, 10 for tail
10 for both head and tail
3 for both head and tail
Both head and tail print 10 lines of output by default.
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8. You are attempting to use rmdir to remove a directory, but there are still multiple files and other directories contained within it. Assuming that you’re sure you want to remove the directory and all of its contents, what is the command and arguments to remove the directory and all of its contents? You are attempting to use rmdir to remove a directory, but there are still multiple files and other directories contained within it. Assuming that you’re sure you want to remove the directory and all of its contents, what is the command and arguments to remove the directory and all of its contents?
rm -f
rm -rf
rmdir -a
rmdir -m
The -rf options to rm will recursively remove the contents of a directory, including other directories. The -f option alone will not work in this case because of the additional directories. The other options given for rmdir do not exist.
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9. Which command will find directories with names beginning with 2014 located beneath the current directory? Which command will find directories with names beginning with 2014 located beneath the current directory?
find ./ -name "2014"
find ./ -type d -name "2014"
find / -type d "2014"
find ./ -type d -name "2014*"
The -type option causes find to limit its search to directories only, whereas the -name option limits the names of returned elements. Note the use of the wildcard due to the phrasing of the question. Also note the use of ./ to denote beginning the search in the current directory.
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10. Which of the following commands will provide the usernames in a sorted list gathered from the /etc/passwd file? Which of the following commands will provide the usernames in a sorted list gathered from the /etc/passwd file?
cat /etc/passwd | awk -F : '{print $1}' | sort
sort /etc/passwd | cut
echo /etc/passwd
cat /etc/passwd | awk '{print $1}' | sort
The cat command will display the contents of file /etc/passwd and then pipe that output to the awk command. The awk command then parses its input, splitting along the specified separator for /etc/passwd, which is a colon (:). The output is then printed and piped to the sort command. The sort command in option 2 will not work because the cut command requires an argument. Likewise, the echo command in option 3 will only echo /etc/passwd to STDOUT.
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11. Which options to ls will produce output, including hidden (dot) files, in a list that is ordered such that the newest files are at the end of the output? Which options to ls will produce output, including hidden (dot) files, in a list that is ordered such that the newest files are at the end of the output?
-la
-lat
-latr
-ltr
The -l option for ls produces long or listed output and -t sorts by time stamp. The -r option reverses the order, and -a is needed to include hidden (dot) files, making option 3 correct.
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12. What will be the result if the touch command is executed on a file that already exists? What will be the result if the touch command is executed on a file that already exists?
The access time stamp of the file will change to the current time when the touch command was executed.
The file will be overwritten.
There will be no change.
The file will be appended to.
The time stamp of the file will change when touch is run on a file that already exists.
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13. Which option to both mv and cp will cause the command to prompt before overwriting files that already exist? Which option to both mv and cp will cause the command to prompt before overwriting files that already exist?
-f
-Z
-r
-i
The -i option will cause both cp and mv to be interactive, that is, prompt before overwriting. The -f option will force the command to run, whereas -r is recursive.
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14. Which of the following commands will send the contents of /etc/passwd to both STDOUT and to a file called passwordfile? Which of the following commands will send the contents of /etc/passwd to both STDOUT and to a file called passwordfile?
cat /etc/passwd > passwordfile
var /etc/passwd | passwordfile
cat /etc/passwd | tee passwordfile
echo /etc/passwd | stdout > passwordfile
The tee command will send output both to STDOUT and to the specified file, making option 3 correct. Option 1 will redirect output to the correct file but not to STDOUT simultaneously. The other options will not work for this question.
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15. The current hierarchy on the server contains a directory called /usr/local. You need to create additional directories below that are called /usr/local/test/october. Which command will accomplish this task? The current hierarchy on the server contains a directory called /usr/local. You need to create additional directories below that are called /usr/local/test/october. Which command will accomplish this task?
mkdir -p /usr/local/test/october
mkdir /usr/local/test/october
mkdir -r /usr/local/test/october
mkdir -f /usr/local/test/october
The -p option will cause mkdir to create additional levels of directories without error. Running mkdir without options will not work in this case. The -r and -f options to mkdir do not exist.
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16. Which option to the cp command will copy directories in a recursive manner? Which option to the cp command will copy directories in a recursive manner?
-v
-R
-Z
-i
The -R option will copy directories recursively. Note that if the -i option is not enabled, the recursive copy will overwrite files in the destination. The -v option adds verbosity but does not cause any recursion, and the -Z option does not exist.
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17. You have received a file that does not have a file extension. Which command can you run to help determine what type of file it might be? You have received a file that does not have a file extension. Which command can you run to help determine what type of file it might be?
grep
telnet
file
export
The file command can be used to determine which type of file is being used. This can be particularly helpful for files without extensions where you are unsure if you should view the contents of the file. Option 1, grep, is used to look within files but would not be helpful in this case. The telnet and export commands are not used for this purpose.
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18. Which command will create an image of the /dev/sda1 disk partition and place that image into a file called output.img? Which command will create an image of the /dev/sda1 disk partition and place that image into a file called output.img?
dd if=sda of=/dev/sda1
dd if=output.img of=/dev/sda1
dd if=/dev/sda1 of=output.img
echo /dev/sda1 > output.img
The dd command is used to create disk images, among other things. In this case, the input file is /dev/sda1 and the output file is output.img. It’s also common to add the blocksize option by using the bs argument, such as bs=1M.
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19. What is the default delimiter used by the cut command? What is the default delimiter used by the cut command?
Colon
Tab
Space
Comma
The cut command uses Tab as its default delimiter. This can be changed with the -d option.
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20. Which of the following will unzip and extract the contents of a file that has been tarred and gzipped? Which of the following will unzip and extract the contents of a file that has been tarred and gzipped?
tar -zxf <file.tgz>
tar -xf <file.tgz>
tar -vz <file.tgz>
tar -fd <file.tgz>
The -z option will unzip the file, -x will extract from the tar archive, and -f is used to indicate the file on which to perform the aforementioned operations. It’s typical to add -v for verbose output as well.
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21. What command is used to bring a command to foreground processing after it has been backgrounded with an &? What command is used to bring a command to foreground processing after it has been backgrounded with an &?
bg
fore
4g
fg
The fg command will bring a command to the foreground if it has been backgrounded with either & or with the bg command.
200
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2
22. You need to write a script that gathers all of the process IDs for all instances of Apache running on the system. Which of the following commands will accomplish this task? You need to write a script that gathers all of the process IDs for all instances of Apache running on the system. Which of the following commands will accomplish this task?
ps auwx | grep apache
pgrep apache
processlist apache
ls -p apache
While the ps auwx command combined with grep will provide information on the running Apache instances, it will provide much more information than is required or useful for this problem. The pgrep command provides only the process IDs and therefore meets the criteria presented in the question.
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23. Which of the following command lines would monitor a single process called nagios in a continuous manner? Which of the following command lines would monitor a single process called nagios in a continuous manner?
top -n 1
top -p 23
ps -nagios
top -p`pidof nagios`
The top command is used to continuously monitor things like CPU and memory usage, and the -p option monitors a single process. By using the runquotes with the pidof command, the process ID is provided as input to the -p option.
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24. Users are reporting that various programs are crashing on the server. By examining logs, you see that certain processes are reporting out-of-memory conditions. Which command can you use to see the overall memory usage, including available swap space? Users are reporting that various programs are crashing on the server. By examining logs, you see that certain processes are reporting out-of-memory conditions. Which command can you use to see the overall memory usage, including available swap space?
tree
pgrep
uptime
free
The free command displays overall memory usage for both RAM and swap and can be used to determine when additional memory might be needed.
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1
25. You are using the Vi editor for changing a file and need to exit. You receive a notice indicating "No write since last change". Assuming you want to save your work, which of the following commands will save your work and exit Vi? You are using the Vi editor for changing a file and need to exit. You receive a notice indicating "No write since last change". Assuming you want to save your work, which of the following commands will save your work and exit Vi?
:wq
:q!
dd
x
You need to write the changes to the file; therefore you’ll need :w. The addition of q will also quit. Note that you could use ZZ to write and quit as well. The dd command deletes a line, and x deletes a single character.
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26. What option is used to change the number of lines of output for the head and tail commands? What option is used to change the number of lines of output for the head and tail commands?
-l
-f
-g
-n
The -n option changes the number of lines of output for both head and tail to the number specified. The other options listed in this question are not valid for head, and the -f option follows a file with tail as the file grows.
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27. Which command can be used to determine the current load average along with information on the amount of time since the last boot of the system? Which command can be used to determine the current load average along with information on the amount of time since the last boot of the system?
uptime
sysinfo
bash
ls -u
The uptime command shows basic information such as that described along with the number of users logged into the system and the current time. The bash command is a shell environment, and the ls command will not display the required information.
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28. You need to start a long-running process that requires a terminal and foreground processing. However, you cannot leave your terminal window open due to security restrictions. Which command will enable you to start the process and return at a later time to continue the session? You need to start a long-running process that requires a terminal and foreground processing. However, you cannot leave your terminal window open due to security restrictions. Which command will enable you to start the process and return at a later time to continue the session?
fg
bg
kill
screen
The screen command starts a new terminal that can be disconnected and reconnected as needed. Processes running from within the screen session do not know that they are running in a screen session and therefore meet the criteria needed to satisfy this question. The fg and bg commands will not meet the criteria, and the kill command will stop a process.
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29. You have attempted to stop a process using its service command and also using the kill command. Which signal can be sent to the process using the kill command in order to force the process to end? You have attempted to stop a process using its service command and also using the kill command. Which signal can be sent to the process using the kill command in order to force the process to end?
-15
-f
-9
-stop
The -9 option invokes SIGKILL, which will force the process to end. The 15 signal is the default, and the -f and -stop options do not exist.
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30. When working in the Bash shell, you need to redirect both STDOUT and STDERR. Which of the following commands will redirect both STDOUT and STDERR? When working in the Bash shell, you need to redirect both STDOUT and STDERR. Which of the following commands will redirect both STDOUT and STDERR?
1>2
>2
2>&1
>>
Within Bash, the number 1 represents STDOUT and 2 represents STDERR. Redirecting both means combining them in the manner shown in option 3.
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2
31. Which command can be run to determine the default priority for processes spawned by the current user? Which command can be run to determine the default priority for processes spawned by the current user?
prio
nice
renice
defpriority
The nice command, when run without arguments, will output the priority for the currently logged-in user, which is normally 0. The renice command can be used to change the priority of running processes. The other two commands shown as options for this question do not exist.
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32. Which of the following egrep commands will examine /etc/passwd to find users who are using either /bin/bash or /usr/bin/zsh for their shell environment? Which of the following egrep commands will examine /etc/passwd to find users who are using either /bin/bash or /usr/bin/zsh for their shell environment?
grep sh /etc/passwd
egrep '/*/.sh$' /etc/passwd
grep '/*/.=sh$' /etc/passwd
egrep '/*/..?sh$' /etc/passwd
Within a regular expression, * represents 0 or more characters. In this case, it doesn’t matter whether a person is using /bin/bash or /usr/bin/zsh. Likewise, a . matches a single character, but in the case of bash and zsh, we need to look at the first and then optionally a second character. The ? character makes the second . optional. Finally, the $ anchors the pattern at the end of the string and is also the key for this regular expression.
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33. Which option to the man command accesses a different level of documentation, for example, system call documentation? Which option to the man command accesses a different level of documentation, for example, system call documentation?
man 2 <argument>
progman <argument>
man --sys <argument>
man --list sys
The different levels of the manual are accessed by preceding the argument with the desired level. The other options, such as --list, do not exist in this context.
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34. When editing with Vi, which command changes to insert mode and opens a new line below the current cursor location? When editing with Vi, which command changes to insert mode and opens a new line below the current cursor location?
f
a
o
i
The o command opens a new line below the current cursor location. The a command begins an insert mode session at the character after the cursor, not the line. The i command begins an insert mode session at the current cursor location.
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35. Which kill signal can be sent in order to restart a process? Which kill signal can be sent in order to restart a process?
-HUP
-RESTART
-9
-SIG
Sending -HUP as part of the kill command will restart a process. Of the other options, a -9 will kill the process completely. The other two options do not exist as valid means to kill a process.
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36. Which of the following commands will display the last 50 lines of your command history when using Bash, including commands from the current session? Which of the following commands will display the last 50 lines of your command history when using Bash, including commands from the current session?
bashhist 50
history 50
cat .bash_history
tail -f .bash_history
The history command will display your command history, including commands from the current session. You can specify how many lines of history to display, as shown in the answer for this question. Note that .bash_history will not show the current session’s history.
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37. You have backgrounded several tasks using &. Which command can be used to view the current list of running tasks that have been backgrounded? You have backgrounded several tasks using &. Which command can be used to view the current list of running tasks that have been backgrounded?
procs
plist
jobs
free
The jobs built-in command shows the list of jobs running in the background. Its output includes a job number and the status of the job.
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38. Which of the following commands searches each user’s .bash_history file to determine whether the user has invoked the sudo command? Which of the following commands searches each user’s .bash_history file to determine whether the user has invoked the sudo command?
The find command, beginning with the path and then the -name argument, will locate all of the files called .bash_history. The output from the find command should be piped to xargs, which can then build further commands from standard input. Note that this question and solution assumes that all users use the Bash shell and are keeping history.
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39. Which command will watch the Apache log at /var/log/httpd/access.log and continually scroll as new log entries are created? Which command will watch the Apache log at /var/log/httpd/access.log and continually scroll as new log entries are created?
watch /var/log/httpd/access.log
tail /var/log/httpd/access.log
tail -f /var/log/httpd/access.log
mon /var/log/httpd/access.log
The tail command provides the end portion of the file given as an argument. Adding the -f option will cause the output to update as new lines are added to the file being tailed.
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40. You are debugging a configuration file and the daemon indicates there is a problem on line 932. Which of the following commands will prepend line numbers onto the file? You are debugging a configuration file and the daemon indicates there is a problem on line 932. Which of the following commands will prepend line numbers onto the file?
lines
wc -l
newline
nl
The nl command will prepend line numbers onto the file given as its argument. The output is then sent to STDOUT. Of the other options, wc -l will print the number of lines in the file but not prepend those numbers onto each line, as was asked for in this question.
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41. You receive a file with an .lzma extension. Which command can you use to decompress this file? You receive a file with an .lzma extension. Which command can you use to decompress this file?
xz
lz
gz
bzip
The xz command can compress and decompress files in a variety of formats, one of which is lzma.
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1
42. Which find command will locate files within the current directory that have been modified within the last 24 hours? Which find command will locate files within the current directory that have been modified within the last 24 hours?
find ./ -type f -mtime 0
find ./ -type f -mtime 24
find ./ -type f -mtime +1
find ./ type -f time 24
The find command will be used for this purpose. Adding -type f will limit the search to only files and the -mtime option will limit to modification time in day format.
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43. Which command will move all files with a .txt extension to the /tmp directory? Which command will move all files with a .txt extension to the /tmp directory?
mv txt* tmp
move *txt /temp
mv *.txt /tmp
mv *.txt tmp
The mv command is used to move files, and *.txt will look for all files with a .txt extension. Note the fully qualified destination with a / preceding the name tmp.
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44. Which command prints your current directory? Which command prints your current directory?
cwd
curdur
cd
pwd
The pwd command prints the current working directory. The cd command changes directory.
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45. Assume that you have a file called zips.txt that contains several postal ZIP codes and you need to determine how many unique ZIP codes there are in the file. Which of the following commands can be used for that purpose? Assume that you have a file called zips.txt that contains several postal ZIP codes and you need to determine how many unique ZIP codes there are in the file. Which of the following commands can be used for that purpose?
sort zips.txt | uniq -c
uniq zips.txt
count zips.txt
cat zips.txt | uniq -c
The file needs to first be sorted to group common ZIP codes together. After that, piping the output to uniq will display the unique ZIP codes, and the -c option provides a count.
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46. When using Bash, how would you execute the last command starting with a certain string, even if that command was not the last one that you typed? When using Bash, how would you execute the last command starting with a certain string, even if that command was not the last one that you typed?
Precede the command with ! and then the string to search for.
Search for the command in history.
Precede the command with a ? and then the string to search for.
This is not possible with Bash.
Preceding the command with a ! will search history and execute the specified command. For example, !vi will start your last Vi session.
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47. Which command can be used to kill all processes by using their name? Which command can be used to kill all processes by using their name?
killproc
killname
killall
kill -f
The killall command is used to terminate processes using their name.
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48. You’re working with a large file in Vi and need to search for instances of a string earlier in the file. Which key will search backward in the file? You’re working with a large file in Vi and need to search for instances of a string earlier in the file. Which key will search backward in the file?
/
h
?
x
The ? key will search backward in a file within Vi. The / is used for searching forward. The h key moves the cursor to the left one character, and the x key will delete a character.
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49. You need to declare a local environment variable that will then be available to child processes. Which of the following commands accomplishes this task? You need to declare a local environment variable that will then be available to child processes. Which of the following commands accomplishes this task?
ex
echo
dec
export
The export command makes an environment variable available to subsequent child processes. The other commands shown are not valid.
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50. You are creating a Bash shell script and need to output the current script name to the current terminal. Which of the following commands accomplishes this task? You are creating a Bash shell script and need to output the current script name to the current terminal. Which of the following commands accomplishes this task?
cat <CMD>
echo $0
echo $SCRIPT
echo $PS1
The echo command sends output and $0 is the parameter that contains the current script name. Of the other options, $PS1 is the shell prompt and the other two options do not exist by default.
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51. You have downloaded a file with a .gz extension. What is the most likely command that you will use to decompress this file? You have downloaded a file with a .gz extension. What is the most likely command that you will use to decompress this file?
unz
gunzip
hunzip
gzunzip
The gunzip command is typically used for decompressing files with a .gz extension. The other options are not valid commands.
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52. You need to remove a single file from a directory if it exists but would like to be prompted for confirmation before doing so. Which option to the rm command causes the command to prompt for confirmation? You need to remove a single file from a directory if it exists but would like to be prompted for confirmation before doing so. Which option to the rm command causes the command to prompt for confirmation?
-a
-e
-i
-o
The -i option causes rm to use interactive mode, where the command will prompt for confirmation prior to taking action. See the (1) rm man page for additional information on the other options.
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53. You need to determine files that are sized above 1GB. Which of the following commands accomplishes this task? You need to determine files that are sized above 1GB. Which of the following commands accomplishes this task?
find / -size +1G
find / -size 10000M
find / +1M
find / -size +1B
The find command can be used for this purpose. When used with the size option, various size-related options can be used. The option +1G searches for files greater than or equal to 1GB.
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54. Which option to cpio lists the files as it is operating on them? Which option to cpio lists the files as it is operating on them?
-l
-v
-k
-s
The -v or verbose option lists files as cpio is working with them. Of the other options, -s is swap bytes and –l is used to link files. The -k option is included for compatibility purposes.
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55. Which command is used to send contents of a bzip2 archive to STDOUT? Which command is used to send contents of a bzip2 archive to STDOUT?
bzout
bzcat
bz2cat
bz2echo
The bzcat command sends output to STDOUT from a bzip2 archive.
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56. You are attempting to find more information about the jobs command, however, an Internet search was not particularly helpful because there are so many Linux-related jobs available. Additionally, you attempted to view the man page for the jobs command but it was not available. Which man page should you use to view more information on jobs? You are attempting to find more information about the jobs command, however, an Internet search was not particularly helpful because there are so many Linux-related jobs available. Additionally, you attempted to view the man page for the jobs command but it was not available. Which man page should you use to view more information on jobs?
jbs
procctl
bash
ps
The jobs command is actually a shell built-in command, meaning that more information is available by using the man page for bash itself. The other options either are not valid or will not show information about the jobs command/built-in.
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57. You need to start a process that cannot be sent or will not accept a SIGHUP signal. Which command should be used to start the process? You need to start a process that cannot be sent or will not accept a SIGHUP signal. Which command should be used to start the process?
nosig
nohup
nokill
noproc
The nohup command can preface another command when starting so that the process or command will not accept a SIGHUP.
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58. You need to run a command periodically and examine its output in real time. Which of the following commands enables this scenario? You need to run a command periodically and examine its output in real time. Which of the following commands enables this scenario?
mon
procmon
pgrep
watch
The watch command runs a command repeatedly and displays the output and errors from the command. The pgrep command does not fulfill the needs of this scenario. The mon and procmon commands are not real.
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59. You would like to tail a log file to watch entries as they are being added to the log file. In addition, you would also like to work within the same terminal window or SSH (Secure Shell) session to add entries to another file at the same time. Which command can be used to create two sessions within the same terminal window? You would like to tail a log file to watch entries as they are being added to the log file. In addition, you would also like to work within the same terminal window or SSH (Secure Shell) session to add entries to another file at the same time. Which command can be used to create two sessions within the same terminal window?
screen
tmux
sess
termse
The tmux command creates two (or more) sessions within the same physical terminal window and thus enables this scenario. The screen command can be used to create an additional session, but the screen command does not meet the criteria specified in this scenario, because the scrollback buffer does not capture enough lines by default. The other commands shown are not valid.
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60. You need to kill several processes at once. Rather than writing a complex ps-based command to do so, you can use which other command? You need to kill several processes at once. Rather than writing a complex ps-based command to do so, you can use which other command?
pkill
psk
pskill
prock
The pkill command can be used for the scenario described. The other options are not valid commands.
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61. You are using pgrep to find the process IDs for a given command. However, several other commands seem to also appear. Which option to pgrep enables matching against the full path of the process? You are using pgrep to find the process IDs for a given command. However, several other commands seem to also appear. Which option to pgrep enables matching against the full path of the process?
-f
-d
-o
-i
The -f option matches against the full path. The -d option is used to set the delimiter, the -o option matches the oldest process, and the -i option sets the search to be case insensitive.
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62. You need to determine the exact command that will be run based on your current environment settings. Which command is used for this purpose? You need to determine the exact command that will be run based on your current environment settings. Which command is used for this purpose?
what
which
find
ls
The which command is used to determine the command that will be run based on the current environment settings such as the path. The find and ls commands will not work for this purpose.
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63. An environment variable has been set on login, but you need to remove that variable temporarily for the current session. Which shell built-in command can be used for this purpose? An environment variable has been set on login, but you need to remove that variable temporarily for the current session. Which shell built-in command can be used for this purpose?
reset
unset
undo
clear
The unset shell built-in is used for the purpose described. Both the reset and clear commands do not accomplish the task described, and there is no undo command.
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64. You cannot find the man page of a command but you know the command exists. For example, the alias command exists but there is no man page for it. Which of the following commands could you execute to determine what type of command alias is? You cannot find the man page of a command but you know the command exists. For example, the alias command exists but there is no man page for it. Which of the following commands could you execute to determine what type of command alias is?
type
cmd
uses
listr
The type shell built-in displays information about a given executable. For example, the command type alias shows that alias is a shell built-in as well.
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65. Which type of quotes are used so that variables are interpolated within a Bash shell script? Which type of quotes are used so that variables are interpolated within a Bash shell script?
Escaped quotes
Single quotes
Double quotes
Side quotes
Double quotes help to ensure that variables are interpolated within a shell script. Runquotes are not used for this purpose, and the other options are not valid types of quotes.
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66. Which of the following pagers includes the ability to search backward and forward as well as move backward and forward, line-by-line, and page-by-page? Which of the following pagers includes the ability to search backward and forward as well as move backward and forward, line-by-line, and page-by-page?
more
mplus
less
catch
The less pager fits the scenario described. The more pager does not have as much flexibility as less. The other options shown are not valid.
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67. You have a specialized need for outputting a file in octal format. Which command or series of commands can be used for this purpose? You have a specialized need for outputting a file in octal format. Which command or series of commands can be used for this purpose?
oct
cat <file> | octalf
od
octf
The od command converts a file to octal format. The other options shown all have invalid commands.
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68. Which option to sha256sum causes the file to be read in binary mode? Which option to sha256sum causes the file to be read in binary mode?
-i
-b
-c
-p
The -b option for sha256sum and sha512sum reads the file in binary mode as opposed to text mode, which is the default.
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69. When operating in command mode, which keys enable you to move the cursor in the Vi editor? When operating in command mode, which keys enable you to move the cursor in the Vi editor?
a, s, d, f
h, j, k, l
q, w, e, r
z, x, c, v
The h, j, k, and l keys enable movement of the cursor in command mode Vi.
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70. Which options to xz are functionally equivalent to the xzcat program? Which options to xz are functionally equivalent to the xzcat program?
decompress and output
output and format
decompress and stdout
stdout and format
The decompress and stdout options to xz are functionally equivalent to the xzcat program. There is also a related program called zcat for outputting files compressed with gzip to STDOUT.
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71. Which environment variable is used to control the default text editor used on a Linux system? Which environment variable is used to control the default text editor used on a Linux system?
EDITOR
EDIT
TEXTEDITOR
DEFAULT_EDITOR
The EDITOR environment variable controls the editor that is used. Typical choices include nano, Emacs, Vi or enhanced Vi, known as Vim.
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72. You need to examine the seventh section of the manual page for regular expressions, or regex, on a Linux system. Which command displays the seventh section of the manual? You need to examine the seventh section of the manual page for regular expressions, or regex, on a Linux system. Which command displays the seventh section of the manual?
man regex -7
man regex 7
man --page 7 regex
man 7 regex
The seventh manual section for regex is found by specifying the level after the command and prior to the manual page to examine.
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73. Which of the following commands reprioritizes an already running process? Which of the following commands reprioritizes an already running process?
nice
renice
chnice
altnice
The renice command changes the priority of a running process. The nice command is not capable of altering running processes, and the other commands shown are not valid.
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74. The fgrep command is equivalent to running the grep command with which option? The fgrep command is equivalent to running the grep command with which option?
-f
-F
-a
-E
The fgrep command is equivalent to running the grep command with an -F option. The -f option specifies a file, and the -E option utilizes an extended regular expression and is equivalent to the egrep command. The -a option is important in its own right and causes grep to process a binary file as if it were a text file.
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75. Which of the following regular expressions would find the pattern Steve or steve in a file when used with grep? Which of the following regular expressions would find the pattern Steve or steve in a file when used with grep?
'[sS]teve'
'[S]*teve'
'^[Ss]teve'
'[$Steve]'
All of the options shown use regular expressions. In the correct answer, the strings Steve and steve will match due to the use of a character class. Option 2 would match only Steve but, due to the quantifier *, would also match strings like Siwejfiwjfheteve. Option 3 uses anchoring and thus would only match Steve or steve at the beginning of a line. Option 4 also uses an anchor to indicate end of line and thus does not make sense in this context.
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76. Which of the following commands shows the currently running processes and their resource usage in real time, updated every few seconds? Which of the following commands shows the currently running processes and their resource usage in real time, updated every few seconds?
nice
ps
top
procs
The top command shows running processes, typically sorted by CPU usage and updates every few seconds. The ps command shows processes but does not auto-update. The nice command sets priority, and there is no procs command.
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77. You have been asked to create a compressed file that will be readable by those with other operating systems. Which tool can you use for this purpose? You have been asked to create a compressed file that will be readable by those with other operating systems. Which tool can you use for this purpose?
gzip
bzip2
xz
tar
Files compressed with the gzip utility can typically be read by other operating systems, though it may require additional software for certain operating systems. Compression utilities like bzip2 and xz almost certainly require additional software. The tar command in option 4 is not a compression utility.
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78. You need to match files that begin with 201, as in 2017, 2018, 2019. Which of the following wildcard specifications can be used? You need to match files that begin with 201, as in 2017, 2018, 2019. Which of the following wildcard specifications can be used?
201?
201$
201@
201]
The question mark can be used as a wildcard for such a scenario. An asterisk would also work for file globbing.
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79. You need to break a large file into smaller pieces. Which command can be used for this purpose? You need to break a large file into smaller pieces. Which command can be used for this purpose?
cut
split
dice
rem
The split command can break up a file into multiple pieces. The cut command would split an individual line but does not meet the criteria in this scenario. There is no dice or rem command.
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80. When examining the output from top, you see that a process has a value in the PR column of 20. To what does the PR column refer? When examining the output from top, you see that a process has a value in the PR column of 20. To what does the PR column refer?
The process ID
The process utilization
The process priority
The processor core on which the process is executing
The scheduling priority of the process is shown in the PR column. The process ID is displayed in the PID column. The top command shows CPU utilization in the %CPU column and does not display information about the processor cores.
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81. You need to cut or remove eight lines from a file while editing with Vi. Which combination should be used for this purpose? You need to cut or remove eight lines from a file while editing with Vi. Which combination should be used for this purpose?
d7
d8
r8
x7
The d key will be used for this and the number 7 used in order to cut or remove eight lines. Other keys to work with text for cut, copy, and paste in Vi include p, y, dd, and yy. The other options shown for this question are not valid.
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82. Which command is used in order to decompress a file that has been compressed with xz? Which command is used in order to decompress a file that has been compressed with xz?
unxz
dexz
xzu
u2xz
The unxz command decompress a file that has been compressed with xz.
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83. Which of the following commands uses 128-bit message digests? Which of the following commands uses 128-bit message digests?
sha256sum
sha512sum
sh128sum
md5sum
The md5sum command creates a 128-bit MD5 message digest. The sha256sum command produces 256-bit values, whereas sha512sum produces 512-bit values.
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84. You have several files that need to be combined, with a line from each file being appended onto a single line. Which command can be used for this purpose? You have several files that need to be combined, with a line from each file being appended onto a single line. Which command can be used for this purpose?
paste
comb
appfile
combo
The paste command fits the scenario described and separates the lines from each file by a tab. The other commands are not valid.
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85. You need to run a command that is not inside your current path. Which of the following represents the typical method for doing so? You need to run a command that is not inside your current path. Which of the following represents the typical method for doing so?
Use a fully qualified path for the command.
Set the PATH environment variable to include the correct path.
Restart the shell environment.
Restart the computer for settings to take effect.
Using a fully qualified path meets the scenario in the most typical manner. You could add the command path to the PATH environment variable, but that is unnecessary given the scenario. Restarting the shell or computer would not have any effect.
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86. Which signal is used by default by the pkill command? Which signal is used by default by the pkill command?
SIGKILL
SIGTERM
SIGHUP
SIGKS
The SIGTERM signal is used by default by the pkill command. This can be changed using the --signal option.
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87. You are working with the jobs built-in command to display jobs. You would like to see only running jobs. Which option to the jobs built-in command will display only running jobs? You are working with the jobs built-in command to display jobs. You would like to see only running jobs. Which option to the jobs built-in command will display only running jobs?
-s
-a
-l
-r
Running jobs are listed with the -r option. The -s option displays only stopped jobs, whereas -l shows process IDs. There is no -a option to the jobs built-in command.
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88. Which option to the bunzip2 command sends output to STDOUT, much like the bzcat command? Which option to the bunzip2 command sends output to STDOUT, much like the bzcat command?
-s
-o
-c
-d
The -c option outputs to STDOUT. See the bzip2(1) man page for additional details.
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1. Which option best describes the following output from the ls -la command: lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 35 Jul 8 2014 .fetchmailrc -> .configs/fetchmail/.fetchmailrc? Which option best describes the following output from the ls -la command: lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 35 Jul 8 2014 .fetchmailrc -> .configs/fetchmail/.fetchmailrc?
It is a file called .fetchmailrc that is linked using a symbolic link.
It is a file called .configs/fetchmail/.fetchmailrc that is owned by lrwxrwxrwx.
It is a directory called .fetchmailrc that is owned by user Jul.
It is a local directory called .configs/fetchmail/.fetchmailrc.
The listing shows a symbolic linked file located in the current directory, linked to .configs/fetchmail/.fetchmailrc. The file is owned by the root user and root group and was created on July 8, 2014.
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2. Assuming that a USB disk contains a single partition and is made available on /dev/sdb, which command mounts the disk in /media/usb? Assuming that a USB disk contains a single partition and is made available on /dev/sdb, which command mounts the disk in /media/usb?
mount /dev/sdb1 /media/usb
usbconnect /dev/sdb0 /media/usb
mount /dev/sdb0 /media/usb
usbmount /dev/sdb1 /media/usb
The mount command is used to mount drives in Linux. The source and destination mount points are expected as arguments. Drive partitions begin at the number 1, making the first partition number 1.
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3. Which option within a partition-mounting command will cause the partition to be mounted in such a way as to prevent execution of programs? Which option within a partition-mounting command will cause the partition to be mounted in such a way as to prevent execution of programs?
execless
stoprun
noexec
norun
The noexec option will prevent programs from being executed that reside on the partition. The noexec option is used frequently for mounting the /tmp partition.
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4. When working with partitions on disk, you see the type 0x82. Which type of partition is this? When working with partitions on disk, you see the type 0x82. Which type of partition is this?
Linux
Linux swap
NTFS
FAT
0x82 is Linux swap, and 0x83 is Linux. NTFS is 0x07, and FAT is 0.0c.
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5. Which partition type should be created for a Linux system, non-swap partition? Which partition type should be created for a Linux system, non-swap partition?
82
83
84
L
The partition type 0x83 should be created for a normal Linux partition. Type 82 is used for swap
84 is an OS/2 partition. There is no L type.
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6. Which command can be used to determine the location of a given executable that would be run if typed from your current environment and location? Which command can be used to determine the location of a given executable that would be run if typed from your current environment and location?
which
what
whatis
when
The which command returns the full path to the given command and is useful for determining both whether a given command is available and the location from which the command will run.
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7. Which of the following commands will correctly change the group ownership of the file called a.out to users? Which of the following commands will correctly change the group ownership of the file called a.out to users?
chgrp users a.out
chgrp a.out users
groupchg a.out users
grpchg users a.out
The chgrp command can be used to change group ownership of a file. The order is chgrp <groupname> <target>.
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8. Another administrator made a change to one of the local scripts used for administrative purposes. The change was also immediately reflected in your copy of the script. However, when examining the file with ls, you see that it appears to be a normal file. What is the likely cause of such a scenario? Another administrator made a change to one of the local scripts used for administrative purposes. The change was also immediately reflected in your copy of the script. However, when examining the file with ls, you see that it appears to be a normal file. What is the likely cause of such a scenario?
The file was executed after edit.
The administrator copied the file to yours.
Your file is a hard link to the original.
The file has been restored from backup.
The file is almost certainly a hard link to the original script. Although ls won’t show this information, the stat command will show that it is a link and also show the inode to which the file is linked.
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9. Which of the following commands shows the usage of inodes across all filesystems? Which of the following commands shows the usage of inodes across all filesystems?
df -i
ls -i
du -i
dm -i
The -i option to df produces information on inodes across all filesystems. The ls -i option will produce inode listings, but only for the current directory. The -i option is invalid for du, and dm does not exist as a command.
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10. You’re running fsck on an ext3 filesystem, and the process is taking longer than expected and requiring input from the administrator to fix issues. What option could be added to fsck next time so that the command will automatically attempt to fix errors without intervention? You’re running fsck on an ext3 filesystem, and the process is taking longer than expected and requiring input from the administrator to fix issues. What option could be added to fsck next time so that the command will automatically attempt to fix errors without intervention?
-o
-V
-y
-f
The -y option will attempt to repair automatically, essentially answering y or yes instead of prompting. Of the other options, only -V is valid and will produce verbose output.
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11. Which of the following describes a primary difference between ext2 and ext3 filesystems? Which of the following describes a primary difference between ext2 and ext3 filesystems?
ext3 was primarily a bug fix update to ext2.
ext3 includes journaling for the filesystem.
ext3 completely changed the tools needed for management of the disks.
ext3 filesystems have no significant differences.
The addition of journaling in ext3 increased filesystem reliability and performance.
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12. Which option to umask will display the permissions to be used in a Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) format? Which option to umask will display the permissions to be used in a Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) format?
-P
-p
-S
-v
The -S option displays output in a format such as u=rwx,g=rx,o=rx. The other options listed do not perform the desired operation.
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13. Which option to ln creates a symlink to another file? Which option to ln creates a symlink to another file?
-sl
-s
-l
--ln
The -s option to ln creates a symbolic link, or symlink.
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14. Which of the following commands can be used if you need to locate various elements of a given command, such as its binaries and man pages? Which of the following commands can be used if you need to locate various elements of a given command, such as its binaries and man pages?
whatis
find
whereis
ls
The whereis command displays pertinent information about the command given as its argument. For example, entering whereis apache2 on a Debian system will show the binary location, configuration file location, and other relevant details.
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15. Which option in /etc/updatedb.conf will remove a path from inclusion in the results? Which option in /etc/updatedb.conf will remove a path from inclusion in the results?
PRUNEPATHS
EXCLUDEPATHS
INCLUDEEXCLUDE
SEPARATEPATH
The PRUNEPATHS option accepts a space-separated list of paths to remove from the results. The other options listed do not exist.
282
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4
16. According to the filesystem hierarchy standard (FHS), what is the correct location for site-specific data for a server? According to the filesystem hierarchy standard (FHS), what is the correct location for site-specific data for a server?
/etc
/var
/tmp
/srv
The /srv hierarchy is used for data for server programs. The /etc hierarchy is configuration information; /var is also data files but variable, such as mail files. The /tmp directory is for temporary files.
283
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3
17. Which of the following commands enables the sticky bit for a user on a file called homescript.sh? Which of the following commands enables the sticky bit for a user on a file called homescript.sh?
chmod +sticky homescript.sh
chmod 755 homescript.sh
chmod u+s homescript.sh
chown u+sticky homescript.sh
The chmod command is used for this purpose, and the u+s option sets the sticky bit for the user on the specified target.
284
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2
18. Which option to the mount command will mount all filesystems that are currently available in /etc/fstab? Which option to the mount command will mount all filesystems that are currently available in /etc/fstab?
-g
-a
-r
-y
The -a option mounts all filesystems in /etc/fstab that are currently available. This option is typically used if the mount points are not mounted at boot time or another mount point is added to the system after it has been booted.
285
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2
19. Which command is used to format a swap partition? Which command is used to format a swap partition?
fdisk
mkswap
formatswap
format -s
The mkswap command formats a swap partition. The fdisk command is used to create the partition itself but not format it. The other two options do not exist.
286
101-500
1
20. Which command and option is used to display the number of times that a filesystem has been mounted? Which command and option is used to display the number of times that a filesystem has been mounted?
tune2fs -l
cat /etc/fstab
mount -a
less /etc/fsmnt
The tune2fs command displays a lot of information about filesystems, and when used with the -l option, the output includes the number of times that the filesystem has been mounted.
287
101-500
1
21. Which option to xfs_metadump displays a progress indicator? Which option to xfs_metadump displays a progress indicator?
-g
-p
-f
-v
The -g option displays progress of the dump. The other options listed do not exist.
288
101-500
1
22. The system is running out of disk space within the home directory partition and quotas have not been enabled. Which command can you use to determine the directories that might contain large files? The system is running out of disk space within the home directory partition and quotas have not been enabled. Which command can you use to determine the directories that might contain large files?
du
df
ls
locate
The du command will report on disk usage in a recursive manner, unlike the other commands shown here.
289
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3
23. Which file contains information about the filesystems to mount, their partitions, and the options that should be used to mount them? Which file contains information about the filesystems to mount, their partitions, and the options that should be used to mount them?
/etc/filesystems
/etc/mounts
/etc/fstab
/srv/mounts
The /etc/fstab file is used to store information about the filesystems to mount within the system.
290
101-500
4
24. According to the FHS, what is the proper mount point for removable media? According to the FHS, what is the proper mount point for removable media?
/etc
/srv
/tmp
/media
The /media mount point is used for removable media. See https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/lsb/fhs-30 for more information on the FHS.
291
101-500
1
25. Which file contains information on currently mounted filesystems, including their mount options? Which file contains information on currently mounted filesystems, including their mount options?
/etc/mtab
/etc/fstab
/tmp/files
/etc/filesystems
The /etc/mtab file contains currently mounted filesystems. Note that /etc/fstab contains filesystem information but doesn’t report which filesystems are currently mounted.
292
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2
26. Which option to umount will cause the command to attempt to remount the filesystem in read-only mode if the unmounting process fails? Which option to umount will cause the command to attempt to remount the filesystem in read-only mode if the unmounting process fails?
-o
-r
-f
-v
The -r option causes umount to attempt to remount in read-only mode. The -v option is verbose mode, and the -f option forces the operation. The -o option does not exist.
293
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1
27. The umask reports as 022. What is the permission that will be in effect for a newly nonexecutable created file? The umask reports as 022. What is the permission that will be in effect for a newly nonexecutable created file?
u+rw, g+r, w+r
755
22
a+r
The 022 umask will translate into 644 permissions on a new nonexecutable file.
294
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3
28. The locate command is reporting out-of-date information. Which command should be run in order to have the locate command update its database? The locate command is reporting out-of-date information. Which command should be run in order to have the locate command update its database?
locatedb -u
locate -u
updatedb
updatelocate
The updatedb command will update the database used by the locate command.
295
101-500
1
29. Which shell built-in command can be used to determine what command will be run? Which shell built-in command can be used to determine what command will be run?
type
when
find
help
The type built-in returns the location that the shell will use in order to run the given command. The find command cannot be used for this purpose, and the other commands do not exist.
296
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2
30. Which option to chown recursively changes the ownership? Which option to chown recursively changes the ownership?
-f
-R
-a
-m
The -R option will perform the change ownership in a recursive manner.
297
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4
31. Which of the following represents the correct format for the /etc/fstab file? Which of the following represents the correct format for the /etc/fstab file?
The proper order is the device (UUID or partition) or filesystem to mount, followed by the mount point or directory to mount that device, followed by its type and options, and then the dump and pass settings.
298
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1
32. Which of the following commands is used to identify the UUID for partitions? Which of the following commands is used to identify the UUID for partitions?
blkid
ls
find
cat
The blkid command will show partition UUIDs. You can also get this information with the lsblk -no UUID <partition> command. The other commands shown in this question do not accomplish the required task.
299
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1
33. Which of the following describes the priority order for configuration files with systemd? Which of the following describes the priority order for configuration files with systemd?
Files in /etc/, files in /run, and then files in /lib
Files in /run, files in /etc/, and then files in /lib
Files in /lib, files in /run, and then files in /etc
Files in /lib, files in /etc, and then files in /run
Priority order for systemd configuration files are those within the /etc/ hierarchy, followed by files in the /run/ hierarchy, followed by files in the /lib/ hierarchy.
300
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1
34. Which options to the fsck command will find and automatically assume that it should repair errors that it finds? Which options to the fsck command will find and automatically assume that it should repair errors that it finds?
-y
-vy
-my
-xy
The -y option causes fsck to assume yes instead of prompting when repairing a filesystem. The -v option is verbosity. There is no -m or -x option for fsck.
301
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3
35. Which option to mke2fs sets the type of filesystem to be created? Which option to mke2fs sets the type of filesystem to be created?
-F
-a
-t
-e
The -t option sets the filesystem type as ext2, ext3, or ext4. The mke2fs command is typically symlinked from /sbin/mkfs.ext2, /sbin/mkfs.ext3, and /sbin/mkfs.ext4. The -F option forces mke2fs to create a filesystem, and the -a and -e options do not exist.
302
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2
36. Which of the following files is the default configuration file for the autofs automounter? Which of the following files is the default configuration file for the autofs automounter?
/etc/autofs
/etc/auto.master
/etc/autofs.conf
/etc/automounter.conf
The file /etc/auto.master contains the configuration for autofs. The other files listed as options are not valid for this scenario.
303
101-500
3
37. Which of the following commands is used to create an ISO filesystem? Which of the following commands is used to create an ISO filesystem?
mkiso
mkfsiso
mkisofs
isofs-mk
The mkisofs command creates an ISO filesystem, which can then be written to a CD or DVD. The other commands listed are not valid.
304
101-500
2
38. Which option to the tune2fs command sets the maximum mount count before the system will automatically run fsck on the partition on boot? Which option to the tune2fs command sets the maximum mount count before the system will automatically run fsck on the partition on boot?
-b
-c
-C
-a
The -c option sets the maximum mount count. The -C option sets the current number of mounts. The -b and -a options do not exist.
305
101-500
4
39. Which option to the mount command can be used to simulate the mount process without actually mounting the filesystem? Which option to the mount command can be used to simulate the mount process without actually mounting the filesystem?
-q
-v
-l
-f
The -f option, also known as fake, is helpful for situations where you need to debug the mount process or when you need to add an entry to /etc/mtab for a previously mounted filesystem. The -l option shows labels, and -v is verbose. There is no -q option.
306
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3
40. When viewing /proc/mounts, you see a filesystem with the letters ro in the fourth column. To what do the letters ro refer? When viewing /proc/mounts, you see a filesystem with the letters ro in the fourth column. To what do the letters ro refer?
relative option
realtime option
read-only
relative-only
The letters ro indicate that the filesystem has been mounted read-only, meaning that it is not possible to perform a write to the filesystem. The other possible option is rw, indicating that the filesystem has been mounted read-write.
307
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3
41. Which option to dumpe2fs displays the bad blocks for a given partition? Which option to dumpe2fs displays the bad blocks for a given partition?
-bb
-C
-b
-f
Bad blocks are shown with the -b option. The -f option forces dumpe2fs to perform the requested operation, and the other command options do not exist.
308
101-500
4
42. Which of the following filesystem types features copy-on-write? Which of the following filesystem types features copy-on-write?
ext3
ext4
FAT
Btrfs
Btrfs is based on the copy-on-write principle and is generally considered more advanced than ext4 and its predecessors. FAT is a legacy filesystem primarily used for DOS and its follow-ons like Windows.
309
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2
43. Which of the following commands displays filesystem geometry for an XFS filesystem? Which of the following commands displays filesystem geometry for an XFS filesystem?
xfsinfo
xfs_info
xfs -info
xfs --info
The xfs_info command, which is functionally equivalent to xfs_grow -n, displays information about an XFS-formatted filesystem.
310
101-500
1
44. Which of the following commands can be used to display information such as the UUID for partitions on a system? Which of the following commands can be used to display information such as the UUID for partitions on a system?
blkid
blockdev
devinfo
uuidinfo
The blkid command shows information about partitions including their type, their UUID, and other basic information. The other commands shown do not exist.
311
101-500
3
45. Which option to the umount command will cause it to unmount only filesystems of the specified type? Which option to the umount command will cause it to unmount only filesystems of the specified type?
-v
-f
-t
-a
The -t option, which can accept a comma-separated list of types, specifies that only filesystems of the listed type are to be unmounted. This is useful in conjunction with the -a option, which unmounts all filesystems except /proc. The -v option is verbose, and -f forces the operation to continue.
312
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4
46. Which command causes unwritten data to be written to disk immediately? Which command causes unwritten data to be written to disk immediately?
write
wrnow
connwrite
sync
The sync command writes unwritten data to the disk immediately and is useful to run just prior to attempting an unmount operation.
313
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3
47. Which option to xfs_check is used to verify a filesystem that is stored in a file? Which option to xfs_check is used to verify a filesystem that is stored in a file?
-v
-a
-f
-d
The -f option specifies that xfs_check should check the contents of the named file for consistency. The -v option sets verbosity, and there is no -d or -a option.
314
101-500
2
48. Which option to debugfs causes the filesystem to be opened in read-write mode rather than the default read-only? Which option to debugfs causes the filesystem to be opened in read-write mode rather than the default read-only?
-rw
-w
-r
-n
The -w option causes debugfs to open the filesystem in read-write mode. There is also a -c option to open in catastrophic mode for filesystems with significant damage. The -rw, -r, and -n options are not valid.
315
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4
49. Which daemon is responsible for monitoring Self-Monitoring, Analysis, and Reporting Technology (SMART)-compatible hard drives? Which daemon is responsible for monitoring Self-Monitoring, Analysis, and Reporting Technology (SMART)-compatible hard drives?
smartmon
smarty
sartd
smartd
The smartd daemon monitors SMART-compatible disks for notable events and can be configured to send alerts when events occur. The other commands listed are not valid for this scenario.
316
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1
50. When checking an ext3 filesystem, which option to the fsck.ext3 command causes it to run the check even if the filesystem is apparently marked as clean? When checking an ext3 filesystem, which option to the fsck.ext3 command causes it to run the check even if the filesystem is apparently marked as clean?
–f
-m
-a
-c
The -f option forces fsck to run on an otherwise clean filesystem for ext3 filesystems. This can be helpful for times when you suspect there is an error on the filesystem and need to verify the integrity of the filesystem as part of the troubleshooting process. This can also be helpful to prepare the filesystem for conversion, such as might be the case with a tool like btrfs-convert.
317
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1
51. You are performing an xfsrestore. The xfsdump was executed with a block size of 4MB. Which option do you need to invoke on xfsrestore in order for it to successfully use this dump? You are performing an xfsrestore. The xfsdump was executed with a block size of 4MB. Which option do you need to invoke on xfsrestore in order for it to successfully use this dump?
-b 4M
-g 1M
-i 1M
-k 1028K
The block size for import or restore must match the block size used on export or dump. Block size is specified with the -b option, making option A correct. The other options are not valid for xfsrestore.
318
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2
52. You see the word defaults within /etc/fstab. Which options are encompassed within the defaults? You see the word defaults within /etc/fstab. Which options are encompassed within the defaults?
ro, exec, auto
rw, suid, dev, exec, auto, nouser, async
rw, exec, auto, nouser, async
rw, exec, nouser, async, noauto, suid
A filesystem with the word defaults for its mount options will be mounted read-write (rw), suid, with the ability to have executables (exec). The filesystem will be auto-mounted (auto), but users will not be able to mount it (nouser). Character and block special devices will be interpreted (dev), and operations on the disk will be performed in an asynchronous manner (async).
319
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2
53. Which of the following commands creates a btrfs subvolume? Which of the following commands creates a btrfs subvolume?
btrfs create subvolume
btrfs subvolume create
btrfs sv create
btrfs svcreate
The btrfs subvolume create command creates a btrfs subvolume. The other commands are not valid.
320
101-500
3
54. Which of the following options to xfsdump sets the maximum size for files to be included in the dump? Which of the following options to xfsdump sets the maximum size for files to be included in the dump?
-p
-s
-z
-b
The -z option sets the maximum size for files to be included in the dump. The -b option sets the block size but is not related to what is being asked for in this scenario. The –s option sets the path for inclusion in the dump, and -p sets the interval for progress indicators.
321
101-500
3
55. Which option to the tune2fs command sets the behavior when a filesystem error occurs? Which option to the tune2fs command sets the behavior when a filesystem error occurs?
-f
-d
-e
-k
The -e option sets the behavior, such as continue, remount read-only, or panic, when an error occurs at the filesystem level. The -f option forces whatever operation you’re requesting to continue even if there are errors. The -d and -k options are not valid.
322
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4
56. The /etc filesystem has been mounted as a read-only for a recovery process. You need to mount another partition. Which option to the mount command causes it to not write to /etc/mtab? The /etc filesystem has been mounted as a read-only for a recovery process. You need to mount another partition. Which option to the mount command causes it to not write to /etc/mtab?
-a
-m
-b
-n
The -n option causes mount to not write to /etc/mtab and is particularly useful for the scenario described. The -a option mounts all filesystems in /etc/fstab. There is no -b or -a option.
323
101-500
1
57. Which of the following commands deactivates swap space? Which of the following commands deactivates swap space?
swapoff
swap -off
unmountswap
uswap
The swapoff command deactivates swap space, thereby making it unavailable as virtual memory on the system. The other commands shown as options are not valid.
324
101-500
1
58. Within the [mount] section of a systemd mount unit, which directive specifies the location for mounting the chosen filesystem? Within the [mount] section of a systemd mount unit, which directive specifies the location for mounting the chosen filesystem?
Where=
Location=
List=
Dest=
The Where= directive specifies the location for the final mounted filesystem.
325
101-500
1
59. Which of the following commands can be used to format a FAT filesystem? Which of the following commands can be used to format a FAT filesystem?
mkfs.fat
mkfs -f
mkfs --fat
mkfat
The mkfs.fat or mkfs.vfat commands are valid for creation of FAT filesystems. There is no -f option to mkfs, and there is no mkfat command.
326
101-500
4
60. Which of the following commands adds a journal to an existing ext2 filesystem? Which of the following commands adds a journal to an existing ext2 filesystem?
tune2fs -jrn
e2fs -x
tune3fs
tune2fs -j
The tune2fs command is used for working with ext2, ext3, and ext4 filesystems. The -j option adds a journal. The other commands are not valid.
327
101-500
1
61. Which of the following commands creates a snapshot of a btrfs subvolume? Which of the following commands creates a snapshot of a btrfs subvolume?
btrfs subvolume snapshot
btrfs snapshot --create
btrfs create snapshot
btrfs --create
The snapshot subcommand of btrfs subvolume creates a snapshot. The other commands shown are not valid.
328
101-500
1
62. Which option to xfs_repair will force log zeroing even if there may be metadata within the log? Which option to xfs_repair will force log zeroing even if there may be metadata within the log?
-L
-v
-d
-V
The -L option forces the log to be cleared or zeroed out, which may cause a loss of data. The -v option sets verbose output; -V prints the version. The -d option performs a dangerous repair, which can be used on a read-only filesystem.
329
101-500
3
63. Which of the following commands mounts a filesystem in read-only mode? Which of the following commands mounts a filesystem in read-only mode?
mount read-only
mount --read
mount -o ro
mount -or
The -o option enables the setting of one or more options for the mount command, and ro is read-only. Note that the -r option will also mount as read-only. The other options shown are not valid.
330
101-500
2
64. When you are using tune2fs to set an extended option such as stripe_width, which command-line option is needed to signify that an extended option follows? When you are using tune2fs to set an extended option such as stripe_width, which command-line option is needed to signify that an extended option follows?
-extend
-E
-e
-f
The -E option signals that an extended option follows, such as stripe_width. The -f option forces an operation but should not be necessary for this solution, and the -e option sets the behavior on error. There is no -extend option.
331
101-500
1
65. Which utility is used for formatting GPT disks? Which utility is used for formatting GPT disks?
gdisk
gptdisk
gpdisk
pgdisk
The gdisk utility is the equivalent of fdisk for working with GPT partitions. Later versions of fdisk can also be used to manage GPT partitions.
332
101-500
1
66. What is the maximum size of a partition on an MBR-formatted disk? What is the maximum size of a partition on an MBR-formatted disk?
2TB
4TB
2MB
512TB
The maximum size for a partition on an MBR disk is 2 terabytes. GPT has largely replaced MBR on newer Linux systems.
333
101-500
3
67. Which option to mkfs.ext4 can be used to prevent reservation of blocks for system or superuser use? Which option to mkfs.ext4 can be used to prevent reservation of blocks for system or superuser use?
-r 0
-r 0b
-m 0
-m 0b
The -m option with 0 will format the partition with no reserved blocks for superuser or system use. The -r option sets the filesystem revision.
334
101-500
2
68. What is the default time in seconds that xfs_fsr will use to reorganize a filesystem? What is the default time in seconds that xfs_fsr will use to reorganize a filesystem?
3600
7200
86400
5150
The default time for filesystem reorganization is two hours, or 7200 seconds.
335
101-500
3
69. A user who is a member of the custom admins group is attempting to read the contents of a file but is not the owner of the file. Rather than granting sudo access to this file, what is another way to grant read access, assuming that the file is currently marked with 640 permissions? Note that you should choose the most appropriate answer to fulfill the need while minimizing additional privileges. A user who is a member of the custom admins group is attempting to read the contents of a file but is not the owner of the file. Rather than granting sudo access to this file, what is another way to grant read access, assuming that the file is currently marked with 640 permissions? Note that you should choose the most appropriate answer to fulfill the need while minimizing additional privileges.
Grant root access to the user.
Run chmod 777 on the file.
Use chgrp to change group ownership to admins.
Use chown to change the ownership of the file to the individual user.
The file permissions are 640, meaning that the group owner can read the file. Therefore, changing group ownership should have the fewest side effects. Granting root access is not preferred, especially noting that the problem statement indicated that granting sudo wasn’t preferred. While using chown on the file to change the owner would also work, it’s likely to have additional side effects that could prevent the owner of the file from reading and writing, and there isn’t enough information in the problem for that. Finally, running chmod 777 is almost never the correct solution to any problem on Linux.
336
101-500
2
70. Which option to lsblk shows empty devices? Which option to lsblk shows empty devices?
-g
-a
-r
-y
The -a option shows all devices, even those that are empty. The -r option is for raw devices, and the other options do not exist.
337
101-500
4
71. The /media/ mount point is used frequently for which types of devices? The /media/ mount point is used frequently for which types of devices?
Hard drives
SAN
NAS
USB devices
USB devices and others removable media can typically be found within the /media/mount point.
338
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3
72. Which of the following commands is used to format an exFAT filesystem? Which of the following commands is used to format an exFAT filesystem?
mkexfat
mkfat.ex
mkfs.exfat
mkfs2.exf
The mkfs-related commands are typically used for formatting filesystems on Linux. In this case, mkfs.exfat is the correct option for formatting exFAT filesystems.
339
101-500
3
73. Which of the following commands is used for debugging an XFS-formatted filesystem? Which of the following commands is used for debugging an XFS-formatted filesystem?
debug_xfs
xfs_debug
xfs_db
debugxfs
The xfs_db command is used for debugging XFS-formatted filesystems.
340
101-500
3
74. You’re working with an ext2 filesystem and you suspect the superblock is corrupted. Which option to e2fsck enables you to specify the location of an alternate superblock? You’re working with an ext2 filesystem and you suspect the superblock is corrupted. Which option to e2fsck enables you to specify the location of an alternate superblock?
-B
-s
-b
-o
The -b option is used to specify an alternate superblock and helps in the scenario described, where the superblock has been damaged. The -B option specifies the block size. There is no –s or -o option for e2fsck.
341
101-500
1
75. Which option to df shows the numerical output in larger size increments, like MB, GB, TB, and so on rather than in bytes? Which option to df shows the numerical output in larger size increments, like MB, GB, TB, and so on rather than in bytes?
-h
-m
-n
-s
The -h option is the flag for human-readable formatting and shows numerical output in larger size increments rather than bytes. The other options are not valid for df.
342
101-500
2
76. Assuming the use of Bash for the shell, in which file can the umask be set such that the file creation mask is set automatically on login? Assuming the use of Bash for the shell, in which file can the umask be set such that the file creation mask is set automatically on login?
/etc/umask.def
/etc/profile
/etc/bash.d/umask
/etc/bash.umask
The /etc/profile file is one of a few locations in which default options can be set for users of Bash. The other file locations shown do not exist.
343
101-500
1
77. You need to enable two users to edit the same file but keep their own individual changes. Another administrator suggested making a symbolic link for the file. Is a symbolic link the appropriate solution for this scenario and, if not, what is? You need to enable two users to edit the same file but keep their own individual changes. Another administrator suggested making a symbolic link for the file. Is a symbolic link the appropriate solution for this scenario and, if not, what is?
A symbolic link is not appropriate because the users cannot keep their own changes. A copy would be a better option.
A symbolic link is appropriate here because each user can access the file, assuming write permissions.
A symbolic link is not appropriate given that the users will not have permissions on symbolic links. Linux cannot meet the scenario described.
A symbolic link is appropriate because symbolic links have the ability to do version control, thus enabling the scenario.
A symbolic link will not work. The users would be editing the same file and, without saving as a different filename, would not be able to keep their own edits.
344
101-500
2
78. You have deleted a user from the system and want to determine if this user still has files on the system. Which command will fulfill this scenario? You have deleted a user from the system and want to determine if this user still has files on the system. Which command will fulfill this scenario?
locate <user>
find -uid <uid>
find -user <user>
fileloc -user <user>
The find command will be used for this purpose, and the -uid option will need to be used because the user has already been deleted. If the user had not been deleted, then the -user option would still work.
345
101-500
1
79. You need to update the locate database. Which of the following commands is used for this purpose? You need to update the locate database. Which of the following commands is used for this purpose?
updatedb
locatedb
updlocdb
locdbupd
The updatedb command is used to update the locate database. The other commands are not valid.
346
101-500
2
80. Which option to lsblk shows the UUID of each filesystem? Which option to lsblk shows the UUID of each filesystem?
–u
-f
-o
-a
The -f option shows the UUIDs of the filesystems mounted on the system. The -a option shows all devices, the -o option enables specification of output columns, and the -u option does not exist.
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3
81. Which option to mkswap checks the device for bad blocks before formatting? Which option to mkswap checks the device for bad blocks before formatting?
-b
-B
-c
-d
The -c option checks for bad blocks before formatting. The other options are not valid with mkswap.
348
101-500
4
82. You are examining output from ls -la and one file contains the permissions -rwSrw-r--. To what does the S refer? You are examining output from ls -la and one file contains the permissions -rwSrw-r--. To what does the S refer?
Specific execute
Source formatting
Selective execution
Sticky bit
The sticky bit has been set on the file as denoted by an uppercase S.
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83. You need to change file permissions to be setgid for a file called sync.sh. The file is normally permission 755. Which of the following commands accomplishes this task? You need to change file permissions to be setgid for a file called sync.sh. The file is normally permission 755. Which of the following commands accomplishes this task?
chmod 2775 sync.sh
chmod u+s sync.sh
chmod 2755 sync.sh
chmod 4755 sync.sh
Using octal form, 4 is user, 2 is group, and 1 is sticky bit. Therefore, 2755 would have setgid for the file.
350
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3
84. Which of the following commands finds files with a .sql extension across the entire filesystem? Which of the following commands finds files with a .sql extension across the entire filesystem?
find . -name "*.sql"
find /root -ext sql
find / -name "*.sql"
find / -exten ".sql"
The -name option is used for this purpose, and / indicates the root of the system. A * wildcard is used to indicate all filenames ending in .sql, as described in the scenario.
351
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2
85. When working with /etc/fstab to mount by UUID, which syntax is correct as the first column in /etc/fstab, assuming a UUID denoted by <UUID>? When working with /etc/fstab to mount by UUID, which syntax is correct as the first column in /etc/fstab, assuming a UUID denoted by <UUID>?
<UUID>
UUID=<UUID>
ID=<UUID>
GPT=<UUID>
The UUID=<UUID> syntax is correct for the /etc/fstab file.
352
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3
86. Which option to du displays information on inode usage? Which option to du displays information on inode usage?
-i
-h
--inodes
-d
The --inodes option shows inode usage with du. The -h option is human-readable, and -d sets the maximum depth. There is no -i option for du.
353
101-500
1
87. Which of the following find commands will look for files that are over 1GB in size? Which of the following find commands will look for files that are over 1GB in size?
find -size +1G
find -size 1GB
find -fssize +1GB
find -filesize +1G
The -size option is used with find for this purpose, and the +1G argument will look for files greater than 1 gigabyte. Note that if the + is omitted, only files of the exact size are found.
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2
88. You have a set of libraries that were installed into /usr/local/lib and would like to ensure that the libraries are also available in /usr/lib. What is the preferred way to make the libraries available in this location? You have a set of libraries that were installed into /usr/local/lib and would like to ensure that the libraries are also available in /usr/lib. What is the preferred way to make the libraries available in this location?
Copy the libraries.
Create a symbolic link.
Move the libraries.
Create a script to synchronize the libraries between the two locations with rsync.
A symbolic link is the preferred method because it does not require additional maintenance that a script would or that copying would in order to keep the libraries current. Moving the libraries may have unintended consequences if another program is dependent on the libraries in that location.