linux_course_doc/modules/resources/solution_postproduction.md

# Post production SFTP solution

## Mapping out the users

From the information given in the text I would create the following users and groups:

We could write a script that takes a CSV file as input but I decided to go the oldschool way and just write a full script.
First we add the groups we think we'll need.

```bash
#!/bin/bash

groupadd production
groupadd planning
groupadd script
groupadd technical
groupadd videoeditors
groupadd audioengineers
groupadd sftpjailed
```

Most of these are self explanitory, but the `production`, `technical` and `sftpjailed` require a bit more explanitation.
They are *overarching* groups, meaning they group other groups.
From a Linux standpoint they are no different from the normal groups, but we'll use the to group together the technical department and all users that don't need ssh.

Next we'll add the users and we'll set their passwords to a *test* password.
In order for them to share a `$HOME` directory we'll need to create one as well.


```bash
#!/bin/bash

# adding the groups
groupadd production
groupadd planning
groupadd script
groupadd technical
groupadd videoeditors
groupadd audioengineers
groupadd sftpjailed

# creating the shared home directory
mkdir -p /home/postproduction

# adding the users
useradd marie
echo "marie:test" | chpasswd
usermod -d /home/postproduction marie

useradd hugo
echo "hugo:test" | chpasswd
usermod -d /home/postproduction hugo

useradd victor
echo "victor:test" | chpasswd
usermod -d /home/postproduction victor

useradd camille
echo "camille:test" | chpasswd
usermod -d /home/postproduction camille

useradd dave
echo "dave:test" | chpasswd
usermod -d /home/postproduction dave

useradd sarah
echo "sarah:test" | chpasswd
usermod -d /home/postproduction sarah

useradd ester
echo "ester:test" | chpasswd
usermod -d /home/postproduction ester

useradd adam
echo "adam:test" | chpasswd
usermod -d /home/postproduction adam

useradd eefje
echo "eefje:test" | chpasswd
usermod -d /home/postproduction eefje

useradd alex
echo "alex:test" | chpasswd
usermod -d /home/postproduction alex
```

The quick ones among you probably see there is quite a lot of room for error here when typing the same names over and over again.
We can optimise this with some easy variables.

```bash
#!/bin/bash

# the shared home for all users
sharedhome="/home/postproduction"
mkdir -p $sharedhome

# adding the groups
groupadd production
groupadd planning
groupadd script
groupadd technical
groupadd videoeditors
groupadd audioengineers
groupadd sftpjailed

# adding the users
username="marie"
useradd $username
echo "$username:test" | chpasswd
usermod -d $sharedhome $username

username="victor"
useradd $username
echo "$username:test" | chpasswd
usermod -d $sharedhome $username

username="camille"
useradd $username
echo "$username:test" | chpasswd
usermod -d $sharedhome $username

username="dave"
useradd $username
echo "$username:test" | chpasswd
usermod -d $sharedhome $username

username="sarah"
useradd $username
echo "$username:test" | chpasswd
usermod -d $sharedhome $username

username="ester"
useradd $username
echo "$username:test" | chpasswd
usermod -d $sharedhome $username

username="adam"
useradd $username
echo "$username:test" | chpasswd
usermod -d $sharedhome $username

username="eefje"
useradd $username
echo "$username:test" | chpasswd
usermod -d $sharedhome $username

username="alex"
useradd $username
echo "$username:test" | chpasswd
usermod -d $sharedhome $username
```

Those who already did programming before see this is an ideal situation to create our own [functions](https://ryanstutorials.net/bash-scripting-tutorial/bash-functions.php).
Try to optimise the script if you can with your own function!

Next we need to add all the users to their groups.

```bash
#!/bin/bash

# the shared home for all users
sharedhome="/home/postproduction"
mkdir -p $sharedhome

# adding the groups
groupadd production
groupadd planning
groupadd script
groupadd technical
groupadd videoeditors
groupadd audioengineers
groupadd sftpjailed

# adding the users
username="marie"
useradd $username
echo "$username:test" | chpasswd
usermod -d $sharedhome $username
usermod -a -G production $username
usermod -a -G planning $username
usermod -a -G script $username
usermod -a -G technical $username
usermod -a -G videoeditors $username
usermod -a -G audioengineers $username
usermod -a -G sftpjailed $username

username="hugo"
useradd $username
echo "$username:test" | chpasswd
usermod -d $sharedhome $username
usermod -a -G production $username
usermod -a -G planning $username
usermod -a -G script $username
usermod -a -G sftpjailed $username

username="victor"
useradd $username
echo "$username:test" | chpasswd
usermod -d $sharedhome $username
usermod -a -G production $username
usermod -a -G planning $username
usermod -a -G sftpjailed $username

username="camille"
useradd $username
echo "$username:test" | chpasswd
usermod -d $sharedhome $username
usermod -a -G production $username
usermod -a -G planning $username
usermod -a -G sftpjailed $username

username="dave"
useradd $username
echo "$username:test" | chpasswd
usermod -d $sharedhome $username
usermod -a -G videoeditors $username
usermod -a -G technical $username
usermod -a -G sftpjailed $username

username="sarah"
useradd $username
echo "$username:test" | chpasswd
usermod -d $sharedhome $username
usermod -a -G videoeditors $username
usermod -a -G technical $username
usermod -a -G sftpjailed $username

username="ester"
useradd $username
echo "$username:test" | chpasswd
usermod -d $sharedhome $username
usermod -a -G videoeditors $username
usermod -a -G technical $username
usermod -a -G sftpjailed $username

username="adam"
useradd $username
echo "$username:test" | chpasswd
usermod -d $sharedhome $username
usermod -a -G audioengineers $username
usermod -a -G technical $username
usermod -a -G sftpjailed $username

username="eefje"
useradd $username
echo "$username:test" | chpasswd
usermod -d $sharedhome $username
usermod -a -G audioengineers $username
usermod -a -G technical $username
usermod -a -G sftpjailed $username

username="alex"
useradd $username
echo "$username:test" | chpasswd
usermod -d $sharedhome $username
usermod -a -G production $username
usermod -a -G planning $username
usermod -a -G script $username
usermod -a -G technical $username
usermod -a -G videoeditors $username
usermod -a -G audioengineers $username
```

When testing this out you'll quickly discover the need for a second script, one that removes all the users and groups from your system.
I would advise something along these lines.

```bash
#!/bin/bash

sharedhome="/home/postproduction"

# removing the groups
groupdel production
groupdel planning
groupdel script
groupdel technical
groupdel videoeditors
groupdel audioengineers
groupdel sftpjailed

# removing the users
userdel marie
userdel hugo
userdel victor
userdel camille
userdel dave
userdel sarah
userdel ester
userdel adam
userdel eefje
userdel alex

# removing the groups created for the users
groupdel marie
groupdel hugo
groupdel victor
groupdel camille
groupdel dave
groupdel sarah
groupdel ester
groupdel adam
groupdel eefje
groupdel alex

# removing the home
rm -r $sharedhome
```

Both scripts together now give us a basic toolset to add and remove the users we need.
They work quite nicely but are not *verbose* at all!
To add debug messages with `echo` all around will become very prone to errors unless we start adding `for` loops and `functions`.
Let's start with a for loop in the remove script.

```bash 
#!/bin/bash

sharedhome="/home/postproduction"

groups="production planning script technical videoeditors audioengineers sftpjailed"
users="marie hugo victor camille dave sarah ester adam eefje alex"

# removing the groups
for group in $groups
do
	echo "removing group $group"
	groupdel $group
done

# removing the users and their primary groups
for user in $users
do
	echo "removing user $user"
	userdel $user
	echo "removing group $user"
	groupdel $user
done

# removing the home
rm -r $sharedhome
```

So much cleaner no?
This is also a good place to start controlling our `STDERR` output.
Can you think of a clean way to deal with the error messages?
Remember what `$?` does?
And you remember what `2> /dev/null` does?
A combination of these two concepts can tame the error message output quite nicely.
Have a test yourself!

The script to create the users will be a bit more complicated as there are a lot more variables.
A function would be ideal, but we'll try to deal with the problem without first!

```bash
#!/bin/bash

sharedhome="/home/postproduction"

groups="production planning script technical videoeditors audioengineers sftpjailed"
users="marie hugo victor camille dave sarah ester adam eefje alex"

marie="production planning script technical videoeditors audioengineers sftpjailed"
hugo="production planning script sftpjailed"
victor="production planning sftpjailed"
camille="production script sftpjailed"
dave="technical videoeditors sftpjailed"
sarah="technical videoeditors sftpjailed"
ester="technical videoeditors sftpjailed"
adam="technical audioengineers sftpjailed"
eefje="technical audioengineers sftpjailed"
alex="production planning script technical videoeditors audioengineers"

# adding the home
mkdir -p $sharedhome

# adding the groups
for group in $groups
do
	echo "adding group $group"
	groupadd $group
done

# adding the users
for user in $users
do
	echo "adding user $user"
	useradd $user
	echo "setting the password for $user"
	echo "$user:test" | chpasswd
done

# adding the users to their groups
for user in $users
do
	echo "adding groups for $user"
	usergroups=$(eval echo \$$user)
	for group in $usergroups 
	do
		echo "adding $user to $group"
		usermod -a -G $group $user
	done
done
```

Two things worth pointing out in the above script are:

1. the loop in a loop
2. the `eval` statement

The loop in a loop might look intimidating at first sight but it's not super exotic.
For each user is the `$users` list we will look at each group they need to belong to.
for each of those groups we add them with `usermod`.

The `eval` is a bit trickier to explain and I would consider it a bit of a *hack* to make it all work.
For each user in the `$users` list we also have a variable with their name.
This variable contains the groups they need to belong to.
The `eval` statement will *evaluate* the expression following and `\$` will interpretate the $ sign *litterally*.
All of this serves to make a call to `$camille` and get `"production script sftpjailed"` in return so we can iterate over the groups.

There are *cleaner* ways of doing this and I would advise you to look into bash [arrays](https://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/html_node/Arrays.html).
If you decide to try this out, you *might* run into compatibility issues when testing in `zsh` but from inside a `bash` script you should be fine.