adds udev and systemd integration
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# Integrating udev rules with systemd
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As we saw in [learning udev](./learning_udev.md) we can **run** scripts or commands when certain conditions are met in regards to physical device changes.
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The *classic* way to run long running actions, such as a backup, was to have `udev` trigger a script and be done with it.
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This behaviour is currently discouraged and will most likely **fail** if your script take too long.
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The `man udev` pages state the following.
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```
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Starting daemons or other long-running processes is not allowed; the forked processes, detached or not, will be
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unconditionally killed after the event handling has finished. In order to activate long-running processes from udev
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rules, provide a service unit and pull it in from a udev device using the SYSTEMD_WANTS device property. See
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systemd.device(5) for details.
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```
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It's pretty clear what you can't do, but how to do it *right* is less clear.
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The idea is to start a systemd service when a device is plugged in.
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Udev will tell systemd to start the service but will delegate the responsibility to systemd so the request is non-blocking.
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## Writing the service
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We start by writing a small script that serves as a placeholder to prove our workflow.
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It will just echo a line to `journalctl`.
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No need to manage our own logging systemd as we can take full advantage of systemd's built in logging.
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```
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➜ ~ git:(master) ✗ cat backup.sh
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#!/bin/bash
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echo "hello world $(date)"
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exit 0
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➜ ~ git:(master) ✗
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```
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We can now take this mini script and turn it into service by creating a `backup.service` file in `/etc/systemd/system`.
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Let's do this and populate as such.
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```
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➜ ~ git:(master) ✗ cat /etc/systemd/system/backup.service
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[Unit]
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Description=Our own backup script
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[Service]
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ExecStart=/bin/bash /home/waldek/backup.sh
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[Install]
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WantedBy=default.target
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➜ ~ git:(master) ✗
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```
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Next we need to reload systemd and test the service.
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```
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➜ ~ git:(master) ✗ sudo systemctl daemon-reload
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➜ ~ git:(master) ✗ sudo systemctl start backup.service
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➜ ~ git:(master) ✗ sudo systemctl status backup.service
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● backup.service - Our own backup script
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Loaded: loaded (/etc/systemd/system/backup.service; disabled; vendor preset: enabled)
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Active: inactive (dead)
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Aug 23 21:50:38 deathstar systemd[1]: Started Our own backup script.
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Aug 23 21:50:38 deathstar bash[956441]: hello world Mon 23 Aug 21:50:38 CEST 2021
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Aug 23 21:50:38 deathstar systemd[1]: backup.service: Succeeded.
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➜ ~ git:(master) ✗
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```
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## Writing the udev rule
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It seems to have worked nicely!
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Now we will write the udev rule to start our service when a USB stick is plugged in.
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We'll start with a very *generic* rule that triggers for each block device that is plugged in.
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```
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➜ ~ git:(master) ✗ cat /etc/udev/rules.d/99-backup_to_usb_stick.rules
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SUBSYSTEM=="block", ACTION=="add", ENV{SYSTEMD_WANTS}="backup.service"
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➜ ~ git:(master) ✗
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```
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To test the rule we need to reload the udev rules and inspect the logs of systemd with journalctl.
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We can monitor the logs *live* with the `-f` argument if we want.
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You'll see the ourput of the placeholder script appear when you plug in any USB stick!
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It will also double or even triple trigger, depending on the number of partitions you have on your stick but we know how to fix this.
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```
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➜ ~ git:(master) ✗ sudo udevadm control --reload
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➜ ~ git:(master) ✗ sudo journalctl -f --unit backup.service
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-- Journal begins at Wed 2021-07-14 22:35:36 CEST, ends at Mon 2021-08-23 21:59:26 CEST. --
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Aug 23 21:59:05 deathstar systemd[1]: Started Our own backup script.
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Aug 23 21:59:05 deathstar bash[957988]: hello world Mon 23 Aug 21:59:05 CEST 2021
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Aug 23 21:59:05 deathstar systemd[1]: backup.service: Succeeded.
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Aug 23 21:59:05 deathstar systemd[1]: Started Our own backup script.
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Aug 23 21:59:05 deathstar bash[957992]: hello world Mon 23 Aug 21:59:05 CEST 2021
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Aug 23 21:59:05 deathstar systemd[1]: backup.service: Succeeded.
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```
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## Fine tuning the udev rule
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I only want my backup do be done to a very specific USB stick I trust.
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When I plug it in I can inspect it's attributes and environment variables via `udevadm`.
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I'll use the filesystem's UUID to identify the disk.
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```
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➜ ~ git:(master) ✗ sudo udevadm info --name=/dev/sdd1 | grep UUID
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E: ID_PART_TABLE_UUID=d9f8a99f-673a-334c-af4f-18697ed888c9
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E: ID_FS_UUID=2469ffe5-e066-476d-805a-cde85a58ea3b
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E: ID_FS_UUID_ENC=2469ffe5-e066-476d-805a-cde85a58ea3b
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E: ID_PART_ENTRY_UUID=73a25ff8-0e0f-1147-8aaa-7976bf921ced
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➜ ~ git:(master) ✗
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```
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I modify the rule, reload udev and inspect my logs after plugging in the device.
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This works like a charm!
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```
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➜ ~ git:(master) ✗ cat /etc/udev/rules.d/99-backup_to_usb_stick.rules
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SUBSYSTEM=="block", ENV{ID_FS_UUID}=="2469ffe5-e066-476d-805a-cde85a58ea3b", ACTION=="add", ENV{SYSTEMD_WANTS}="backup.service"
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➜ ~ git:(master) ✗ sudo udevadm control --reload
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➜ ~ git:(master) ✗ sudo journalctl --unit backup.service
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-- Journal begins at Wed 2021-07-14 22:35:36 CEST. --
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Aug 23 22:12:34 deathstar systemd[1]: Started Our own backup script.
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Aug 23 22:12:34 deathstar bash[960433]: hello world Mon 23 Aug 22:12:34 CEST 2021
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Aug 23 22:12:34 deathstar systemd[1]: backup.service: Succeeded.
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➜ ~ git:(master) ✗
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```
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Now a **tricky detail**.
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The rule works and triggers only once but as my server is a lean machine I do not have automount installed so the script will have to do this for me.
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But how will the script *know* which device is the right one?
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We can go multiple ways here but I can think of two different ones.
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* hardcode the UUID into the script and look for the proper device
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* pass the kernel identified to the service
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Let's go for the second option as it's the more *mature* one.
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The full solution requires multiple steps and we'll go over them one at time.
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First we'll have to modify our rule once more by adding the following.
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This passes the drive name to the service.
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```
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➜ ~ git:(master) ✗ cat /etc/udev/rules.d/99-backup_to_usb_stick.rules
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SUBSYSTEM=="block", ENV{ID_FS_UUID}=="2469ffe5-e066-476d-805a-cde85a58ea3b", ACTION=="add", ENV{SYSTEMD_WANTS}="backup@$name.service"
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➜ ~ git:(master) ✗ sudo udevadm control --reload
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```
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You should notice two things when looking at the changed rule.
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* the added `@` to the service
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* the `$name`
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When the partition we want to mount is `/dev/sde1` the service that will get triggered will be `backup@sde1.service`.
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These are called **template** services and in order to create one, you *just* have to have the `@` symbol in the service name.
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We'll move our old backup.service and reload systemd as follows.
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```
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➜ ~ git:(master) ✗ sudo mv /etc/systemd/system/backup.service /etc/systemd/system/backup@.service
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➜ ~ git:(master) ✗ sudo systemctl daemon-reload
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```
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Inspecting the logs while plugging in our drive now gives us the following output.
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```
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➜ ~ git:(master) ✗ sudo journalctl -f
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-- Journal begins at Wed 2021-07-14 22:35:36 CEST. --
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Aug 23 22:40:38 deathstar sudo[964916]: waldek : TTY=pts/6 ; PWD=/home/waldek ; USER=root ; COMMAND=/usr/bin/mv /etc/systemd/system/backup.service /etc/systemd/system/backup@.service
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Aug 23 22:40:38 deathstar sudo[964916]: pam_unix(sudo:session): session opened for user root(uid=0) by (uid=1000)
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Aug 23 22:40:38 deathstar sudo[964916]: pam_unix(sudo:session): session closed for user root
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Aug 23 22:40:49 deathstar sudo[964959]: waldek : TTY=pts/6 ; PWD=/home/waldek ; USER=root ; COMMAND=/usr/bin/systemctl daemon-reload
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Aug 23 22:40:49 deathstar sudo[964959]: pam_unix(sudo:session): session opened for user root(uid=0) by (uid=1000)
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Aug 23 22:40:49 deathstar systemd[1]: Reloading.
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Aug 23 22:40:49 deathstar sudo[964959]: pam_unix(sudo:session): session closed for user root
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Aug 23 22:41:45 deathstar kernel: usb 3-1.5: USB disconnect, device number 59
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Aug 23 22:41:48 deathstar sudo[965130]: waldek : TTY=pts/6 ; PWD=/home/waldek ; USER=root ; COMMAND=/usr/bin/journalctl -f
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Aug 23 22:41:48 deathstar sudo[965130]: pam_unix(sudo:session): session opened for user root(uid=0) by (uid=1000)
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Aug 23 22:41:58 deathstar kernel: usb 3-1.5: new high-speed USB device number 60 using ehci-pci
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Aug 23 22:41:58 deathstar kernel: usb 3-1.5: New USB device found, idVendor=0781, idProduct=5591, bcdDevice= 1.00
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Aug 23 22:41:58 deathstar kernel: usb 3-1.5: New USB device strings: Mfr=1, Product=2, SerialNumber=3
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Aug 23 22:41:58 deathstar kernel: usb 3-1.5: Product: SanDisk 3.2Gen1
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Aug 23 22:41:58 deathstar kernel: usb 3-1.5: Manufacturer: USB
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Aug 23 22:41:58 deathstar kernel: usb 3-1.5: SerialNumber: 04018a57f24e4dc0135c1f4666b5f2ca4e8e15e65eedfd157b0146cf1427157522b000000000000000000000a03e3c7e008cb3189155810739aa4777
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Aug 23 22:41:58 deathstar kernel: usb-storage 3-1.5:1.0: USB Mass Storage device detected
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Aug 23 22:41:58 deathstar kernel: scsi host7: usb-storage 3-1.5:1.0
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Aug 23 22:41:59 deathstar kernel: scsi 7:0:0:0: Direct-Access USB SanDisk 3.2Gen1 1.00 PQ: 0 ANSI: 6
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Aug 23 22:41:59 deathstar kernel: sd 7:0:0:0: Attached scsi generic sg3 type 0
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Aug 23 22:41:59 deathstar kernel: sd 7:0:0:0: [sde] 60088320 512-byte logical blocks: (30.8 GB/28.7 GiB)
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Aug 23 22:41:59 deathstar kernel: sd 7:0:0:0: [sde] Write Protect is off
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Aug 23 22:41:59 deathstar kernel: sd 7:0:0:0: [sde] Mode Sense: 43 00 00 00
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Aug 23 22:41:59 deathstar kernel: sd 7:0:0:0: [sde] Write cache: disabled, read cache: enabled, doesn't support DPO or FUA
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Aug 23 22:41:59 deathstar kernel: sde: sde1
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Aug 23 22:41:59 deathstar kernel: sd 7:0:0:0: [sde] Attached SCSI removable disk
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Aug 23 22:41:59 deathstar systemd[1]: Started Our own backup script.
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Aug 23 22:41:59 deathstar bash[965178]: hello world Mon 23 Aug 22:41:59 CEST 2021
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Aug 23 22:41:59 deathstar systemd[1]: backup@sde1.service: Succeeded.
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```
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Success!
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It's the last three lines that are important here.
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We can see the right service get's triggered.
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Now, how do we recuperate the `$name` variable in our script?
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## Fine tuning the service
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We can use the variables passed through via the service name by modifying the `backup@.service` file.
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The argument used is the `%I` when calling our script.
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Let's look at the final service file and reload systemd.
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```
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➜ ~ git:(master) ✗ cat /etc/systemd/system/backup@.service
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[Unit]
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Description=Our own backup script
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[Service]
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ExecStart=/bin/bash /home/waldek/backup.sh %I
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[Install]
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WantedBy=default.target
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➜ ~ git:(master) ✗ sudo systemctl daemon-reload
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➜ ~ git:(master) ✗
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```
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## Fine tuning the script
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The script should now be receiving the partition location as a first argument.
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We can echo it out by modifying the script and inspecting the logs via `journalctl`.
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```
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➜ ~ git:(master) ✗ cat backup.sh
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#!/bin/bash
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echo "hello world $(date), will backup to $1"
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exit 0
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sudo journalctl -f
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-- Journal begins at Wed 2021-07-14 22:35:36 CEST. --
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Aug 23 22:49:59 deathstar kernel: sd 7:0:0:0: [sde] Write cache: disabled, read cache: enabled, doesn't support DPO or FUA
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Aug 23 22:49:59 deathstar kernel: sde: sde1
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Aug 23 22:49:59 deathstar kernel: sd 7:0:0:0: [sde] Attached SCSI removable disk
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Aug 23 22:49:59 deathstar systemd[1]: Started Our own backup script.
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Aug 23 22:49:59 deathstar bash[966393]: hello world Mon 23 Aug 22:49:59 CEST 2021, will backup to sde1
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Aug 23 22:49:59 deathstar systemd[1]: backup@sde1.service: Succeeded.
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```
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## Mini conclusion
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The entire process might seem a bit convoluted but it's fully in line with the Linux philosophy of separating responsibility.
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All the tools are there to chain together a very robust and controlled flow of events.
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## An actual useful script
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Our placeholder script is a good proof of concept to debug the flow of operations but does not do anything useful.
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Let's write a simple backup script though.
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I like using `rsync` so you'll have to install it if you want to play around with this script.
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```
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➜ ~ git:(master) ✗ cat backup.sh
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#!/bin/bash
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SOURCE_DIR="/home/waldek/Documents/freecad/"
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MOUNT_POINT="/media/backup_usb_stick"
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DST_DIR="$MOUNT_POINT/backups"
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echo "running as $(whoami) will backup to $1"
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mkdir -p $MOUNT_POINT && echo "created $MOUNT_POINT"
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mount /dev/$1 $MOUNT_POINT && echo "mounted $1"
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rsync -av $SOURCE_DIR $DST_DIR && echo "all done"
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umount /dev/$1 && echo "unmounted..."
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exit 0
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➜ ~ git:(master) ✗
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```
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Below is the output of two consecutive plug in and out's.
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You can see all the files that get backed up the first time around.
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The second time around no files are copied because I made no changes to any files.
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This is the behaviour of the `-a` argument to `rsync`.
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```
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➜ ~ git:(master) ✗ sudo journalctl -f
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-- Journal begins at Wed 2021-07-14 22:35:36 CEST. --
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Aug 23 23:04:40 deathstar sudo[969830]: waldek : TTY=pts/6 ; PWD=/home/waldek ; USER=root ; COMMAND=/usr/bin/journalctl -f
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Aug 23 23:04:40 deathstar sudo[969830]: pam_unix(sudo:session): session opened for user root(uid=0) by (uid=1000)
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Aug 23 23:04:45 deathstar kernel: usb 3-1.5: new high-speed USB device number 67 using ehci-pci
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Aug 23 23:04:45 deathstar kernel: usb 3-1.5: New USB device found, idVendor=0781, idProduct=5591, bcdDevice= 1.00
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Aug 23 23:04:45 deathstar kernel: usb 3-1.5: New USB device strings: Mfr=1, Product=2, SerialNumber=3
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Aug 23 23:04:45 deathstar kernel: usb 3-1.5: Product: SanDisk 3.2Gen1
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Aug 23 23:04:45 deathstar kernel: usb 3-1.5: Manufacturer: USB
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Aug 23 23:04:45 deathstar kernel: usb 3-1.5: SerialNumber: 04018a57f24e4dc0135c1f4666b5f2ca4e8e15e65eedfd157b0146cf1427157522b000000000000000000000a03e3c7e008cb3189155810739aa4777
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Aug 23 23:04:45 deathstar kernel: usb-storage 3-1.5:1.0: USB Mass Storage device detected
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Aug 23 23:04:45 deathstar kernel: scsi host8: usb-storage 3-1.5:1.0
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Aug 23 23:04:46 deathstar kernel: scsi 8:0:0:0: Direct-Access USB SanDisk 3.2Gen1 1.00 PQ: 0 ANSI: 6
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Aug 23 23:04:46 deathstar kernel: sd 8:0:0:0: Attached scsi generic sg3 type 0
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Aug 23 23:04:46 deathstar kernel: sd 8:0:0:0: [sdf] 60088320 512-byte logical blocks: (30.8 GB/28.7 GiB)
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Aug 23 23:04:46 deathstar kernel: sd 8:0:0:0: [sdf] Write Protect is off
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Aug 23 23:04:46 deathstar kernel: sd 8:0:0:0: [sdf] Mode Sense: 43 00 00 00
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Aug 23 23:04:46 deathstar kernel: sd 8:0:0:0: [sdf] Write cache: disabled, read cache: enabled, doesn't support DPO or FUA
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Aug 23 23:04:46 deathstar kernel: sdf: sdf1
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Aug 23 23:04:46 deathstar kernel: sd 8:0:0:0: [sdf] Attached SCSI removable disk
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Aug 23 23:04:46 deathstar systemd[1]: Started Our own backup script.
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Aug 23 23:04:46 deathstar bash[969865]: running as root will backup to sdf1
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Aug 23 23:04:46 deathstar bash[969865]: created /media/backup_usb_stick
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Aug 23 23:04:46 deathstar bash[969865]: mounted sdf1
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Aug 23 23:04:46 deathstar kernel: EXT4-fs (sdf1): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null)
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Aug 23 23:04:46 deathstar bash[969876]: sending incremental file list
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Aug 23 23:04:46 deathstar bash[969876]: created directory /media/backup_usb_stick/backups
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Aug 23 23:04:46 deathstar bash[969876]: ./
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Aug 23 23:04:46 deathstar bash[969876]: arm (Meshed).stl
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Aug 23 23:04:46 deathstar bash[969876]: base_pivot (Meshed).stl
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Aug 23 23:04:46 deathstar bash[969876]: base_pivot_alt (Meshed).stl
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Aug 23 23:04:46 deathstar bash[969876]: base_plate (Meshed).stl
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Aug 23 23:04:46 deathstar bash[969876]: base_plate_alt (Meshed).stl
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Aug 23 23:04:46 deathstar bash[969876]: filament_guide.FCStd
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Aug 23 23:04:46 deathstar bash[969876]: filament_guide.FCStd1
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Aug 23 23:04:46 deathstar bash[969876]: filament_guide.stl
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Aug 23 23:04:46 deathstar bash[969876]: ivar_riser.FCStd
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Aug 23 23:04:46 deathstar bash[969876]: ivar_riser.FCStd1
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Aug 23 23:04:46 deathstar bash[969876]: ivar_riser.stl
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Aug 23 23:04:46 deathstar bash[969876]: light_pot_office (Meshed).stl
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Aug 23 23:04:46 deathstar bash[969876]: light_pot_office.FCStd
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Aug 23 23:04:46 deathstar bash[969876]: light_pot_office.FCStd1
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Aug 23 23:04:46 deathstar bash[969876]: monitor_arm.FCStd
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Aug 23 23:04:46 deathstar bash[969876]: monitor_arm.FCStd1
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Aug 23 23:04:46 deathstar bash[969876]: monitor_arm_120mm.stl
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Aug 23 23:04:46 deathstar bash[969876]: picam.FCStd
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Aug 23 23:04:46 deathstar bash[969876]: picam.FCStd1
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Aug 23 23:04:46 deathstar bash[969876]: vat_filter.FCStd
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Aug 23 23:04:46 deathstar bash[969876]: vat_filter.FCStd1
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Aug 23 23:04:46 deathstar bash[969876]: vat_filter.stl
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Aug 23 23:04:46 deathstar bash[969876]: vesa_plate (Meshed).stl
|
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Aug 23 23:04:46 deathstar bash[969876]: sent 1,849,171 bytes received 510 bytes 3,699,362.00 bytes/sec
|
||||
Aug 23 23:04:46 deathstar bash[969876]: total size is 1,847,019 speedup is 1.00
|
||||
Aug 23 23:04:46 deathstar bash[969865]: all done
|
||||
Aug 23 23:04:46 deathstar bash[969865]: unmounted...
|
||||
Aug 23 23:04:46 deathstar systemd[1]: backup@sdf1.service: Succeeded.
|
||||
Aug 23 23:05:01 deathstar kernel: usb 3-1.5: USB disconnect, device number 67
|
||||
Aug 23 23:05:04 deathstar kernel: usb 3-1.5: new high-speed USB device number 68 using ehci-pci
|
||||
Aug 23 23:05:04 deathstar kernel: usb 3-1.5: New USB device found, idVendor=0781, idProduct=5591, bcdDevice= 1.00
|
||||
Aug 23 23:05:04 deathstar kernel: usb 3-1.5: New USB device strings: Mfr=1, Product=2, SerialNumber=3
|
||||
Aug 23 23:05:04 deathstar kernel: usb 3-1.5: Product: SanDisk 3.2Gen1
|
||||
Aug 23 23:05:04 deathstar kernel: usb 3-1.5: Manufacturer: USB
|
||||
Aug 23 23:05:04 deathstar kernel: usb 3-1.5: SerialNumber: 04018a57f24e4dc0135c1f4666b5f2ca4e8e15e65eedfd157b0146cf1427157522b000000000000000000000a03e3c7e008cb3189155810739aa4777
|
||||
Aug 23 23:05:04 deathstar kernel: usb-storage 3-1.5:1.0: USB Mass Storage device detected
|
||||
Aug 23 23:05:04 deathstar kernel: scsi host8: usb-storage 3-1.5:1.0
|
||||
Aug 23 23:05:05 deathstar kernel: scsi 8:0:0:0: Direct-Access USB SanDisk 3.2Gen1 1.00 PQ: 0 ANSI: 6
|
||||
Aug 23 23:05:05 deathstar kernel: sd 8:0:0:0: Attached scsi generic sg3 type 0
|
||||
Aug 23 23:05:05 deathstar kernel: sd 8:0:0:0: [sdf] 60088320 512-byte logical blocks: (30.8 GB/28.7 GiB)
|
||||
Aug 23 23:05:05 deathstar kernel: sd 8:0:0:0: [sdf] Write Protect is off
|
||||
Aug 23 23:05:05 deathstar kernel: sd 8:0:0:0: [sdf] Mode Sense: 43 00 00 00
|
||||
Aug 23 23:05:05 deathstar kernel: sd 8:0:0:0: [sdf] Write cache: disabled, read cache: enabled, doesn't support DPO or FUA
|
||||
Aug 23 23:05:05 deathstar kernel: sdf: sdf1
|
||||
Aug 23 23:05:05 deathstar kernel: sd 8:0:0:0: [sdf] Attached SCSI removable disk
|
||||
Aug 23 23:05:05 deathstar systemd[1]: Started Our own backup script.
|
||||
Aug 23 23:05:05 deathstar bash[969947]: running as root will backup to sdf1
|
||||
Aug 23 23:05:05 deathstar bash[969947]: created /media/backup_usb_stick
|
||||
Aug 23 23:05:05 deathstar bash[969947]: mounted sdf1
|
||||
Aug 23 23:05:05 deathstar kernel: EXT4-fs (sdf1): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null)
|
||||
Aug 23 23:05:05 deathstar bash[969958]: sending incremental file list
|
||||
Aug 23 23:05:05 deathstar bash[969958]: sent 796 bytes received 12 bytes 1,616.00 bytes/sec
|
||||
Aug 23 23:05:05 deathstar bash[969958]: total size is 1,847,019 speedup is 2,285.91
|
||||
Aug 23 23:05:05 deathstar bash[969947]: all done
|
||||
Aug 23 23:05:05 deathstar bash[969947]: unmounted...
|
||||
Aug 23 23:05:05 deathstar systemd[1]: backup@sdf1.service: Succeeded.
|
||||
```
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue