completes nis

This commit is contained in:
waldek 2021-09-27 15:09:55 +02:00
parent 7aa246b080
commit 69a2c25745
1 changed files with 501 additions and 0 deletions

View File

@ -245,3 +245,504 @@ It gives modern setup instructions for an old service.
#### The server #### The server
There is a *meta package* available called `nis` which installs all necessary components for both the server **and** the client.
We'll do the server first.
The configuration changed drastically between Debian 10 and 11 but the fundamentals still apply.
```bash
➜ ~ sudo apt install nis
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree... Done
Reading state information... Done
nis is already the newest version (4.4).
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
➜ ~
```
Now NIS is installed but we need to configure it to offer the local accounts onto the LAN.
The installation added a few interesting configuration files to you server.
The following four files determine *how* your server **and/or** client behave.
```bash
➜ ~ ls /etc/default/nis
/etc/default/nis
➜ ~ ls /etc/yp*
/etc/yp.conf /etc/ypserv.conf /etc/ypserv.securenets
➜ ~
```
One file that is not added but essential for NIS to function is `/etc/defaultdomain`.
Each server exposes a **domain** onto the network and its name has to be defined in the latter file.
The domain can be anything you like but most administrators would make it the same as the hostname of the server.
I'll set it differently just for demonstration purposes.
```bash
➜ ~ ls -l /etc/defaultdomain
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 12 Sep 27 11:18 /etc/defaultdomain
➜ ~ cat /etc/defaultdomain
waldekworld
➜ ~
```
Clients work in *broadcast* by default.
The documentation suggests to change the `/etc/default/rpcbind` file to accommodate this.
The change is the `-r` argument to the `OPTIONS="-w"` line.
What does this argument do?
A quick `man rpcbind` offers the following explanation.
```bash
-r Turn on remote calls. Cause rpcbind to open up random listening ports. Note that rpcinfo need this feature turned on
for work properly. (This flag is a Debian extension.)
```
```bash
➜ ~ cat /etc/default/rpcbind
# /etc/init.d/rpcbind
OPTIONS=""
# Cause rpcbind to do a "warm start" utilizing a state file (default)
OPTIONS="-w -r"
# Uncomment the following line to restrict rpcbind to localhost only for UDP requests
# OPTIONS="${OPTIONS} -h 127.0.0.1 -h ::1"
# Uncomment the following line to enable libwrap TCP-Wrapper connection logging
# OPTIONS="${OPTIONS} -l "
➜ ~
```
Now that the domain is defined we can enable and start the services related to NIS.
```bash
➜ ~ sudo /usr/lib/yp/ypinit -m
At this point, we have to construct a list of the hosts which will run NIS
servers. debiannis.lan is in the list of NIS server hosts. Please continue to add
the names for the other hosts, one per line. When you are done with the
list, type a <control D>.
next host to add: debiannis.lan
next host to add:
The current list of NIS servers looks like this:
debiannis.lan
Is this correct? [y/n: y] y
We need a few minutes to build the databases...
Building /var/yp/waldekworld/ypservers...
Running /var/yp/Makefile...
gmake[1]: Entering directory '/var/yp/waldekworld'
Updating passwd.byname...
Updating passwd.byuid...
Updating group.byname...
Updating group.bygid...
Updating hosts.byname...
Updating hosts.byaddr...
Updating rpc.byname...
Updating rpc.bynumber...
Updating services.byname...
Updating services.byservicename...
Updating netid.byname...
Updating protocols.bynumber...
Updating protocols.byname...
Updating netgroup...
Updating netgroup.byhost...
Updating netgroup.byuser...
Updating shadow.byname...
gmake[1]: Leaving directory '/var/yp/waldekworld'
debiannis.lan has been set up as a NIS master server.
Now you can run ypinit -s debiannis.lan on all slave server.
➜ ~
```
#### The first client
On the clients we'll have to install the same `nis` package as we did on the server.
We'll also have to define the `/etc/defaultdomain` the same way we did on the server.
```bash
➜ ~ sudo apt install nis
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree... Done
Reading state information... Done
nis is already the newest version (4.4).
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
➜ ~ cat /etc/defaultdomain
waldekworld
➜ ~
```
To start the client service we need to enable and start `ypbind.service`.
But by default it **will** give errors!
```bash
➜ ~ sudo systemctl start ypbind.service
Job for ypbind.service failed because the control process exited with error code.
See "systemctl status ypbind.service" and "journalctl -xe" for details.
➜ ~ sudo journalctl -e --unit ypbind.service --no-pager
-- Journal begins at Mon 2021-09-27 13:40:56 CEST, ends at Mon 2021-09-27 13:52:10 CEST. --
Sep 27 13:48:12 debianclient1 systemd[1]: Starting NIS Binding Service...
Sep 27 13:48:12 debianclient1 ypbind[3494]: No NIS server and no -broadcast option specified.
Sep 27 13:48:12 debianclient1 ypbind[3494]: Add a NIS server to the /etc/yp.conf configuration file,
Sep 27 13:48:12 debianclient1 ypbind[3494]: or start ypbind with the -broadcast option.
Sep 27 13:48:12 debianclient1 systemd[1]: ypbind.service: Control process exited, code=exited, status=1/FAILURE
Sep 27 13:48:12 debianclient1 systemd[1]: ypbind.service: Failed with result 'exit-code'.
Sep 27 13:48:12 debianclient1 systemd[1]: Failed to start NIS Binding Service.
➜ ~
```
We can solve the problem in two ways:
1. add our NIS server address to the client's `/etc/yp.conf` file
2. let the client *broadcast* it's requests.
I'll opt for the latter because I find it easier.
This configuration is done in the `/etc/default/nis` file.
The argument needed is the `-broadcast` to `YPBINDARGS`
```bash
➜ ~ cat /etc/default/nis
#
# /etc/defaults/nis Optional configuration settings for the NIS programs.
#
#
# The following two variables are still used in the init script, but
# ignored by systemd. See `nis.debian.howto` in the documentation
# directory for more information.
#
# Are we a NIS server and if so what kind (values: false, slave, master)?
NISSERVER=false
# Are we a NIS client?
NISCLIENT=false
# Location of the master NIS password file (for yppasswdd).
# If you change this make sure it matches with /var/yp/Makefile.
YPPWDDIR=/etc
# Do we allow the user to use ypchsh and/or ypchfn ? The YPCHANGEOK
# fields are passed with -e to yppasswdd, see it's manpage.
# Possible values: "chsh", "chfn", "chsh,chfn"
YPCHANGEOK=chsh
# NIS master server. If this is configured on a slave server then ypinit
# will be run each time NIS is started.
NISMASTER=
# Additional options to be given to ypserv when it is started.
YPSERVARGS=
# Additional options to be given to ypbind when it is started.
YPBINDARGS="-broadcast"
# Additional options to be given to yppasswdd when it is started. Note
# that if -p is set then the YPPWDDIR above should be empty.
YPPASSWDDARGS=
# Additional options to be given to ypxfrd when it is started.
YPXFRDARGS=
➜ ~
```
When we restart `ypbind.service` now we won't get any errors!
```bash
➜ ~ sudo systemctl start ypbind.service
➜ ~
```
Last thing to do is to *initialize* the client.
This is done by running the `ypinit` program.
By default it's not in your `PATH` but you can specifically call it as follows.
```bash
➜ ~ sudo /usr/lib/yp/ypinit -s debiannis.lan
We will need a few minutes to copy the data from debiannis.lan.
Transferring group.bygid...
Trying ypxfrd ... success
Transferring protocols.byname...
Trying ypxfrd ... success
Transferring ypservers...
Trying ypxfrd ... success
Transferring rpc.byname...
Trying ypxfrd ... success
Transferring passwd.byname...
Trying ypxfrd ... success
Transferring hosts.byname...
Trying ypxfrd ... success
Transferring netgroup.byuser...
Trying ypxfrd ... success
Transferring protocols.bynumber...
Trying ypxfrd ... success
Transferring hosts.byaddr...
Trying ypxfrd ... success
Transferring passwd.byuid...
Trying ypxfrd ... success
Transferring services.byname...
Trying ypxfrd ... success
Transferring shadow.byname...
Trying ypxfrd ... success
Transferring netid.byname...
Trying ypxfrd ... success
Transferring group.byname...
Trying ypxfrd ... success
Transferring services.byservicename...
Trying ypxfrd ... success
Transferring netgroup...
Trying ypxfrd ... success
Transferring netgroup.byhost...
Trying ypxfrd ... success
Transferring rpc.bynumber...
Trying ypxfrd ... success
debianclient1's NIS data base has been set up.
If there were warnings, please figure out what went wrong, and fix it.
At this point, make sure that /etc/passwd and /etc/group have
been edited so that when the NIS is activated, the data bases you
have just created will be used, instead of the /etc ASCII files.
➜ ~
```
##### Querying the server
A couple of additional programs got installed when installing the `nis` package.
Try a `yp` plus tab complete in your shell to get a list of them.
```bash
~ yp
ypcat ypchfn ypchsh ypdomainname ypmatch yppasswd ypwhich
```
`ypwhich` can be used to see *which* ypserver your client is connected to.
You can also list you domain and get a peak look at the available accounts on the server.
```bash
➜ ~ ypwhich
192.168.0.185
➜ ~ ypdomainname
waldekworld
➜ ~ ypcat passwd
bob:x:1001:1001:,,,:/home/bob:/bin/bash
alice:x:1002:1002:,,,:/home/alice:/bin/bash
nobody:x:65534:65534:nobody:/nonexistent:/usr/sbin/nologin
waldek:x:1000:1000:waldek,,,:/home/waldek:/usr/bin/zsh
➜ ~
```
#### Adding more accounts on the server
I'll add two new accounts on the server to test whether we can actually log in on the client machine.
```bash
➜ ~ sudo adduser bert
adduser: The user `bert' already exists.
➜ ~ sudo adduser naomi
adduser: The user `naomi' already exists.
➜ ~
```
Let's see how this reflects on the client.
```bash
➜ ~ ypcat passwd
bob:x:1001:1001:,,,:/home/bob:/bin/bash
alice:x:1002:1002:,,,:/home/alice:/bin/bash
nobody:x:65534:65534:nobody:/nonexistent:/usr/sbin/nologin
waldek:x:1000:1000:waldek,,,:/home/waldek:/usr/bin/zsh
➜ ~
```
The accounts don't seem to be available?
This is because when you make changes on the server you need to update the database on that end.
```bash
➜ ~ sudo /usr/lib/yp/ypinit -m
At this point, we have to construct a list of the hosts which will run NIS
servers. debiannis.lan is in the list of NIS server hosts. Please continue to add
the names for the other hosts, one per line. When you are done with the
list, type a <control D>.
next host to add: debiannis.lan
next host to add:
The current list of NIS servers looks like this:
debiannis.lan
Is this correct? [y/n: y] t
We need a few minutes to build the databases...
Building /var/yp/waldekworld/ypservers...
Running /var/yp/Makefile...
gmake[1]: Entering directory '/var/yp/waldekworld'
Updating passwd.byname...
Updating passwd.byuid...
Updating group.byname...
Updating group.bygid...
Updating hosts.byname...
Updating hosts.byaddr...
Updating rpc.byname...
Updating rpc.bynumber...
Updating services.byname...
Updating services.byservicename...
Updating netid.byname...
Updating protocols.bynumber...
Updating protocols.byname...
Updating netgroup...
Updating netgroup.byhost...
Updating netgroup.byuser...
Updating shadow.byname...
gmake[1]: Leaving directory '/var/yp/waldekworld'
debiannis.lan has been set up as a NIS master server.
Now you can run ypinit -s debiannis.lan on all slave server.
➜ ~
```
On the client you **don't** have to do **anything**!
```bash
➜ ~ ypcat passwd
bob:x:1001:1001:,,,:/home/bob:/bin/bash
alice:x:1002:1002:,,,:/home/alice:/bin/bash
naomi:x:1004:1004:,,,:/home/naomi:/bin/bash
bert:x:1003:1003:,,,:/home/bert:/bin/bash
nobody:x:65534:65534:nobody:/nonexistent:/usr/sbin/nologin
waldek:x:1000:1000:waldek,,,:/home/waldek:/usr/bin/zsh
➜ ~
```
Both accounts are now available on the client!
Let's try switching to the `bert` or `naomi` account.
```bash
➜ ~ su bert
su: user bert does not exist or the user entry does not contain all the required fields
➜ ~
```
This does not seem to work!
Everything is set in place to communicate with the `nis` server **but** the client machine has not been configured to **use** NIS as a valid authentication mechanism.
This is why we're looking at this first centralized authentication process because every other system, such as LDAP, also need to play by these rules.
#### Setting up the client for authentication
On each Linux system you'll find a `/etc/nsswitch.conf` file.
Let's have a look at it on our client.
```bash
➜ ~ cat /etc/nsswitch.conf
# /etc/nsswitch.conf
#
# Example configuration of GNU Name Service Switch functionality.
# If you have the `glibc-doc-reference' and `info' packages installed, try:
# `info libc "Name Service Switch"' for information about this file.
passwd: files systemd
group: files systemd
shadow: files
gshadow: files
hosts: files dns
networks: files
protocols: db files
services: db files
ethers: db files
rpc: db files
netgroup: nis
➜ ~
```
This file describes where and how different services get there information from.
I highly advise you to have a read of the `man nsswitch.conf` pages because it's a lot more flexible than you think.
We can now either append `nis` to the necessary lines, or fully replace them.
The necessary lines are the passwd, group and shadow lines.
```bash
➜ ~ cat /etc/nsswitch.conf
# /etc/nsswitch.conf
#
# Example configuration of GNU Name Service Switch functionality.
# If you have the `glibc-doc-reference' and `info' packages installed, try:
# `info libc "Name Service Switch"' for information about this file.
passwd: files systemd nis
group: files systemd nis
shadow: files nis
gshadow: files
hosts: files dns
networks: files
protocols: db files
services: db files
ethers: db files
rpc: db files
netgroup: nis
➜ ~
```
The last thing to do is to add a special entry in the local (on each client) passwd, group and shadow files to make *room* for accounts coming from the NIS server.
```bash
➜ ~ sudo tail -n 2 /etc/passwd /etc/shadow /etc/group
==> /etc/passwd <==
+::::::
==> /etc/shadow <==
+::::::::
==> /etc/group <==
+:::
➜ ~
```
With this set and done we can use one centralized service to manage all of our account.
### Some tips
In short, to add a second client you need to:
1. install `nis`
2. configure the `ypbind.service` to `-broadcast`
3. enable and start the `ypbind.service`
* test the connection with `ypwhich`
4. add `nis` to the `/etc/nsswitch.conf` file as an authentication method
5. add *placeholder* lines for external accounts
* in the `/etc/passwd` file
* in the `/etc/shadow` file
* in the `/etc/group` file
If the account changes made on the server aren't reflected onto the clients, make sure your database is up to date.
If it is and the client still doesn't behave like it should, have a look at the `man nscd` pages.
Once you understand what it is, maybe try restarting it, or even disabling it all together.