adds bash scripting
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CCNA/readme.md
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# Scripting
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## Bash
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A `bash` script is a sequence of command that are executed one by one.
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Most of the time we just execute one command and wait for the result to then make a decision and execute an other command.
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We can however create a sequence of commands on the command line.
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```
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(baseline-) ➜ ~ echo hello world
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hello world
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(baseline-) ➜ ~ date
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Wed 16 Mar 2022 07:06:02 PM CET
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(baseline-) ➜ ~ cal
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March 2022
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Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
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1 2 3 4 5
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6 7 8 9 10 11 12
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13 14 15 16 17 18 19
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20 21 22 23 24 25 26
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27 28 29 30 31
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(baseline-) ➜ ~ echo hello world date cal
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hello world date cal
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(baseline-) ➜ ~ echo hello world; date; cal
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hello world
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Wed 16 Mar 2022 07:06:19 PM CET
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March 2022
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Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
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1 2 3 4 5
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6 7 8 9 10 11 12
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13 14 15 16 17 18 19
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20 21 22 23 24 25 26
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27 28 29 30 31
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```
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A very visually similar result, but completely different operation, can be obtained by replacing the `;` with `&` or `&&`.
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`&` will launch a new process and send it to the background, `&&` will **evaluate** the return status of your process and only continue **if** the status was `0`, or in other words successful.
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```
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(baseline-) ➜ ~ echo hello world & date & cal
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[1] 3075524
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hello world
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[2] 3075525
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[1] - 3075524 done echo hello world
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Wed 16 Mar 2022 07:06:33 PM CET
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[2] + 3075525 done date
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March 2022
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Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
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1 2 3 4 5
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6 7 8 9 10 11 12
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13 14 15 16 17 18 19
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20 21 22 23 24 25 26
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27 28 29 30 31
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(baseline-) ➜ ~ echo hello world && date && cal
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hello world
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Wed 16 Mar 2022 07:06:40 PM CET
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March 2022
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Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
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1 2 3 4 5
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6 7 8 9 10 11 12
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13 14 15 16 17 18 19
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20 21 22 23 24 25 26
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27 28 29 30 31
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(baseline-) ➜ ~
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```
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This should make you think we can create quite complicated logical flows in `bash` and you're right!
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But first things first, let's create our first script!
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```
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(baseline-) ➜ bash file test.sh
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test.sh: Bourne-Again shell script, ASCII text executable
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(baseline-) ➜ bash ls -l test.sh
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-rwxr-xr-x 1 waldek waldek 39 Mar 16 19:13 test.sh
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(baseline-) ➜ bash cat test.sh
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#!/bin/bash
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echo hello world
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cal
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date
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(baseline-) ➜ bash ./test.sh
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hello world
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March 2022
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Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
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1 2 3 4 5
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6 7 8 9 10 11 12
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13 14 15 16 17 18 19
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20 21 22 23 24 25 26
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27 28 29 30 31
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Wed 16 Mar 2022 07:27:22 PM CET
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(baseline-) ➜ bash bash test.sh
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hello world
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March 2022
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Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
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1 2 3 4 5
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6 7 8 9 10 11 12
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13 14 15 16 17 18 19
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20 21 22 23 24 25 26
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27 28 29 30 31
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Wed 16 Mar 2022 07:27:25 PM CET
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(baseline-) ➜ bash
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```
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If you observe the output above you can conclude multiple things.
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* the `test.sh` file is a simple text file
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* it has executable permissions for the owner, group and others
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* we can execute the sequence of commands in the script in two ways
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* `./test.sh`
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* `bash test.sh`
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* the content is a series of commands but with a *weird* first line
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That first line is called a [shebang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebang_(Unix)) and is a way of explaining which interpreter understands the lines that follow.
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If you venture out into the python universe you'll encounter the same norm but with a different path to an interpretor, often `/bin/python3` or `/usr/bin/env python3`.
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The later is a sort of shortcut that points to the local python installation, even if it's not in a standard location.
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A shebang is not necessary for a script to function but is **highly** advised.
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The `env` program is actually very interesting!
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Let's try it by itself.
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```
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➜ ~ env
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PAGER=less
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LANGUAGE=en_US:en
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GNOME_TERMINAL_SCREEN=/org/gnome/Terminal/screen/022a5a78_fe95_445c_9b33_f6dcb35cfd27
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LANG=en_US.UTF-8
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DISPLAY=:0
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SWAYSOCK=/run/user/1000/sway-ipc.1000.1565.sock
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WAYLAND_DISPLAY=wayland-0
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AUTOSWITCH_VERSION=3.4.0
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HUSHLOGIN=FALSE
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USER=waldek
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OLDPWD=/home/waldek/bin/bash
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HOME=/home/waldek
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MOZ_ENABLE_WAYLAND=1
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VIRTUAL_ENV=/home/waldek/.virtualenvs/baseline-
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DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS=unix:abstract=/tmp/dbus-acMe3wyyoo,guid=ad1233c6039551be866f78ae61f911b2
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XDG_VTNR=1
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XDG_SEAT=seat0
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I3SOCK=/run/user/1000/sway-ipc.1000.1565.sock
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LESS=-R
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_=/usr/bin/env
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LS_COLORS=rs=0:di=01;34:ln=01;36:mh=00:pi=40;33:so=01;35:do=01;35:bd=40;33;01:cd=40;33;01:or=40;31;01:mi=00:su=37;41:sg=30;43:ca=30;41:tw=30;42:ow=34;42:st=37;44:ex=01;32:*.tar=01;31:*.tgz=01;31:*.arc=01;31:*.arj=01;31:*.taz=01;31:*.lha=01;31:*.lz4=01;31:*.lzh=01;31:*.lzma=01;31:*.tlz=01;31:*.txz=01;31:*.tzo=01;31:*.t7z=01;31:*.zip=01;31:*.z=01;31:*.dz=01;31:*.gz=01;31:*.lrz=01;31:*.lz=01;31:*.lzo=01;31:*.xz=01;31:*.zst=01;31:*.tzst=01;31:*.bz2=01;31:*.bz=01;31:*.tbz=01;31:*.tbz2=01;31:*.tz=01;31:*.deb=01;31:*.rpm=01;31:*.jar=01;31:*.war=01;31:*.ear=01;31:*.sar=01;31:*.rar=01;31:*.alz=01;31:*.ace=01;31:*.zoo=01;31:*.cpio=01;31:*.7z=01;31:*.rz=01;31:*.cab=01;31:*.wim=01;31:*.swm=01;31:*.dwm=01;31:*.esd=01;31:*.jpg=01;35:*.jpeg=01;35:*.mjpg=01;35:*.mjpeg=01;35:*.gif=01;35:*.bmp=01;35:*.pbm=01;35:*.pgm=01;35:*.ppm=01;35:*.tga=01;35:*.xbm=01;35:*.xpm=01;35:*.tif=01;35:*.tiff=01;35:*.png=01;35:*.svg=01;35:*.svgz=01;35:*.mng=01;35:*.pcx=01;35:*.mov=01;35:*.mpg=01;35:*.mpeg=01;35:*.m2v=01;35:*.mkv=01;35:*.webm=01;35:*.webp=01;35:*.ogm=01;35:*.mp4=01;35:*.m4v=01;35:*.mp4v=01;35:*.vob=01;35:*.qt=01;35:*.nuv=01;35:*.wmv=01;35:*.asf=01;35:*.rm=01;35:*.rmvb=01;35:*.flc=01;35:*.avi=01;35:*.fli=01;35:*.flv=01;35:*.gl=01;35:*.dl=01;35:*.xcf=01;35:*.xwd=01;35:*.yuv=01;35:*.cgm=01;35:*.emf=01;35:*.ogv=01;35:*.ogx=01;35:*.aac=00;36:*.au=00;36:*.flac=00;36:*.m4a=00;36:*.mid=00;36:*.midi=00;36:*.mka=00;36:*.mp3=00;36:*.mpc=00;36:*.ogg=00;36:*.ra=00;36:*.wav=00;36:*.oga=00;36:*.opus=00;36:*.spx=00;36:*.xspf=00;36:
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AUTOSWITCH_DEFAULTENV=baseline
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VTE_VERSION=6203
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LSCOLORS=Gxfxcxdxbxegedabagacad
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ZSH=/home/waldek/.oh-my-zsh
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AUTOSWITCH_FILE=.venv
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MAIL=/var/mail/waldek
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LOGNAME=waldek
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PS1=(baseline-) %(?:%{%}➜ :%{%}➜ ) %{$fg[cyan]%}%c%{$reset_color%} $(git_prompt_info)
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GDK_BACKEND=wayland
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PATH=/home/waldek/.virtualenvs/baseline-/bin:/home/waldek/.cargo/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/local/games:/usr/games:/home/waldek/.local/bin:/home/waldek/bin/python/:/home/waldek/.local/bin:/home/waldek/bin/python/
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XDG_RUNTIME_DIR=/run/user/1000
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QT_QPA_PLATFORM=wayland
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XDG_SESSION_ID=2
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XDG_SESSION_TYPE=wayland
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FPATH=/home/waldek/.oh-my-zsh/functions:/home/waldek/.oh-my-zsh/completions:/home/waldek/.oh-my-zsh/cache/completions:/home/waldek/.oh-my-zsh/custom/plugins/autoswitch_virtualenv:/home/waldek/.oh-my-zsh/plugins/git:/home/waldek/.oh-my-zsh/functions:/home/waldek/.oh-my-zsh/completions:/home/waldek/.oh-my-zsh/cache/completions:/usr/local/share/zsh/site-functions:/usr/share/zsh/vendor-functions:/usr/share/zsh/vendor-completions:/usr/share/zsh/functions/Calendar:/usr/share/zsh/functions/Chpwd:/usr/share/zsh/functions/Completion:/usr/share/zsh/functions/Completion/AIX:/usr/share/zsh/functions/Completion/BSD:/usr/share/zsh/functions/Completion/Base:/usr/share/zsh/functions/Completion/Cygwin:/usr/share/zsh/functions/Completion/Darwin:/usr/share/zsh/functions/Completion/Debian:/usr/share/zsh/functions/Completion/Linux:/usr/share/zsh/functions/Completion/Mandriva:/usr/share/zsh/functions/Completion/Redhat:/usr/share/zsh/functions/Completion/Solaris:/usr/share/zsh/functions/Completion/Unix:/usr/share/zsh/functions/Completion/X:/usr/share/zsh/functions/Completion/Zsh:/usr/share/zsh/functions/Completion/openSUSE:/usr/share/zsh/functions/Exceptions:/usr/share/zsh/functions/MIME:/usr/share/zsh/functions/Math:/usr/share/zsh/functions/Misc:/usr/share/zsh/functions/Newuser:/usr/share/zsh/functions/Prompts:/usr/share/zsh/functions/TCP:/usr/share/zsh/functions/VCS_Info:/usr/share/zsh/functions/VCS_Info/Backends:/usr/share/zsh/functions/Zftp:/usr/share/zsh/functions/Zle:/usr/share/zsh:/usr/share/zsh
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SHELL=/usr/bin/zsh
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AUTOSWITCH_SILENT=1
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EDITOR=vim
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MOTD_SHOWN=pam
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SHLVL=2
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GNOME_TERMINAL_SERVICE=:1.10
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COLORTERM=truecolor
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XCURSOR_SIZE=24
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TERM=xterm-256color
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PWD=/home/waldek
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XDG_SESSION_CLASS=user
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➜ ~
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```
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What is all of this?
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Well, the are the current **environment variables** defined in your shell.
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You'll probably recognize some of them.
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Let's play around with what we have defined.
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```
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➜ ~ echo SHELL
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SHELL
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➜ ~ echo $SHELL
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/usr/bin/zsh
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➜ ~ echo $USER
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waldek
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➜ ~ echo $HOME
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/home/waldek
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➜ ~ echo $
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zsh: do you wish to see all 223 possibilities (56 lines)?
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```
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Yes, tab complete works!
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Your variables will be slightly different but that's not an issue at all.
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```
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➜ ~ echo $
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! EUID MAILPATH SWAYSOCK
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# fg manpath TERM
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* FG MANPATH termcap
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- fg_bold module_path terminfo
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? fg_no_bold MODULE_PATH TIMEFMT
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@ fignore modules TMPPREFIX
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_ FIGNORE MOTD_SHOWN TRY_BLOCK_ERROR
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$ fpath MOZ_ENABLE_WAYLAND TRY_BLOCK_INTERRUPT
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0 FPATH nameddirs TTY
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aliases funcfiletrace NULLCMD TTYIDLE
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ARGC FUNCNEST OLDPWD UID
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argv funcsourcetrace OPTARG USER
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AUTOSWITCH_DEFAULTENV funcstack OPTIND userdirs
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AUTOSWITCH_FILE functions options usergroups
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AUTOSWITCH_SILENT functions_source OSTYPE USERNAME
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AUTOSWITCH_VERSION functrace PAGER VENDOR
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bg FX parameters VIRTUAL_ENV
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BG galiases patchars VTE_VERSION
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bg_bold GDK_BACKEND _patcomps watch
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bg_no_bold GID path WATCH
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bold_color GNOME_TERMINAL_SCREEN PATH WATCHFMT
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builtins GNOME_TERMINAL_SERVICE pipestatus WAYLAND_DISPLAY
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cdpath histchars plugins widgets
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CDPATH HISTCHARS _postpatcomps WORDCHARS
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color HISTCMD PPID XCURSOR_SIZE
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COLORTERM HISTFILE precmd_functions XDG_RUNTIME_DIR
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colour history preexec_functions XDG_SEAT
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COLUMNS historywords prompt XDG_SESSION_CLASS
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commands HISTSIZE PROMPT XDG_SESSION_ID
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_compautos HOME PROMPT2 XDG_SESSION_TYPE
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_comp_dumpfile HOST PROMPT3 XDG_VTNR
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COMPLETION_WAITING_DOTS HUSHLOGIN PROMPT4 zle_bracketed_paste
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_comp_options I3SOCK PS1 ZLS_COLORS
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comppostfuncs jobdirs PS2 ZSH
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compprefuncs jobstates PS3 ZSH_ARGZERO
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_comps jobtexts PS4 ZSH_CACHE_DIR
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_comp_setup key psvar ZSH_COMPDUMP
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CPUTYPE KEYBOARD_HACK PSVAR ZSH_CUSTOM
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d keymaps PWD zsh_eval_context
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DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS KEYTIMEOUT QT_QPA_PLATFORM ZSH_EVAL_CONTEXT
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debian_missing_features LANG RANDOM ZSH_NAME
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dirstack langinfo READNULLCMD ZSH_PATCHLEVEL
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dis_aliases LANGUAGE reset_color zsh_scheduled_events
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dis_builtins _lastcomp reswords ZSH_SUBSHELL
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dis_functions LESS saliases ZSH_THEME
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dis_functions_source LINENO __savecursor ZSH_THEME_GIT_PROMPT_CLEAN
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dis_galiases LINES SAVEHIST ZSH_THEME_GIT_PROMPT_DIRTY
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dis_patchars LISTMAX SCREEN_NO ZSH_THEME_GIT_PROMPT_PREFIX
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DISPLAY LOGCHECK __searching ZSH_THEME_GIT_PROMPT_SUFFIX
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dis_reswords LOGNAME _services ZSH_THEME_RUBY_PROMPT_PREFIX
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dis_saliases LS_COLORS SHELL ZSH_THEME_RUBY_PROMPT_SUFFIX
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EDITOR LSCOLORS SHLVL ZSH_THEME_RVM_PROMPT_OPTIONS
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EGID MACHTYPE SHORT_HOST ZSH_THEME_TERM_TAB_TITLE_IDLE
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EPOCHREALTIME MAIL signals ZSH_THEME_TERM_TITLE_IDLE
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EPOCHSECONDS MAILCHECK SPROMPT ZSH_VERSION
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epochtime mailpath status
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➜ ~ echo $
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```
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We can create our own variables as follows.
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Notice how an undefined variable does not throw an error.
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This is very typical for shell scripting, python on the other hand would crash over an undefined variable.
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```
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waldek@helloworld:~$ echo $USER
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waldek
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waldek@helloworld:~$ echo $name
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waldek@helloworld:~$ name="wouter gordts"
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waldek@helloworld:~$ echo $name
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wouter gordts
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waldek@helloworld:~$
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```
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If you open up a new shell this `$name` variable will not be defined because variables are local to each instance of `bash` that is running.
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This can be observed as follows.
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```
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waldek@helloworld:~$ name="wouter gordts"
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waldek@helloworld:~$ echo $name
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wouter gordts
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waldek@helloworld:~$ bash
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waldek@helloworld:~$ echo $name
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waldek@helloworld:~$ exit
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exit
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waldek@helloworld:~$ export name
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waldek@helloworld:~$ bash
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waldek@helloworld:~$ echo $name
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||||||
|
wouter gordts
|
||||||
|
waldek@helloworld:~$ exit
|
||||||
|
exit
|
||||||
|
waldek@helloworld:~$
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### What is a Bash Script - What are they, how do they work and how to run them.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[Ryan's tutorials](https://ryanstutorials.net/bash-scripting-tutorial/bash-script.php)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Variables - Store data temporarily for later use.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[Ryan's tutorials](https://ryanstutorials.net/bash-scripting-tutorial/bash-variables.php)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Write a program that prints information about your computer such as:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* the hostname
|
||||||
|
* the FQDN
|
||||||
|
* number of cpus
|
||||||
|
* type of cpu
|
||||||
|
* amount of RAM
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Write a program that prints information about a given user such as:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* name
|
||||||
|
* UID
|
||||||
|
* their default shell
|
||||||
|
* groups they are a member of
|
||||||
|
* number of files in their home directory
|
||||||
|
* amount of disk space they use
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Input - Different ways to supply data and directions to your Bash script.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[Ryan's tutorials](https://ryanstutorials.net/bash-scripting-tutorial/bash-input.php)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Arithmetic - Perform various arithmetic operations in your Bash script.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[Ryan's tutorials](https://ryanstutorials.net/bash-scripting-tutorial/bash-arithmitic.php)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### If Statements - How to make decisions within your Bash script.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[Ryan's tutorials](https://ryanstutorials.net/bash-scripting-tutorial/bash-if-statements.php)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Write a script that takes one argument which is a filepath.
|
||||||
|
The program should print out what type of file this is, and if it is readable, print the first and last 5 lines.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Loops - A variety of ways to perform repetitive tasks.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[Ryan's tutorials](https://ryanstutorials.net/bash-scripting-tutorial/bash-loops.php)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Write a script that sets all you cpu's to a desired governor.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Functions - Reuse code to make life easier.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[Ryan's tutorials](https://ryanstutorials.net/bash-scripting-tutorial/bash-functions.php)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### User Interface - Make your scripts user friendly.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[Ryan's tutorials](https://ryanstutorials.net/bash-scripting-tutorial/bash-user-interfaces.php)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Python
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[This](https://gitea.86thumbs.net/waldek/python_course_doc) repository has a twenty day course to learn python written by me.
|
||||||
|
The main file you need to follow is [this](https://gitea.86thumbs.net/waldek/python_course_doc/src/branch/master/learning_python3.md) one.
|
||||||
|
Some practical exercises can be found [here](https://gitea.86thumbs.net/waldek/linux_course_doc/src/branch/master/modules/qualifying/exercise_python.md) together with the needed [source files](https://gitea.86thumbs.net/waldek/linux_course_doc/src/branch/master/modules/qualifying/assets/files.tar.gz).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Vim as an IDE
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
I made a tutorial on the essentials of [vim customization](https://gitea.86thumbs.net/waldek/linux_course_doc/src/branch/master/modules/qualifying/learning_vim_configuration.md).
|
||||||
|
My real world configuration can be found at [this](https://gitea.86thumbs.net/waldek/vimrc) repository.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -1412,6 +1412,12 @@ Enjoy!
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## Wildcards and regular expressions
|
## Wildcards and regular expressions
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# Exercise
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
TODO find some specific files and some specific pattern in config files
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* [exercise from Linux long](https://gitea.86thumbs.net/waldek/linux_course_doc/src/branch/master/modules/qualifying/learning_regex.md)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
# Pipes and redirects
|
# Pipes and redirects
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
# Users
|
# Users
|
||||||
|
|
|
||||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue