adds help and man doc
This commit is contained in:
waldek
parent
056a3b1054
commit
775ec4d66c
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@ -1,19 +1,17 @@
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# Essential Linux
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# Introduction to Linux
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## Introduction to Linux
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## Where does Linux originate from?
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### Where does Linux originate from?
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* The spiritual mother of Linux is [Unix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix).
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* The spiritual mother of Linux is [Unix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix).
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* [POSIX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSIX) is not an OS in itself but a **standard**.
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* [POSIX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSIX) is not an OS in itself but a **standard**.
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* Which OS's are [POSIX compliant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSIX#POSIX-oriented_operating_systems)
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* Which OS's are [POSIX compliant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSIX#POSIX-oriented_operating_systems)
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### Who is behind this project?
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## Who is behind this project?
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* Who is [Richard Stallmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman)?
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* Who is [Richard Stallmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman)?
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* Who is [Linus Torvalds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Torvalds)?
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* Who is [Linus Torvalds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Torvalds)?
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### What is the deal with 'GNU-slash-Linux'?
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## What is the deal with 'GNU-slash-Linux'?
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* [GNU/Linux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU/Linux_naming_controversy) controversy
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* [GNU/Linux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU/Linux_naming_controversy) controversy
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* What is a [kernel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system))
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* What is a [kernel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system))
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@ -24,20 +22,20 @@
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### Where can you *get* some Linux?
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## Where can you *get* some Linux?
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* You probably already have a Linux computer running at [home](https://opensource.com/article/19/8/everyday-tech-runs-linux)!
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* You probably already have a Linux computer running at [home](https://opensource.com/article/19/8/everyday-tech-runs-linux)!
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### Debian
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## Debian
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* [Reasons](https://www.debian.org/intro/why_debian) to choose Debian.
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* [Reasons](https://www.debian.org/intro/why_debian) to choose Debian.
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* Why is Debian called [the universal operating system](https://www.reddit.com/r/debian/comments/22j0wf/so_why_debian_is_called_the_universal_operating/)?
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* Why is Debian called [the universal operating system](https://www.reddit.com/r/debian/comments/22j0wf/so_why_debian_is_called_the_universal_operating/)?
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* [comparison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_instruction_set_architectures) of CPU architectures
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* [comparison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_instruction_set_architectures) of CPU architectures
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* [download](https://www.debian.org/distrib/netinst) Debian
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* [download](https://www.debian.org/distrib/netinst) Debian
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## How to create a virtual machine
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# How to create a virtual machine
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In order to run virtual machines, or VM's, we need a **host** program.
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In order to run virtual machines, or VM's, we need a **host** program.
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One of the most popular ones out there is called `virtualbox`.
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One of the most popular ones out there is called `virtualbox`.
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@ -74,7 +72,7 @@ This is something you can change whenever you need more processing power but the
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</details>
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</details>
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## Breakdown of the Debian installation
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# Breakdown of the Debian installation
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All right, enough talking, let's get started!
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All right, enough talking, let's get started!
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I'll install a full blown and modern graphical Debian machine and I would like you to **not** do it yourself but take **notes** on each step so you'll be able to reference your notes later **when** I ask you to install a machine yourself.
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I'll install a full blown and modern graphical Debian machine and I would like you to **not** do it yourself but take **notes** on each step so you'll be able to reference your notes later **when** I ask you to install a machine yourself.
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@ -127,7 +125,7 @@ You *can* recover from this mistake with [supergrub2](https://www.supergrubdisk.
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</details>
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</details>
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### Exercise
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# Exercise
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OK, now it's up to you!
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OK, now it's up to you!
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Please install a Debian machine with the default graphical environment.
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Please install a Debian machine with the default graphical environment.
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@ -136,7 +134,7 @@ Which software is installed by default?
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How can you tweak the system settings such as language, keyboard, networking?
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How can you tweak the system settings such as language, keyboard, networking?
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Can you install extra software?
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Can you install extra software?
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## Quick look at an idle system
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# Quick look at an idle system
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You can inspect the system by running the *gnome task manager*.
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You can inspect the system by running the *gnome task manager*.
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It lists all your running processes, sorted by CPU percentage, in the first tab which can give you a good idea of what's happening on your system.
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It lists all your running processes, sorted by CPU percentage, in the first tab which can give you a good idea of what's happening on your system.
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@ -154,11 +152,11 @@ That's the magic of a good package manager!
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</details>
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</details>
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## Package managers
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# Package managers
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What is a [package manager](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Package_manager)
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What is a [package manager](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Package_manager)
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### Graphical installation
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## Graphical installation
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Modern Linux has come a long way and it's now quite usable without any command line knowledge.
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Modern Linux has come a long way and it's now quite usable without any command line knowledge.
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We can install extra software from the graphical environment if we want.
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We can install extra software from the graphical environment if we want.
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@ -181,7 +179,7 @@ If your password does not work, you probably set a `root` password and you shoul
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</details>
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</details>
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### Command line installation
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## Command line installation
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```bash
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```bash
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waldek@hellodebian:~$ htop
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waldek@hellodebian:~$ htop
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@ -226,7 +224,7 @@ But pressing **q** also exits the program.
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### Adding a secondary desktop environment
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## Adding a secondary desktop environment
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During the initial installation we where offered a choice of desktop environments to install.
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During the initial installation we where offered a choice of desktop environments to install.
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This menu was an actual program called `tasksel` we can run again to add different ones!
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This menu was an actual program called `tasksel` we can run again to add different ones!
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@ -242,7 +240,7 @@ waldek@hellodebian:~$ sudo tasksel
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## Changing the runlevel
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# Changing the runlevel
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The **first** process started by the kernel can be discover by `htop` and is `/usr/sbin/init`.
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The **first** process started by the kernel can be discover by `htop` and is `/usr/sbin/init`.
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This is rather vague but we can find out a *bit* more about this program via `ls` which we'll get into more detail later.
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This is rather vague but we can find out a *bit* more about this program via `ls` which we'll get into more detail later.
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@ -301,7 +299,7 @@ Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/default.target → /lib/systemd/system/graph
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waldek@hellodebian:~$ sudo reboot now
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waldek@hellodebian:~$ sudo reboot now
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```
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```
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## Exercise
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# Exercise
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Please create a second virtual machine and install a **minimal** Debian.
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Please create a second virtual machine and install a **minimal** Debian.
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Minimal means **no graphical environment**.
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Minimal means **no graphical environment**.
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Once these are installed have a look at the running services and programs via `htop` and compare it to both your graphical installation **and** your graphical install but running in `multi-user.target`.
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Once these are installed have a look at the running services and programs via `htop` and compare it to both your graphical installation **and** your graphical install but running in `multi-user.target`.
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## Guest additions
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# Guest additions
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Let's make our user experience a bit nicer.
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Let's make our user experience a bit nicer.
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Virtual machines can *integrate* with the host machine more fluently when you install the guest additions in the VM.
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Virtual machines can *integrate* with the host machine more fluently when you install the guest additions in the VM.
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## Introduction to the command line
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# Introduction to the command line
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We'll be using a few new *words* to reference the command line such as *shell*, *bash* and *terminal* through out the course.
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We'll be using a few new *words* to reference the command line such as *shell*, *bash* and *terminal* through out the course.
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They all pretty much mean the same thing but with some small, and not so important, differences between them.
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They all pretty much mean the same thing but with some small, and not so important, differences between them.
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It's also an executable but not compiled, it's a *POSIX shell script*.
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It's also an executable but not compiled, it's a *POSIX shell script*.
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So not all programs *are* created equally?
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So not all programs *are* created equally?
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### Compiled vs interpreted
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## Compiled vs interpreted
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Executing a file, or program, means you take this file and tell the computer it needs to execute the actions that are stored in the file.
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Executing a file, or program, means you take this file and tell the computer it needs to execute the actions that are stored in the file.
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Compiled programs contain actual [instructions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_set_architecture#Instructions) the computer understands out of the box.
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Compiled programs contain actual [instructions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_set_architecture#Instructions) the computer understands out of the box.
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So when you execute a script each line of code is converted to machine instructions on the spot.
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So when you execute a script each line of code is converted to machine instructions on the spot.
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This makes scripts easier to write but slower at execution.
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This makes scripts easier to write but slower at execution.
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## More about paths
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# More about paths
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The prompt in our terminal tells us who we are, on which machine, and **where** we are located.
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The prompt in our terminal tells us who we are, on which machine, and **where** we are located.
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This where is symbolized with the `~` character.
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This where is symbolized with the `~` character.
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@ -664,344 +662,11 @@ waldek@hellodebian:/usr/bin$ ls
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alsamixer glib-compile-schemas ntfscluster systemd-sysusers
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alsamixer glib-compile-schemas ntfscluster systemd-sysusers
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alsatplg gmake ntfscmp systemd-tmpfiles
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alsatplg gmake ntfscmp systemd-tmpfiles
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alsaucm gnome-calculator ntfsdecrypt systemd-tty-ask-password-agent
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alsaucm gnome-calculator ntfsdecrypt systemd-tty-ask-password-agent
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amidi gnome-calendar ntfsfallocate systemd-umount
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amixer gnome-characters ntfsfix tabs
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# ------------------------------------
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apg gnome-clocks ntfsinfo tac
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# --- cropped the list for clarity ---
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apgbfm gnome-contacts ntfsls tail
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# ------------------------------------
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aplay gnome-control-center ntfsmove tar
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aplaymidi gnome-disk-image-mounter ntfsrecover tasksel
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appres gnome-disks ntfssecaudit taskset
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appstreamcli gnome-documents ntfstruncate tbl
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apropos gnome-extensions ntfsusermap tbl-dctrl
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apt gnome-extensions-app ntfswipe tee
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apt-add-repository gnome-font-viewer numfmt telnet
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apt-cache gnome-help numlockx telnet.netkit
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apt-cdrom gnome-keyring nvlc tempfile
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apt-config gnome-keyring-3 obamenu test
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apt-extracttemplates gnome-keyring-daemon obconf thunar
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apt-ftparchive gnome-logs obexctl Thunar
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apt-get gnome-maps objcopy thunar-settings
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apt-key gnome-music objdump thunar-volman
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apt-listchanges gnome-screenshot obsession-exit thunar-volman-settings
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apt-mark gnome-session obsession-logout tic
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apt-sortpkgs gnome-session-classic obxprop time-admin
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ar gnome-session-custom-session oclock timedatectl
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arch gnome-session-inhibit od timeout
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arecord gnome-session-quit odp2pdf tjbench
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arecordmidi gnome-shell odp2ppt tkjpeg
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as gnome-shell-extension-prefs ods2pdf tload
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aseqdump gnome-shell-extension-tool odt2bib toc2cddb
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aseqnet gnome-shell-perf-tool odt2doc toc2cue
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aspell gnome-software odt2docbook toe
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aspell-import gnome-sound-recorder odt2html top
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atobm gnome-system-monitor odt2lt totem
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atril gnome-terminal odt2pdf totem-video-thumbnailer
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atril-previewer gnome-terminal.wrapper odt2rtf touch
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atril-thumbnailer gnome-text-editor odt2sdw tput
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awk gnome-thumbnail-font odt2sxw tr
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axfer gnome-todo odt2txt traceproto
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b2sum gnome-tweaks odt2txt.unoconv traceproto.db
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baobab gnome-weather odt2xhtml traceroute
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base32 gnome-www-browser odt2xml traceroute6
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base64 gold ooxml2doc traceroute6.db
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basename gpasswd ooxml2odt traceroute.db
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basenc gpg ooxml2pdf traceroute-nanog
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bash gpg-agent open tracker
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bashbug gpgcompose openbox transmission-gtk
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bccmd gpgconf openbox-lxde transset
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bdftopcf gpg-connect-agent openbox-session troff
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bdftruncate gpgparsemail openssl true
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bf_compact gpgsm openvt truncate
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bf_compact-bdb gpgsplit operon trust
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bf_copy gpgtar orca tryaffix
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bf_copy-bdb gpgv orca-dm-wrapper tset
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bf_tar gpg-wks-server os-prober tsort
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bf_tar-bdb gpg-zip p11-kit tty
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bitmap gpic p7zip tzselect
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bluemoon gpicview pacat ucf
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bluetoothctl gprof pacmd ucfq
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bluetooth-sendto grep pactl ucfr
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bmtoa grep-aptavail padsp ucs2any
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bogofilter grep-available pager udevadm
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bogofilter-bdb grep-dctrl pa-info udisksctl
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bogolexer grep-debtags pamon ul
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bogolexer-bdb grep-status paperconf umax_pp
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bogotune gresource paplay umount
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bogotune-bdb groff parcellite uname
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bogoupgrade grog parec unattended-upgrade
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bogoupgrade-bdb grops parecord unattended-upgrades
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bogoutil grotty parole uncompress
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bogoutil-bdb groups partx unexpand
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boltctl grub-editenv passwd unicode_start
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bootctl grub-file paste unicode_stop
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broadwayd grub-fstest pasuspender uniq
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btattach grub-glue-efi patch unity-scope-loader
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btmgmt grub-kbdcomp pathchk unlink
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btmon grub-menulst2cfg pavucontrol unlzma
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buildhash grub-mkfont pax11publish unmkinitramfs
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bunzip2 grub-mkimage pcmanfm unoconv
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busctl grub-mklayout pdb3 unopkg
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busybox grub-mknetdir pdb3.9 unshare
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bwrap grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2 peekfd unxz
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bzcat grub-mkrelpath perf unzip
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bzcmp grub-mkrescue perl unzipsfx
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bzdiff grub-mkstandalone perl5.32.1 update-alternatives
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bzegrep grub-mount perl5.32-x86_64-linux-gnu update-desktop-database
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bzexe grub-ntldr-img perlbug update-menus
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bzfgrep grub-render-label perldoc update-mime-database
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bzgrep grub-script-check perli11ndoc upower
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bzip2 grub-syslinux2cfg perlivp uptime
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bzip2recover gsettings perlthanks usb-devices
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bzless gsf pgrep usbhid-dump
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bzmore gsf-office-thumbnailer pic usbreset
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c++ gsf-vba-dump pico userinfo
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c89 gstreamer-codec-install piconv usermount
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c89-gcc gtbl pidof userpasswd
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c99 gtf pidwait users
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c99-gcc gtk-builder-tool pinentry users-admin
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cancel gtk-encode-symbolic-svg pinentry-gnome3 utmpdump
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captoinfo gtk-launch pinentry-x11 VBoxClient
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caribou-preferences gtk-query-settings ping VBoxClient-all
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cat gtk-update-icon-cache ping4 VBoxControl
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catchsegv gucharmap ping6 VBoxDRMClient
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catman gunzip pinky vdir
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cc gzexe pipewire vi
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cd-create-profile gzip pipewire-media-session view
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cd-fix-profile h2ph pipewire-pulse viewres
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cd-iccdump h2xs pkaction vim.tiny
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cd-it8 hciattach pkcheck vlc
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cdrdao hciconfig pkcon vlc-wrapper
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c++filt hcitool pkexec vmstat
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chacl hd pkg-config vmwarectrl
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chage head pkill w
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chardet HEAD pkmon w3m
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chardetect helpztags pkttyagent w3mman
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charmap hex2hcd pl2pm wall
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chattr hexdump pldd watch
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chcon host plog watchgnupg
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cheese hostid plymouth wc
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chfn hostname pmap wdctl
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chgrp hostnamectl pod2html wget
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chmod htop pod2man whatis
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choom i386 pod2text whereis
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chown ibus pod2usage which
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chrome-gnome-shell ibus-daemon podchecker whiptail
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chrt ibus-setup poff who
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chsh iceauth pon whoami
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chvt ico POST widget
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ciptool icombine ppt2odp word-list-compress
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cjpeg iconv pr wpa_passphrase
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ckbcomp id precat write
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cksum iecset preconv write.ul
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clear ijoin preunzip wrjpgcom
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clear_console im-config prezip www-browser
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||||||
cmp im-launch prezip-bin X
|
|
||||||
codepage infocmp print X11
|
|
||||||
col infotocap printenv x11perf
|
|
||||||
colcrt install printf x11perfcomp
|
|
||||||
colormgr install-menu prlimit x86_64
|
|
||||||
colrm install-printerdriver prove x86_64-linux-gnu-addr2line
|
|
||||||
column instmodsh proxy x86_64-linux-gnu-ar
|
|
||||||
comm intel-virtual-output prtstat x86_64-linux-gnu-as
|
|
||||||
compose ionice ps x86_64-linux-gnu-c++filt
|
|
||||||
consolehelper ip psfaddtable x86_64-linux-gnu-cpp
|
|
||||||
consolehelper-gtk ipcmk psfgettable x86_64-linux-gnu-cpp-10
|
|
||||||
corelist ipcrm psfstriptable x86_64-linux-gnu-dwp
|
|
||||||
cp ipcs psfxtable x86_64-linux-gnu-elfedit
|
|
||||||
cpan ipod-read-sysinfo-extended pslog x86_64-linux-gnu-g++
|
|
||||||
cpan5.32-x86_64-linux-gnu ipod-time-sync pstree x86_64-linux-gnu-g++-10
|
|
||||||
cpio iptables-xml pstree.x11 x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc
|
|
||||||
cpp ischroot ptar x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc-10
|
|
||||||
cpp-10 isdv4-serial-debugger ptardiff x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc-ar
|
|
||||||
c_rehash isdv4-serial-inputattach ptargrep x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc-ar-10
|
|
||||||
crontab ispell ptked x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc-nm
|
|
||||||
csplit ispell-wrapper ptksh x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc-nm-10
|
|
||||||
ctstat join ptx x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc-ranlib
|
|
||||||
cupstestppd join-dctrl pulseaudio x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc-ranlib-10
|
|
||||||
cut journalctl pw-cat x86_64-linux-gnu-gcov
|
|
||||||
cvlc jpegexiforient pw-cli x86_64-linux-gnu-gcov-10
|
|
||||||
cvt jpegtran pwd x86_64-linux-gnu-gcov-dump
|
|
||||||
cvtsudoers json_pp pw-dot x86_64-linux-gnu-gcov-dump-10
|
|
||||||
dash kbdinfo pw-dump x86_64-linux-gnu-gcov-tool
|
|
||||||
date kbd_mode pwdx x86_64-linux-gnu-gcov-tool-10
|
|
||||||
dbus-cleanup-sockets kbxutil pw-metadata x86_64-linux-gnu-gold
|
|
||||||
dbus-daemon kernel-install pw-mididump x86_64-linux-gnu-gprof
|
|
||||||
dbus-launch kill pw-midiplay x86_64-linux-gnu-ld
|
|
||||||
dbus-monitor killall pw-midirecord x86_64-linux-gnu-ld.bfd
|
|
||||||
dbus-run-session kmod pw-mon x86_64-linux-gnu-ld.gold
|
|
||||||
dbus-send l2ping pw-play x86_64-linux-gnu-lto-dump-10
|
|
||||||
dbus-update-activation-environment l2test pw-profiler x86_64-linux-gnu-nm
|
|
||||||
dbus-uuidgen laptop-detect pw-record x86_64-linux-gnu-objcopy
|
|
||||||
dbxtool last pw-reserve x86_64-linux-gnu-objdump
|
|
||||||
dconf lastb pw-top x86_64-linux-gnu-pkg-config
|
|
||||||
dd lastlog py3clean x86_64-linux-gnu-ranlib
|
|
||||||
deallocvt lcf py3compile x86_64-linux-gnu-readelf
|
|
||||||
debconf ld py3versions x86_64-linux-gnu-size
|
|
||||||
debconf-apt-progress ld.bfd pydoc3 x86_64-linux-gnu-strings
|
|
||||||
debconf-communicate ldd pydoc3.9 x86_64-linux-gnu-strip
|
|
||||||
debconf-copydb ld.gold pygettext3 x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-pkg-config
|
|
||||||
debconf-escape less pygettext3.9 xarchiver
|
|
||||||
debconf-set-selections lessecho python3 xargs
|
|
||||||
debconf-show lessfile python3.9 xauth
|
|
||||||
debianbts lesskey querybts xbiff
|
|
||||||
deb-systemd-helper lesspipe quodlibet xbrlapi
|
|
||||||
deb-systemd-invoke lexgrog qvlc xcalc
|
|
||||||
defmt-c lft ranger xclipboard
|
|
||||||
defmt-sh lft.db ranlib xclock
|
|
||||||
delpart libnetcfg rbash xcmsdb
|
|
||||||
delv libreoffice rcp xconsole
|
|
||||||
desktop-file-edit libwacom-list-local-devices rctest xcursorgen
|
|
||||||
desktop-file-install light-locker rdjpgcom xcutsel
|
|
||||||
desktop-file-validate light-locker-command rdma xdg-autostart
|
|
||||||
df link readelf xdg-dbus-proxy
|
|
||||||
dfu-tool linux32 readlink xdg-desktop-icon
|
|
||||||
dh_bash-completion linux64 realpath xdg-desktop-menu
|
|
||||||
dh_dkms linux-boot-prober rendercheck xdg-email
|
|
||||||
dh_installxmlcatalogs linux-check-removal renice xdg-icon-resource
|
|
||||||
dh_perl_openssl linux-update-symlinks reportbug xdg-mime
|
|
||||||
diff linux-version report-hw xdg-open
|
|
||||||
diff3 listres reset xdg-screensaver
|
|
||||||
dig ln resizecons xdg-settings
|
|
||||||
dir lnstat resizepart xdg-user-dir
|
|
||||||
dircolors loadkeys resolvectl xdg-user-dirs-gtk-update
|
|
||||||
dirmngr loadunimap rev xdg-user-dirs-update
|
|
||||||
dirmngr-client localc rfcomm xditview
|
|
||||||
dirname locale rgrep xdpyinfo
|
|
||||||
discover-config localectl rhythmbox xdriinfo
|
|
||||||
djpeg localedef rhythmbox-client xedit
|
|
||||||
dmesg lodraw rifle Xephyr
|
|
||||||
dm-tool loffice ristretto xev
|
|
||||||
dnsdomainname lofromtemplate rlogin xeyes
|
|
||||||
dnstap-read logger rm xfburn
|
|
||||||
doc2odt login rmdir xfce4-about
|
|
||||||
doc2pdf loginctl rnano xfce4-accessibility-settings
|
|
||||||
domainname logname routef xfce4-appearance-settings
|
|
||||||
dotlockfile loimpress routel xfce4-appfinder
|
|
||||||
dpkg lomath rpcgen xfce4-clipman
|
|
||||||
dpkg-architecture look rsh xfce4-clipman-history
|
|
||||||
dpkg-buildflags loweb rstart xfce4-clipman-settings
|
|
||||||
dpkg-buildpackage lowntfs-3g rstartd xfce4-color-settings
|
|
||||||
dpkg-checkbuilddeps lowriter rtstat xfce4-dict
|
|
||||||
dpkg-deb lp runcon xfce4-display-settings
|
|
||||||
dpkg-distaddfile lpoptions run-mailcap xfce4-find-cursor
|
|
||||||
dpkg-divert lp_solve run-parts xfce4-keyboard-settings
|
|
||||||
dpkg-genbuildinfo lpstat run-with-aspell xfce4-mime-helper
|
|
||||||
dpkg-genchanges ls rview xfce4-mime-settings
|
|
||||||
dpkg-gencontrol lsattr rvlc xfce4-mouse-settings
|
|
||||||
dpkg-gensymbols lsblk rygel xfce4-notifyd-config
|
|
||||||
dpkg-maintscript-helper lsb_release sane-find-scanner xfce4-panel
|
|
||||||
dpkg-mergechangelogs lscpu savelog xfce4-popup-applicationsmenu
|
|
||||||
dpkg-name lsinitramfs scanimage xfce4-popup-clipman
|
|
||||||
dpkg-parsechangelog lsipc scp xfce4-popup-clipman-actions
|
|
||||||
dpkg-query lslocks scp-dbus-service xfce4-popup-directorymenu
|
|
||||||
dpkg-realpath lslogins screendump xfce4-popup-places
|
|
||||||
dpkg-scanpackages lsmem script xfce4-popup-whiskermenu
|
|
||||||
dpkg-scansources lsmod scriptlive xfce4-popup-windowmenu
|
|
||||||
dpkg-shlibdeps lsns scriptreplay xfce4-power-manager
|
|
||||||
dpkg-source lsof scrot xfce4-power-manager-settings
|
|
||||||
dpkg-split lspci sdiff xfce4-screenshooter
|
|
||||||
dpkg-statoverride lspgpot sdptool xfce4-sensors
|
|
||||||
dpkg-trigger lsusb sdw2odt xfce4-session
|
|
||||||
dpkg-vendor lto-dump-10 seahorse xfce4-session-logout
|
|
||||||
du luit sed xfce4-session-settings
|
|
||||||
dumpkeys lwp-download see xfce4-settings-editor
|
|
||||||
dwp lwp-dump select-default-iwrap xfce4-settings-manager
|
|
||||||
echo lwp-mirror select-editor xfce4-taskmanager
|
|
||||||
edit lwp-request sensible-browser xfce4-terminal
|
|
||||||
editor lxappearance sensible-editor xfce4-terminal.wrapper
|
|
||||||
editres lxclipboard sensible-pager xfconf-query
|
|
||||||
egrep lxde-logout sensors xfd
|
|
||||||
eject lxhotkey sensors-conf-convert xfdesktop
|
|
||||||
elfedit lxinput seq xfdesktop-settings
|
|
||||||
enc2xs lxlauncher sessreg xfhelp4
|
|
||||||
encguess lxlock setarch xflock4
|
|
||||||
enchant-2 lxmusic setfacl xfontsel
|
|
||||||
enchant-lsmod-2 lxpanel setfont xfrun4
|
|
||||||
env lxpanelctl setkeycodes xfsettingsd
|
|
||||||
envsubst lxpolkit setleds xfwm4
|
|
||||||
eog lxrandr setlogcons xfwm4-settings
|
|
||||||
eqn lxsession setmetamode xfwm4-tweaks-settings
|
|
||||||
evince lxsession-db setpci xfwm4-workspace-settings
|
|
||||||
evince-previewer lxsession-default setpriv xgamma
|
|
||||||
evince-thumbnailer lxsession-default-apps setsid xgc
|
|
||||||
evolution lxsession-default-terminal setterm xhost
|
|
||||||
ex lxsession-edit setupcon xiccd
|
|
||||||
exfalso lxsession-logout setvtrgb xinit
|
|
||||||
exifautotran lxsession-xdg-autostart setxkbmap xkbbell
|
|
||||||
exo-desktop-item-edit lxsettings-daemon sftp xkbcomp
|
|
||||||
exo-open lxtask sg xkbevd
|
|
||||||
expand lxterminal sh xkbprint
|
|
||||||
expiry lynx sha1sum xkbset
|
|
||||||
expr lzcat sha224sum xkbset-gui
|
|
||||||
factor lzcmp sha256sum xkbvleds
|
|
||||||
faillog lzdiff sha384sum xkbwatch
|
|
||||||
faked-sysv lzegrep sha512sum xkeystone
|
|
||||||
faked-tcp lzfgrep shares-admin xkill
|
|
||||||
fakeroot lzgrep shasum xload
|
|
||||||
fakeroot-sysv lzless shotwell xlogo
|
|
||||||
fakeroot-tcp lzma showconsolefont xls2ods
|
|
||||||
fallocate lzmainfo showkey xlsatoms
|
|
||||||
false lzmore showrgb xlsclients
|
|
||||||
fc-cache make shred xlsfonts
|
|
||||||
fc-cat make-first-existing-target shuf xmag
|
|
||||||
fc-conflist mako-render simple-scan xman
|
|
||||||
fc-list malcontent-client size xmessage
|
|
||||||
fc-match malcontent-control skill xmms2d
|
|
||||||
fc-pattern man slabtop xmms2-launcher
|
|
||||||
fc-query mandb sleep xmodmap
|
|
||||||
fc-scan manpath slogin xmore
|
|
||||||
fc-validate man-recode smproxy Xorg
|
|
||||||
fgconsole mapscrn snice xprop
|
|
||||||
fgrep mawk soelim xrandr
|
|
||||||
file mcookie soffice xrdb
|
|
||||||
file-roller md5sum software-properties-gtk xrefresh
|
|
||||||
fincore md5sum.textutils sort xsane
|
|
||||||
find mdig sort-dctrl xscreensaver
|
|
||||||
findaffix memusage sotruss xscreensaver-command
|
|
||||||
findmnt memusagestat spa-acp-tool xscreensaver-demo
|
|
||||||
firefox mesa-overlay-control.py spa-inspect xscreensaver-getimage
|
|
||||||
firefox-esr mesg spa-monitor xscreensaver-getimage-file
|
|
||||||
flock mid3cp spa-resample xscreensaver-getimage-video
|
|
||||||
fmt mid3iconv spd-conf xscreensaver-systemd
|
|
||||||
fold mid3v2 spd-say xscreensaver-text
|
|
||||||
fonttosfnt migrate-pubring-from-classic-gpg spdsend x-session-manager
|
|
||||||
free mimeopen speaker-test xset
|
|
||||||
funzip mimetype speech-dispatcher xsetmode
|
|
||||||
fuser mkdir splain xsetpointer
|
|
||||||
fusermount mkfifo split xsetroot
|
|
||||||
fusermount3 mkfontdir splitfont xsetwacom
|
|
||||||
fwupdagent mkfontscale sprof xsm
|
|
||||||
fwupdate mk_modmap ss xstdcmap
|
|
||||||
fwupdmgr mknod ssh xsubpp
|
|
||||||
fwupdtool mktemp ssh-add x-terminal-emulator
|
|
||||||
fwupdtpmevlog mmcli ssh-agent xvidtune
|
|
||||||
g++ moggsplit ssh-argv0 xvinfo
|
|
||||||
g++-10 monitor-sensor ssh-copy-id Xwayland
|
|
||||||
gamma4scanimage more ssh-keygen xwd
|
|
||||||
gapplication mount ssh-keyscan x-window-manager
|
|
||||||
gatttool mountpoint startlxde xwininfo
|
|
||||||
gcalccmd mousepad start-pulseaudio-x11 xwud
|
|
||||||
gcc mpris-proxy startx x-www-browser
|
|
||||||
gcc-10 mt startxfce4 xxd
|
|
||||||
gcc-ar mt-gnu stat xz
|
|
||||||
gcc-ar-10 mtrace stdbuf xzcat
|
|
||||||
gcc-nm munchlist streamzip xzcmp
|
|
||||||
gcc-nm-10 mutagen-inspect strings xzdiff
|
|
||||||
gcc-ranlib mutagen-pony strip xzegrep
|
|
||||||
gcc-ranlib-10 mv stty xzfgrep
|
|
||||||
gcm-import namei su xzgrep
|
|
||||||
gcm-inspect nano sudo xzless
|
|
||||||
gcm-picker nautilus sudoedit xzmore
|
|
||||||
gcm-viewer nautilus-autorun-software sudoreplay yelp
|
|
||||||
gcov nawk sum yes
|
|
||||||
gcov-10 nc sushi ypdomainname
|
|
||||||
gcov-dump nc.traditional su-to-root zcat
|
|
||||||
gcov-dump-10 neqn svlc zcmp
|
|
||||||
gcov-tool netcat switcherooctl zdiff
|
|
||||||
gcov-tool-10 networkctl sxw2odt zdump
|
|
||||||
gcr-viewer newgrp synaptic-pkexec zegrep
|
|
||||||
gdbus ngettext sync zenity
|
|
||||||
gdialog nice system-config-printer zfgrep
|
|
||||||
gdk-pixbuf-csource nisdomainname system-config-printer-applet zforce
|
gdk-pixbuf-csource nisdomainname system-config-printer-applet zforce
|
||||||
gdk-pixbuf-pixdata nl systemctl zgrep
|
gdk-pixbuf-pixdata nl systemctl zgrep
|
||||||
gdk-pixbuf-thumbnailer nm systemd zipdetails
|
gdk-pixbuf-thumbnailer nm systemd zipdetails
|
||||||
|
|
@ -1046,7 +711,7 @@ SYNOPSIS
|
||||||
unset, until, wait, while.
|
unset, until, wait, while.
|
||||||
```
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Absolute and relative paths
|
## Absolute and relative paths
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> All roads lead to Rome.
|
> All roads lead to Rome.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -1103,19 +768,29 @@ waldek@hellodebian:~$
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The `..` means go **back** one directory so in our example we go back **two** directories, which brings us to the `/` of our system and from there we go **up** to `home` and then `waldek`.
|
The `..` means go **back** one directory so in our example we go back **two** directories, which brings us to the `/` of our system and from there we go **up** to `home` and then `waldek`.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Exercise
|
## `root` and `/` and `/root` are not the same thing
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The word *root* has multiple meanings and can be a bit confusing at the start.
|
||||||
|
Every Linux machine will have a `root` user **and** a `/` of the system.
|
||||||
|
The `root` user is an account essential to the proper working of a Linux system, whereas `/` is a location, the *root* of the filesystem.
|
||||||
|
The `/root` is also a location but is the **home** of the user `root`, located at the `/` of the filesystem.
|
||||||
|
If this sounds confusing read the above paragraph slowly until you see the differences.
|
||||||
|
I do want to note that the name of the user `root` *can* change but it's ID will always be `0`.
|
||||||
|
We'll go into detail about users and ID's later down the line.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# Exercise
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Explore your system a bit using `cd` and `ls`.
|
Explore your system a bit using `cd` and `ls`.
|
||||||
You'll probably encounter some weird messages along the way.
|
You'll probably encounter some weird messages along the way.
|
||||||
Keep note of them so we can discuss it together.
|
Keep note of them so we can discuss it together.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### `root` and `/` and `/root` are not the same thing
|
# A pit stop to review what we've learned so far
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## A pit stop to review what we've learned so far
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Below is a list of programs and command we've seen so far.
|
Below is a list of programs and command we've seen so far.
|
||||||
|
We've seen that some take arguments, some don't.
|
||||||
|
This list will grow as we go so I advise you to take some notes of your own.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|command|desciption|
|
|command|description|
|
||||||
|---|---|
|
|---|---|
|
||||||
|systemctl|manipulate running services|
|
|systemctl|manipulate running services|
|
||||||
|apt|the Debian package manager|
|
|apt|the Debian package manager|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -1129,3 +804,404 @@ Below is a list of programs and command we've seen so far.
|
||||||
|cd|change directory|
|
|cd|change directory|
|
||||||
|ls|list content of a directory|
|
|ls|list content of a directory|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# Arguments and flags
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The `ls` program is one of the most used commands.
|
||||||
|
It's like a very basic *file explorer* in a graphical environment and just like it's graphical counter part you can use it to display it's data in different ways.
|
||||||
|
Think of the *details* versus *thumbnail* views in your favorite explorer.
|
||||||
|
But how do you do this?
|
||||||
|
We can **add flags or options** to the program to modify it's behavior.
|
||||||
|
Have a look at the output below.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
waldek@hellodebian:~$ ls
|
||||||
|
Desktop Documents Downloads Music Pictures Public Templates Videos
|
||||||
|
waldek@hellodebian:~$ ls -l
|
||||||
|
total 32
|
||||||
|
drwxr-xr-x 2 waldek waldek 4096 Feb 18 12:50 Desktop
|
||||||
|
drwxr-xr-x 2 waldek waldek 4096 Feb 18 12:50 Documents
|
||||||
|
drwxr-xr-x 2 waldek waldek 4096 Feb 18 12:50 Downloads
|
||||||
|
drwxr-xr-x 2 waldek waldek 4096 Feb 18 12:50 Music
|
||||||
|
drwxr-xr-x 2 waldek waldek 4096 Feb 18 12:50 Pictures
|
||||||
|
drwxr-xr-x 2 waldek waldek 4096 Feb 18 12:50 Public
|
||||||
|
drwxr-xr-x 2 waldek waldek 4096 Feb 18 12:50 Templates
|
||||||
|
drwxr-xr-x 2 waldek waldek 4096 Feb 18 12:50 Videos
|
||||||
|
waldek@hellodebian:~$ ls -a
|
||||||
|
. .bashrc Desktop .gnupg .profile Templates .vboxclient-seamless.pid
|
||||||
|
.. .cache .dmrc .local Public .vboxclient-clipboard.pid Videos
|
||||||
|
.bash_history .config Documents Music .python_history .vboxclient-display-svga-x11.pid .Xauthority
|
||||||
|
.bash_logout .dbus Downloads Pictures .ssh .vboxclient-draganddrop.pid .xsession-errors
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The `-l` and `-a` additions are what we call *flags* or *options*.
|
||||||
|
Aren't they just extra *arguments*?
|
||||||
|
There is no real rule to the naming of this concept but [this](https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/285575/whats-the-difference-between-a-flag-an-option-and-an-argument) is a rather interesting take.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
We can combine arguments if we want, and some programs even allow *concatenation* of arguments.
|
||||||
|
Have a look below to understand what I mean by that.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
waldek@hellodebian:~$ ls -a -l
|
||||||
|
total 112
|
||||||
|
drwxr-xr-x 16 waldek waldek 4096 Feb 21 18:12 .
|
||||||
|
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Feb 18 12:49 ..
|
||||||
|
-rw------- 1 waldek waldek 2772 Feb 22 10:45 .bash_history
|
||||||
|
-rw-r--r-- 1 waldek waldek 220 Feb 18 12:49 .bash_logout
|
||||||
|
-rw-r--r-- 1 waldek waldek 3526 Feb 18 12:49 .bashrc
|
||||||
|
drwx------ 16 waldek waldek 4096 Feb 18 14:24 .cache
|
||||||
|
drwx------ 20 waldek waldek 4096 Feb 18 14:23 .config
|
||||||
|
drwx------ 3 waldek waldek 4096 Feb 18 12:52 .dbus
|
||||||
|
drwxr-xr-x 2 waldek waldek 4096 Feb 18 12:50 Desktop
|
||||||
|
-rw-r--r-- 1 waldek waldek 35 Feb 18 13:33 .dmrc
|
||||||
|
drwxr-xr-x 2 waldek waldek 4096 Feb 18 12:50 Documents
|
||||||
|
drwxr-xr-x 2 waldek waldek 4096 Feb 18 12:50 Downloads
|
||||||
|
drwx------ 2 waldek waldek 4096 Feb 18 15:07 .gnupg
|
||||||
|
drwxr-xr-x 3 waldek waldek 4096 Feb 18 12:50 .local
|
||||||
|
drwxr-xr-x 2 waldek waldek 4096 Feb 18 12:50 Music
|
||||||
|
drwxr-xr-x 2 waldek waldek 4096 Feb 18 12:50 Pictures
|
||||||
|
-rw-r--r-- 1 waldek waldek 807 Feb 18 12:49 .profile
|
||||||
|
drwxr-xr-x 2 waldek waldek 4096 Feb 18 12:50 Public
|
||||||
|
-rw------- 1 waldek waldek 11 Feb 21 18:12 .python_history
|
||||||
|
drwx------ 2 waldek waldek 4096 Feb 21 12:45 .ssh
|
||||||
|
drwxr-xr-x 2 waldek waldek 4096 Feb 18 12:50 Templates
|
||||||
|
-rw-r----- 1 waldek waldek 5 Feb 18 15:06 .vboxclient-clipboard.pid
|
||||||
|
-rw-r----- 1 waldek waldek 5 Feb 18 15:06 .vboxclient-display-svga-x11.pid
|
||||||
|
-rw-r----- 1 waldek waldek 5 Feb 18 15:06 .vboxclient-draganddrop.pid
|
||||||
|
-rw-r----- 1 waldek waldek 5 Feb 18 15:06 .vboxclient-seamless.pid
|
||||||
|
drwxr-xr-x 2 waldek waldek 4096 Feb 18 12:50 Videos
|
||||||
|
-rw------- 1 waldek waldek 56 Feb 18 13:33 .Xauthority
|
||||||
|
-rw------- 1 waldek waldek 2701 Feb 18 13:33 .xsession-errors
|
||||||
|
waldek@hellodebian:~$ ls -la
|
||||||
|
total 112
|
||||||
|
drwxr-xr-x 16 waldek waldek 4096 Feb 21 18:12 .
|
||||||
|
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Feb 18 12:49 ..
|
||||||
|
-rw------- 1 waldek waldek 2772 Feb 22 10:45 .bash_history
|
||||||
|
-rw-r--r-- 1 waldek waldek 220 Feb 18 12:49 .bash_logout
|
||||||
|
-rw-r--r-- 1 waldek waldek 3526 Feb 18 12:49 .bashrc
|
||||||
|
drwx------ 16 waldek waldek 4096 Feb 18 14:24 .cache
|
||||||
|
drwx------ 20 waldek waldek 4096 Feb 18 14:23 .config
|
||||||
|
drwx------ 3 waldek waldek 4096 Feb 18 12:52 .dbus
|
||||||
|
drwxr-xr-x 2 waldek waldek 4096 Feb 18 12:50 Desktop
|
||||||
|
-rw-r--r-- 1 waldek waldek 35 Feb 18 13:33 .dmrc
|
||||||
|
drwxr-xr-x 2 waldek waldek 4096 Feb 18 12:50 Documents
|
||||||
|
drwxr-xr-x 2 waldek waldek 4096 Feb 18 12:50 Downloads
|
||||||
|
drwx------ 2 waldek waldek 4096 Feb 18 15:07 .gnupg
|
||||||
|
drwxr-xr-x 3 waldek waldek 4096 Feb 18 12:50 .local
|
||||||
|
drwxr-xr-x 2 waldek waldek 4096 Feb 18 12:50 Music
|
||||||
|
drwxr-xr-x 2 waldek waldek 4096 Feb 18 12:50 Pictures
|
||||||
|
-rw-r--r-- 1 waldek waldek 807 Feb 18 12:49 .profile
|
||||||
|
drwxr-xr-x 2 waldek waldek 4096 Feb 18 12:50 Public
|
||||||
|
-rw------- 1 waldek waldek 11 Feb 21 18:12 .python_history
|
||||||
|
drwx------ 2 waldek waldek 4096 Feb 21 12:45 .ssh
|
||||||
|
drwxr-xr-x 2 waldek waldek 4096 Feb 18 12:50 Templates
|
||||||
|
-rw-r----- 1 waldek waldek 5 Feb 18 15:06 .vboxclient-clipboard.pid
|
||||||
|
-rw-r----- 1 waldek waldek 5 Feb 18 15:06 .vboxclient-display-svga-x11.pid
|
||||||
|
-rw-r----- 1 waldek waldek 5 Feb 18 15:06 .vboxclient-draganddrop.pid
|
||||||
|
-rw-r----- 1 waldek waldek 5 Feb 18 15:06 .vboxclient-seamless.pid
|
||||||
|
drwxr-xr-x 2 waldek waldek 4096 Feb 18 12:50 Videos
|
||||||
|
-rw------- 1 waldek waldek 56 Feb 18 13:33 .Xauthority
|
||||||
|
-rw------- 1 waldek waldek 2701 Feb 18 13:33 .xsession-errors
|
||||||
|
waldek@hellodebian:~$
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# Getting help
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Options
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
OK, so we have *a lot* of programs we can use on the command line, plus we can change how they work by adding obscure characters.
|
||||||
|
How on earth can we *discover* what a program can and can't do?
|
||||||
|
Introducing the **most important flag**: `--help`.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Most programs come with builtin help to explain you how to use the program.
|
||||||
|
Often, but not always, this help can be displayed on the terminal by adding the `--help` flag.
|
||||||
|
Let's investigate this.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
waldek@hellodebian:~$ ls --help
|
||||||
|
Usage: ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...
|
||||||
|
List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default).
|
||||||
|
Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort is specified.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
|
||||||
|
-a, --all do not ignore entries starting with .
|
||||||
|
-A, --almost-all do not list implied . and ..
|
||||||
|
--author with -l, print the author of each file
|
||||||
|
-b, --escape print C-style escapes for nongraphic characters
|
||||||
|
--block-size=SIZE with -l, scale sizes by SIZE when printing them;
|
||||||
|
e.g., '--block-size=M'; see SIZE format below
|
||||||
|
-B, --ignore-backups do not list implied entries ending with ~
|
||||||
|
-c with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last
|
||||||
|
modification of file status information);
|
||||||
|
with -l: show ctime and sort by name;
|
||||||
|
otherwise: sort by ctime, newest first
|
||||||
|
-C list entries by columns
|
||||||
|
--color[=WHEN] colorize the output; WHEN can be 'always' (default
|
||||||
|
if omitted), 'auto', or 'never'; more info below
|
||||||
|
-d, --directory list directories themselves, not their contents
|
||||||
|
-D, --dired generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode
|
||||||
|
-f do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color
|
||||||
|
-F, --classify append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries
|
||||||
|
--file-type likewise, except do not append '*'
|
||||||
|
--format=WORD across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l,
|
||||||
|
single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C
|
||||||
|
--full-time like -l --time-style=full-iso
|
||||||
|
-g like -l, but do not list owner
|
||||||
|
--group-directories-first
|
||||||
|
group directories before files;
|
||||||
|
can be augmented with a --sort option, but any
|
||||||
|
use of --sort=none (-U) disables grouping
|
||||||
|
-G, --no-group in a long listing, don't print group names
|
||||||
|
-h, --human-readable with -l and -s, print sizes like 1K 234M 2G etc.
|
||||||
|
--si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024
|
||||||
|
-H, --dereference-command-line
|
||||||
|
follow symbolic links listed on the command line
|
||||||
|
--dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir
|
||||||
|
follow each command line symbolic link
|
||||||
|
that points to a directory
|
||||||
|
--hide=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
|
||||||
|
(overridden by -a or -A)
|
||||||
|
--hyperlink[=WHEN] hyperlink file names; WHEN can be 'always'
|
||||||
|
(default if omitted), 'auto', or 'never'
|
||||||
|
--indicator-style=WORD append indicator with style WORD to entry names:
|
||||||
|
none (default), slash (-p),
|
||||||
|
file-type (--file-type), classify (-F)
|
||||||
|
-i, --inode print the index number of each file
|
||||||
|
-I, --ignore=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
|
||||||
|
-k, --kibibytes default to 1024-byte blocks for disk usage;
|
||||||
|
used only with -s and per directory totals
|
||||||
|
-l use a long listing format
|
||||||
|
-L, --dereference when showing file information for a symbolic
|
||||||
|
link, show information for the file the link
|
||||||
|
references rather than for the link itself
|
||||||
|
-m fill width with a comma separated list of entries
|
||||||
|
-n, --numeric-uid-gid like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs
|
||||||
|
-N, --literal print entry names without quoting
|
||||||
|
-o like -l, but do not list group information
|
||||||
|
-p, --indicator-style=slash
|
||||||
|
append / indicator to directories
|
||||||
|
-q, --hide-control-chars print ? instead of nongraphic characters
|
||||||
|
--show-control-chars show nongraphic characters as-is (the default,
|
||||||
|
unless program is 'ls' and output is a terminal)
|
||||||
|
-Q, --quote-name enclose entry names in double quotes
|
||||||
|
--quoting-style=WORD use quoting style WORD for entry names:
|
||||||
|
literal, locale, shell, shell-always,
|
||||||
|
shell-escape, shell-escape-always, c, escape
|
||||||
|
(overrides QUOTING_STYLE environment variable)
|
||||||
|
-r, --reverse reverse order while sorting
|
||||||
|
-R, --recursive list subdirectories recursively
|
||||||
|
-s, --size print the allocated size of each file, in blocks
|
||||||
|
-S sort by file size, largest first
|
||||||
|
--sort=WORD sort by WORD instead of name: none (-U), size (-S),
|
||||||
|
time (-t), version (-v), extension (-X)
|
||||||
|
--time=WORD change the default of using modification times;
|
||||||
|
access time (-u): atime, access, use;
|
||||||
|
change time (-c): ctime, status;
|
||||||
|
birth time: birth, creation;
|
||||||
|
with -l, WORD determines which time to show;
|
||||||
|
with --sort=time, sort by WORD (newest first)
|
||||||
|
--time-style=TIME_STYLE time/date format with -l; see TIME_STYLE below
|
||||||
|
-t sort by time, newest first; see --time
|
||||||
|
-T, --tabsize=COLS assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8
|
||||||
|
-u with -lt: sort by, and show, access time;
|
||||||
|
with -l: show access time and sort by name;
|
||||||
|
otherwise: sort by access time, newest first
|
||||||
|
-U do not sort; list entries in directory order
|
||||||
|
-v natural sort of (version) numbers within text
|
||||||
|
-w, --width=COLS set output width to COLS. 0 means no limit
|
||||||
|
-x list entries by lines instead of by columns
|
||||||
|
-X sort alphabetically by entry extension
|
||||||
|
-Z, --context print any security context of each file
|
||||||
|
-1 list one file per line. Avoid '\n' with -q or -b
|
||||||
|
--help display this help and exit
|
||||||
|
--version output version information and exit
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The SIZE argument is an integer and optional unit (example: 10K is 10*1024).
|
||||||
|
Units are K,M,G,T,P,E,Z,Y (powers of 1024) or KB,MB,... (powers of 1000).
|
||||||
|
Binary prefixes can be used, too: KiB=K, MiB=M, and so on.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The TIME_STYLE argument can be full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, or +FORMAT.
|
||||||
|
FORMAT is interpreted like in date(1). If FORMAT is FORMAT1<newline>FORMAT2,
|
||||||
|
then FORMAT1 applies to non-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files.
|
||||||
|
TIME_STYLE prefixed with 'posix-' takes effect only outside the POSIX locale.
|
||||||
|
Also the TIME_STYLE environment variable sets the default style to use.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Using color to distinguish file types is disabled both by default and
|
||||||
|
with --color=never. With --color=auto, ls emits color codes only when
|
||||||
|
standard output is connected to a terminal. The LS_COLORS environment
|
||||||
|
variable can change the settings. Use the dircolors command to set it.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Exit status:
|
||||||
|
0 if OK,
|
||||||
|
1 if minor problems (e.g., cannot access subdirectory),
|
||||||
|
2 if serious trouble (e.g., cannot access command-line argument).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
GNU coreutils online help: <https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/>
|
||||||
|
Full documentation <https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/ls>
|
||||||
|
or available locally via: info '(coreutils) ls invocation'
|
||||||
|
waldek@hellodebian:~$
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The output above teaches us that the options `-la` change the output so it becomes:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* `-a, --all do not ignore entries starting with .`
|
||||||
|
* `-l use a long listing format`
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
To *not ignore entries starting with .* we can use two different flags, `-a` or `--all`.
|
||||||
|
The former is called short arguments and the latter long ones.
|
||||||
|
The long ones are more *verbose* so it's often easier to understand what a line *does* just by reading it.
|
||||||
|
Note that `ls` only has one way of showing the help by adding `--help` whereas the help for `htop` can be shown with both `-h` or `--help`.
|
||||||
|
This inconsistency is sadly a byproduct of the decentralized nature of Linux.
|
||||||
|
To add to this mess some programs use *single dash long form* (`-help`) but those programs are rather rare.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Manuals
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The `--help` flag is tremendously useful as it gives you an overview of how you can modify a programs behaviour, kind of like settings, but it doesn't always explain you what a program is *for*.
|
||||||
|
The is where the manuals come into play.
|
||||||
|
I see the `--help` flag as a *cheat sheet* to quickly discover options and the man pages as a reference.
|
||||||
|
We can read the manual by calling the `man` program with an argument.
|
||||||
|
This argument is the *name* of the program you want to read the manual for.
|
||||||
|
Same idea as with `which`.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
waldek@hellodebian:~$ man ls
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
You're now in a program called `less`, which is a [pager](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_pager).
|
||||||
|
You can scroll the manual with the arrows of `vi` based navigation (which we'll get into later).
|
||||||
|
If you hit `h` you'll see the builtin documentation of `less` and press `q` to quit (twice if you're in the help section).
|
||||||
|
This brings you back to your prompt.
|
||||||
|
It's worth reading the [wikipedia entry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_page) of the `man` command to understand it's history and operation.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The output below illustrates the *tree* of a terminal that's reading a manual.
|
||||||
|
In a `bash` shell you invoke `man ls` which in turn runs the `pager` program to display the content.
|
||||||
|
If you're intrigued by this `pstree` program go and read the manual!
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
waldek@hellodebian:~$ pstree 10845 -a
|
||||||
|
bash
|
||||||
|
└─man ls
|
||||||
|
└─pager
|
||||||
|
waldek@hellodebian:~$
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Not every command has a manual.
|
||||||
|
For example, `cd` does not have one.
|
||||||
|
This is kind of logical because `cd` is a builtin.
|
||||||
|
To learn more about builtin commands you can use the `help` program.
|
||||||
|
On it's own it gives you all the builtin command you can invoke and with an argument it outputs the help about that specific command.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
waldek@hellodebian:~$ help
|
||||||
|
GNU bash, version 5.1.4(1)-release (x86_64-pc-linux-gnu)
|
||||||
|
These shell commands are defined internally. Type `help' to see this list.
|
||||||
|
Type `help name' to find out more about the function `name'.
|
||||||
|
Use `info bash' to find out more about the shell in general.
|
||||||
|
Use `man -k' or `info' to find out more about commands not in this list.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
A star (*) next to a name means that the command is disabled.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
job_spec [&] history [-c] [-d offset] [n] or history -anrw [filename] or history -ps>
|
||||||
|
(( expression )) if COMMANDS; then COMMANDS; [ elif COMMANDS; then COMMANDS; ]... [ else>
|
||||||
|
. filename [arguments] jobs [-lnprs] [jobspec ...] or jobs -x command [args]
|
||||||
|
: kill [-s sigspec | -n signum | -sigspec] pid | jobspec ... or kill -l [>
|
||||||
|
[ arg... ] let arg [arg ...]
|
||||||
|
[[ expression ]] local [option] name[=value] ...
|
||||||
|
alias [-p] [name[=value] ... ] logout [n]
|
||||||
|
bg [job_spec ...] mapfile [-d delim] [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] [-t] [-u fd] [-C c>
|
||||||
|
bind [-lpsvPSVX] [-m keymap] [-f filename] [-q name] [-u name] [-r keyse> popd [-n] [+N | -N]
|
||||||
|
break [n] printf [-v var] format [arguments]
|
||||||
|
builtin [shell-builtin [arg ...]] pushd [-n] [+N | -N | dir]
|
||||||
|
caller [expr] pwd [-LP]
|
||||||
|
case WORD in [PATTERN [| PATTERN]...) COMMANDS ;;]... esac read [-ers] [-a array] [-d delim] [-i text] [-n nchars] [-N nchars] [-p>
|
||||||
|
cd [-L|[-P [-e]] [-@]] [dir] readarray [-d delim] [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] [-t] [-u fd] [-C>
|
||||||
|
command [-pVv] command [arg ...] readonly [-aAf] [name[=value] ...] or readonly -p
|
||||||
|
compgen [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o option] [-A action] [-G globpat] [-W wordlis> return [n]
|
||||||
|
complete [-abcdefgjksuv] [-pr] [-DEI] [-o option] [-A action] [-G globpa> select NAME [in WORDS ... ;] do COMMANDS; done
|
||||||
|
compopt [-o|+o option] [-DEI] [name ...] set [-abefhkmnptuvxBCHP] [-o option-name] [--] [arg ...]
|
||||||
|
continue [n] shift [n]
|
||||||
|
coproc [NAME] command [redirections] shopt [-pqsu] [-o] [optname ...]
|
||||||
|
declare [-aAfFgiIlnrtux] [-p] [name[=value] ...] source filename [arguments]
|
||||||
|
dirs [-clpv] [+N] [-N] suspend [-f]
|
||||||
|
disown [-h] [-ar] [jobspec ... | pid ...] test [expr]
|
||||||
|
echo [-neE] [arg ...] time [-p] pipeline
|
||||||
|
enable [-a] [-dnps] [-f filename] [name ...] times
|
||||||
|
eval [arg ...] trap [-lp] [[arg] signal_spec ...]
|
||||||
|
exec [-cl] [-a name] [command [argument ...]] [redirection ...] true
|
||||||
|
exit [n] type [-afptP] name [name ...]
|
||||||
|
export [-fn] [name[=value] ...] or export -p typeset [-aAfFgiIlnrtux] [-p] name[=value] ...
|
||||||
|
false ulimit [-SHabcdefiklmnpqrstuvxPT] [limit]
|
||||||
|
fc [-e ename] [-lnr] [first] [last] or fc -s [pat=rep] [command] umask [-p] [-S] [mode]
|
||||||
|
fg [job_spec] unalias [-a] name [name ...]
|
||||||
|
for NAME [in WORDS ... ] ; do COMMANDS; done unset [-f] [-v] [-n] [name ...]
|
||||||
|
for (( exp1; exp2; exp3 )); do COMMANDS; done until COMMANDS; do COMMANDS; done
|
||||||
|
function name { COMMANDS ; } or name () { COMMANDS ; } variables - Names and meanings of some shell variables
|
||||||
|
getopts optstring name [arg ...] wait [-fn] [-p var] [id ...]
|
||||||
|
hash [-lr] [-p pathname] [-dt] [name ...] while COMMANDS; do COMMANDS; done
|
||||||
|
help [-dms] [pattern ...] { COMMANDS ; }
|
||||||
|
waldek@hellodebian:~$ help cd
|
||||||
|
cd: cd [-L|[-P [-e]] [-@]] [dir]
|
||||||
|
Change the shell working directory.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Change the current directory to DIR. The default DIR is the value of the
|
||||||
|
HOME shell variable.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The variable CDPATH defines the search path for the directory containing
|
||||||
|
DIR. Alternative directory names in CDPATH are separated by a colon (:).
|
||||||
|
A null directory name is the same as the current directory. If DIR begins
|
||||||
|
with a slash (/), then CDPATH is not used.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
If the directory is not found, and the shell option `cdable_vars' is set,
|
||||||
|
the word is assumed to be a variable name. If that variable has a value,
|
||||||
|
its value is used for DIR.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Options:
|
||||||
|
-L force symbolic links to be followed: resolve symbolic
|
||||||
|
links in DIR after processing instances of `..'
|
||||||
|
-P use the physical directory structure without following
|
||||||
|
symbolic links: resolve symbolic links in DIR before
|
||||||
|
processing instances of `..'
|
||||||
|
-e if the -P option is supplied, and the current working
|
||||||
|
directory cannot be determined successfully, exit with
|
||||||
|
a non-zero status
|
||||||
|
-@ on systems that support it, present a file with extended
|
||||||
|
attributes as a directory containing the file attributes
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The default is to follow symbolic links, as if `-L' were specified.
|
||||||
|
`..' is processed by removing the immediately previous pathname component
|
||||||
|
back to a slash or the beginning of DIR.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Exit Status:
|
||||||
|
Returns 0 if the directory is changed, and if $PWD is set successfully when
|
||||||
|
-P is used; non-zero otherwise.
|
||||||
|
waldek@hellodebian:~$
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Last but not least there are a few extra programs to give you quick and condensed information about a program, `whatis` and `apropos`.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
waldek@hellodebian:~$ whatis bash
|
||||||
|
bash (1) - GNU Bourne-Again SHell
|
||||||
|
waldek@hellodebian:~$ apropos bash
|
||||||
|
bash (1) - GNU Bourne-Again SHell
|
||||||
|
bash-builtins (7) - bash built-in commands, see bash(1)
|
||||||
|
bashbug (1) - report a bug in bash
|
||||||
|
builtins (7) - bash built-in commands, see bash(1)
|
||||||
|
dh_bash-completion (1) - install bash completions for package
|
||||||
|
rbash (1) - restricted bash, see bash(1)
|
||||||
|
waldek@hellodebian:~$
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# Exercise
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
**Read** some manual pages on the commands we've seen until now.
|
||||||
|
**Apply** some options you read about in the manual to experiment with said programs.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# Creating and modifying
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Directories
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Files
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### `nano`
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### `vi` and `vim`
|
||||||
|
|
|
||||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue