ccpq/data/lpic1_book_101-500.csv

1	LEVEL	ANSWER	QUESTION	1	2	3	4	5
2	101-500	4	Which of the following commands is used to view kernel-related udev events in real time?	udevls all	lsudev -f	udevmon -a	udevadm monitor	The udevadm command is used to work with the udev interface of the kernel, and the monitor subcommand displays kernel uevents and other udev events in real time.
3	101-500	2	Which command enables you to view the current interrupt request (IRQ) assignments?	view /proc/irq	cat /proc/interrupts	cat /dev/irq	less /dev/irq	Current IRQ assignments are contained in the file /proc/interrupts. Therefore, viewing the contents of the file with a command such as cat will work. There is no “view” command, making option 1 incorrect. Likewise, there is no /dev/irq file, making options 3 and 4 incorrect.
4	101-500	4	Configuration of udev devices is done by working with files in which directory?	/udev/devices	/devices/	/udev/config	/etc/udev	Configuration files for udev are found in /etc/udev, which makes option 4 correct. The other options do not exist.
5	101-500	1	Which command is used to automatically load a module and its dependencies?	modprobe	lsmod	insmod	rmmod	The modprobe command loads the module and its dependencies, if applicable. The lsmod command is used to list currently loaded modules, making option 2 incorrect. The insmod command will load a given module but not its dependencies. Option 4, rmmod, is used to remove a module from memory.
6	101-500	2	Which command is used to obtain a list of USB devices?	usb-list	lsusb	ls-usb	ls --usb	The lsusb command is used to obtain a basic list of USB devices on a system. The other commands are not valid. In the case of option 4, the ls command is valid, but there is no --usb option.
7	101-500	2	When working with hotplug devices, you need to gather more information about them through udevadm. Which udevadm command enables you to query the udev database for information on a device?	query	info	getinfo	devinfo	The info command for udevadm enables querying for additional information about a hotplug device managed with udev.
8	101-500	4	Which command can be used to view the kernel ring buffer in order to troubleshoot the boot process?	lsboot	boot-log	krblog	dmesg	The dmesg command displays the contents of the kernel ring buffer. On many Linux distributions, this log is also saved to /var/log/dmesg. The other options shown for this question are not valid commands.
9	101-500	3	During the initialization process for a Linux system using SysV init, which runlevel corresponds to single-user mode?	Runlevel 5	Runlevel SU	Runlevel 1	Runlevel 6	Runlevel 1, sometimes displayed as runlevel s or S, is single-user mode in which many services are not started. Runlevels 5 and 6 are used for other purposes, and runlevel SU is not a valid option.
10	101-500	4	On a system using SysV init, in which directory are the startup and shutdown scripts for services stored?	/etc/init-d	/etc/init	/etc/sysV	/etc/init.d	Scripts are stored in /etc/init.d on a system using SysV init. You may sometimes find these linked from /etc/rc.d/init.d as well. The other options are not valid for this question.
11	101-500	1	Which command can be used to reboot a system?	init 6	shutdown -h -t now	init 1	refresh-system	The init command can be used to access different runlevels. Runlevel 6 is used for rebooting the system. Option 2 will shut down the system entirely, not reboot it. Option 3 will place the system into single-user mode. Option 4 is not a valid option.
12	101-500	3	When using an SysV init-based system, which command would you use if you make changes to the /etc/inittab file and want those changes to be reloaded without a reboot?	init-refresh	init 6	telinit	reload-inittab	The telinit command can be used to refresh the system after changes have been made to /etc/inittab. Notably, option 2 will reboot the system but that was not an option in the question. Options 1 and 4 are not valid commands.
13	101-500	4	Which command displays the current runlevel for a system?	show-level	init --level	sudo init	runlevel	The runlevel command displays the current runlevel for a system. Option 2 is not a valid option to the init command, and adding sudo in front of the init command makes no difference. Option 1 is not a valid command.
14	101-500	3	Within which folder are systemd unit configuration files stored?	/etc/system.conf.d	/lib/system.conf.d	/lib/systemd/system	/etc/sysconfd	Unit configuration files are stored in /lib/systemd/system. The other directory options for this question are not relevant or do not exist by default.
15	101-500	2	Which command is used with systemd in order to list the available service units?	systemd list-units	systemctl list-units	systemd unit-list	systemctl show-units	The systemctl command is used to work with services and targets. The list-units command is used to list targets. The other commands are not used for this purpose or do not exist with the required option.
16	101-500	3	Which option to lspci is used to display both numeric codes and device names?	-numdev	-n	-nn	-devnum	The -nn option displays both numbers and device names, making option 3 correct. The -n option (option 2) displays only numbers. The other two options do not exist.
17	101-500	4	Which command can be used to obtain a list of currently loaded kernel modules?	insmod	modlist	ls --modules	lsmod	The lsmod command is used to list currently loaded kernel modules, making option 4 correct for this question. The insmod command (option 1) is used to load modules. Option 3 is a valid command but not a valid option for that command, and option 2 does not exist.
18	101-500	3	Which option to the modprobe command shows the dependencies for a given module?	--show-options	--list-deps	--show-depends	--list-all	The --show-depends option shows the modules that depend on the specified module. The other options do not exist.
19	101-500	2	Which command can you use to send a message to all users who are currently logged into a system?	cat	wall	tee	ssh	The wall command is used to send a message to all users, thereby making option 2 correct. The cat command is used as a means to concatenate or view files, and tee is used to send output to standard output and a file. Finally, ssh is the secure shell client command and is not used for the purpose specified.
20	101-500	2	Which of the following is a good first troubleshooting step when a hard disk is not detected by the Linux kernel?	Unplug the disk.	Check the system BIOS.	Restart the web server service.	Run the disk-detect command.	Checking to ensure that the disk is detected in the basic input/output system (BIOS) is a good first step in troubleshooting. Option 1, unplugging the disk, won’t help it to be detected. Restarting the web server won’t help detect the disk, and the disk-detect command does not exist.
21	101-500	4	Within which directory is information about USB devices stored?	/etc/usbdevices	/var/usb	/lib/sys/usb	/sys/bus/usb/devices	The /sys/bus/usb/devices directory contains information about USB devices. The other directories are not valid for this purpose.
22	101-500	4	If the kernel ring buffer has been overwritten, within which file can you look to find boot messages?	/var/log/bootmessages	/var/log/mail.info	/var/adm/log/boot.info	/var/log/dmesg	The file /var/log/dmesg will typically contain historical messages from the current booting of the system. On some distributions of Linux, this information is also in /var/log/boot.log.
23	101-500	3	Which command and option can be used to determine whether a given service is currently loaded?	systemctl --ls	telinit	systemctl status	sysctl -a	Out of the options given, the systemctl status command and option is the most appropriate. The telinit and sysctl commands are not used for this purpose. Likewise, the --ls option is not valid for systemctl.
24	101-500	2	Which command on a systemd-controlled system would place the system into single-user mode?	systemctl one	systemctl isolate rescue.target	systemctl single-user	systemctl runlevel one	The isolate option is used to move the system into the target specified, making option 2 the correct one. The other options do not exist.
25	101-500	1	Which command on a system controlled by Upstart will reload the configuration files?	initctl reload	systemd reload	upstart --reload	ups -reload	The initctl reload command causes Upstart to reread its configuration files.
26	101-500	2	When working with a SysV system, which option to chkconfig will display all services and their runlevels?	--reload	--list	--all	--ls	The --list option will show all services on a system along with their status for each runlevel.
27	101-500	3	A drive connected to USB is considered which type of device?	Medium	Coldplug	Hotplug	Sideplug	USB devices are generally considered to be hotplug devices. Hotplug devices describe those devices that can be inserted and removed while the system is “hot,” or powered on, whereas coldplug devices are those that must be inserted and removed when the system is powered off.
28	101-500	2	The system is using a temporary flash USB disk for data mounted at /dev/sda1. You need to remove the disk. Which of the following commands will enable the disk to be safely removed from the system?	usbstop /dev/sda	umount /dev/sda1	unmount /dev/sda1	dev-eject /dev/sda1	The umount command is used to unmount drives within a running system. The other commands do not exist.
29	101-500	4	You have connected a USB disk to the system and need to find out its connection point within the system. Which of the following is the best method for accomplishing this task?	Rebooting the system	Viewing the contents of /var/log/usb.log	Connecting the drive to a USB port that you know the number of	Running dmesg and looking for the disk	Of the options presented, running dmesg is a common way to determine the location to which the kernel has assigned the drive. Rebooting the system is not a good option, though it would work. There is no such thing as /var/log/usb.log, and the location of the drive may change regardless of port, depending on how the drive may be detected in the system.
30	101-500	2	Which of the following commands will initiate an immediate shutdown of the system?	shutdown -c	halt	systemd stop	stop-system	From these options, only 2 will shut down the system immediately. Option 1 will cancel a shutdown.
31	101-500	3	Which option within a systemd service file indicates the program to execute?	StartProgram	ShortCut	ExecStart	Startup	The ExecStart option indicates the command to be executed on startup of a systemd service.
32	101-500	4	Which command will display the default target on a computer running systemd?	systemctl defaults	update-rc.d defaults	systemctl runlevel	systemctl get-default	The systemctl get-default command will show the default target. The other commands and options are not valid.
33	101-500	1	Which option to the systemctl command will change a service so that it runs on the next boot of the system?	enable	startonboot	loadonboot	start	The enable option configures the service to start on boot. The start option, 4, is used to start a service immediately. The other options are not valid for this command.
34	101-500	3	Which of the following best describes the /proc filesystem?	/proc contains information about files to be processed.	/proc contains configuration files for processes.	/proc contains information on currently running processes, including the kernel.	/proc contains variable data such as mail and web files.	The /proc filesystem contains information about currently running processes and additional information about the kernel and current boot of the system.
35	101-500	3	Which command will retrieve information about the USB connections on a computer in a tree-like format?	lsusb -tree	lsusb --tree	lsusb -t	usblist --tree	The -t option to lsusb will print output in a tree-like format so that you can see which devices are connected to which bus. The other arguments to lsusb are not valid, and the usblist command is not real.
36	101-500	4	What is one reason why a device driver does not appear in the output of lsmod, even though the device is loaded and working properly?	The use of systemd means that drivers are not required for most devices.	The use of initramfs means that support is enabled by default.	The system does not need a driver for the device.	Support for the device has been compiled directly into the kernel.	If a working device does not appear in lsmod, it typically means that the kernel has a driver already loaded by virtue of being compiled into the kernel itself rather than loaded through a module. The use of systemd (option 1) or initramfs (option 2) has no effect.
37	101-500	3	Which option to rmmod will cause the module to wait until it’s no longer in use to unload the module?	-test	-f	-w	-unload	The -w option causes the module to wait until it’s no longer needed prior to unloading. The -f option forces immediate removal and should be used with caution. The other options are not valid for rmmod.
38	101-500	2	You are using a storage area network (SAN) that keeps causing errors on your Linux system due to an improper kernel module created by the SAN vendor. When the SAN sends updates, it causes the filesystem to be mounted as read-only. Which command and option can you use to change the behavior of the filesystem to account for the SAN bug?	mount --continue	tune2fs -e continue	mkfs --no-remount	mount -o remount	The tune2fs command can be used for this purpose but should be used with care because it can result in data corruption.
39	101-500	3	Within which directory are rules related to udev stored?	/etc/udev.conf	/etc/udev.conf.d	/etc/udev/rules.d	/etc/udev.d	Rules related to udev are stored in /etc/udev/rules.d. The /etc/udev hierarchy contains the udev.conf configuration file along with other components related to the configuration of udev.
40	101-500	2	Which option to lspci displays the kernel driver in use for the given Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) device?	-t	-k	-n	-a	The -k option shows the kernel driver associated with a given PCI device and can be helpful when planning a new kernel compile. The -t option displays information in a tree- like structure, and -n uses numbers instead of device names. There is no -a option.
41	101-500	2	Within which of the following directories will you find blacklist information for modules loaded with modprobe?	/etc/blacklist	/etc/modprobe.d	/etc/blacklist.mod	/etc/modprobe	The /etc/modprobe.d directory is used for storing configuration information related to modules such as that used for blacklisting purposes but also for other configuration information, such as udev and module options.
42	101-500	2	When working with a CentOS 6 system, which command is used to create the initial RAM disk?	mkinit	dracut	mkraminit	mkinitfs	The dracut command is used to create the initial RAM disk for newer systems and has replaced the legacy mkinitrd command used for the same purpose.
43	101-500	4	Within which file will you find a list of the currently available kernel symbols?	/proc/kernelsyms	/etc/kernel.conf	/etc/lsyms	/proc/kallsyms	The file /proc/kallsyms provides a way to view the currently loaded kernel symbols. This can be helpful for resolving module dependencies. Note that on legacy systems, this file might be called /proc/ksyms.
44	101-500	1	Which of the following commands can be used to show the various information related to a currently loaded module, including core size and settings for options?	systool -v -m <module>	modinfo -r <module>	lsmod <module>	infmod <module>	The systool utility can be used to show currently loaded options for a given module. The modinfo -r command is not valid, and though modinfo shows information about a module, it does not include core size and other settings. The lsmod command cannot be used for this purpose, and there is no infmod command.
45	101-500	2	Which directory contains various elements and configuration information about the kernel such as the release number, domain name, location of modprobe, and other settings?	/proc/sys/kmod	/proc/sys/kernel	/proc/kernel	/proc/kernel/sys	The /proc/sys/kernel hierarchy contains vital configuration information about a kernel. These settings can be changed on a running system.
46	101-500	2	Within which directory should systemd unit files that you create be stored?	/etc/system	/etc/systemd/system	/usr/share/systemd	/usr/share/system	The /etc/systemd/system directory is where it is recommended to store unit files for systemd. The other locations are not valid.
47	101-500	3	Which of the following commands should you execute after making changes to systemd service configurations in order for those changes to take effect?	systemd reload	reboot	systemctl daemon-reload	systemctl reboot	The systemctl command will be used for this purpose with the daemon-reload subcommand. The reboot option would work to reload the systemd configuration but is not correct because it requires the entire server to reboot, which is not what was asked in this question.
48	101-500	2	Which of the following files contains the runlevels for the system along with a reference to the corresponding rc file?	/etc/runlevels	/etc/inittab	/etc/rc	/etc/runlevel	The /etc/inittab file contains the various runlevels and what to run at the given runlevel. For example, runlevel 1 is single-user, runlevel 6 is reboot, and so on. The other files listed do not exist.
49	101-500	2	Which boot loader can be used for File Allocation Table (FAT) filesystems and might be used for a rescue disk?	SYSBOOT	SYSLINUX	TIELINUX	FATLINUX	The SYSLINUX boot loader is used for FAT filesystems to create rescue disks and to assist with installation of Linux in general. SYSLINUX also describes an overall project containing other specialty boot loaders. The other options listed for this question are not valid boot loaders, though.
50	101-500	3	Which of the following is used to provide an early filesystem-based loading process for key drivers needed to continue the boot process?	bootrd	driverload	initrd	initdrv	initrd is used for an initial root filesystem for early drivers. initrd is configured to load within the GRUB configuration file for a given operating system.
51	101-500	2	When booting a system you receive an error similar to "No init found" and are then placed at an initramfs prompt. You need to check the hard drive for errors. Which of the following commands performs an error check on a hard drive partition in Linux?	defrag	fsck	checkfs	chkfs	The fsck command is used to diagnose and repair hard drive problems in Linux. The defrag command is not available in Linux.
52	101-500	4	Which of the following commands places the system in single-user mode?	tellinit 1	chginit 1	telinet 1	telinit 1	The telinit command can be used for this purpose, and passing 1 as the argument will switch the system into single-user mode. The other commands shown are not valid.
53	101-500	4	Which of the following commands changes the boot order for the next boot?	efibootmgr -c	efibootmgr -b -B	efibootmgr -o	efibootmgr -n	The -n option changes the boot order for the next boot only and boots from the specified partition. The -b along with -B modifies and then deletes the option. The -o option sets the boot order. The -c option creates a boot number.
54	101-500	1	Which boot loader can be used with ISO9660 CD-ROMS?	ISOLINUX	EFIBOOT	ISOFS	BOOTISO	ISOLINUX provides a means by which CD-ROMS formatted as ISO 9660 can be booted. It’s very common to have live CDs or rescue/recovery CDs that use ISOLINUX for boot. The other boot loaders are not valid for this purpose or don’t exist.
55	101-500	1	Within which directory are systemd user unit files placed by installed packages?	/usr/lib/systemd/user	/usr/lib/systemd/system	/usr/systemd	/usr/system	The /usr/lib/systemd hierarchy contains files related to systemd configuration. The user directory within the hierarchy is used for user unit files, and the system files are stored in /usr/lib/systemd/system.
56	101-500	2	When using Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI), which of the following files can be used as a boot loader?	shim.uefi	shim.efi	shim.fx	efi.shim	Due to the decidedly insecure decisions made with the design of Microsoft’s UEFI, a shim is often needed to enable Linux to boot on a system with UEFI. The shim.efi file can be used as an initial boot loader for this purpose.
57	101-500	4	Which directory on a SysV init-based system contains scripts that are used for starting and stopping services?	/etc/rc.int	/etc/boot	/etc/bootscripts	/etc/init.d	Scripts for starting and stopping services are located in /etc/init.d on a SysV init-based system. The other directories listed within this question are not valid.
58	101-500	3	Which of the following commands is used to find overriding configuration files on a systemd-based system?	diff	systemctl -diff	systemd-delta	systemctl configoverride	The systemd-delta command is used to determine overridden configuration files. Of the other commands, diff is valid but not for this purpose. The systemctl command is also valid, but again, not for the purpose described.
59	101-500	2	Which of the following commands on a Red Hat system lists all of the SysV services set to be executed on boot along with their setting for each runlevel?	rlevel	chkconfig --list	bootldr --list	init --bootlist	The chkconfig --list command displays all services that will be executed on boot along with the setting for each service for each runlevel. Of the other commands, the init command is valid but does not have a --bootlist option. The other commands are invalid.
60	101-500	2	Which of the following commands, executed from within the UEFI shell, controls the boot configuration?	bootcfg	bcfg	grub-install	grcfg	The bcfg command within the UEFI shell is used to configure boot loaders on a UEFI- based system. The command can accept various parameters to configure how the boot loader and kernel will load on boot. Of the other commands shown, grub-install is valid but not within the UEFI shell.
61	101-500	4	Which file must exist within /tftpboot on the Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) server for a system that will use PXELINUX for its boot loader?	pxelinux.tftp	pxelinux.boot	pxelinux.conf	pxelinux.0	The pxelinux.0 file must exist within /tftpboot on the TFTP server in order for a system to use PXELINUX for booting. The other files are not valid or necessary for PXELINUX.
62	101-500	4	Which utility can you use on a Debian or Ubuntu system to manage SysV init scripts, such as setting them to run on boot?	bootorder	bootloader	configchk	update-rc.d	The update-rc.d utility can be used to manage SysV init scripts on Debian or Ubuntu and other distributions. When using update-rc.d, you supply the script name and the utility will take care of creating symlinks to the appropriate runlevels.
63	101-500	2	Which key, pressed during the operating system selection menu, is used to enable editing of the parameters related to boot with GRUB?	v	e	r	y	The e key, when pressed at the right time during boot, will send you into the GRUB shell, where you can change parameters related to boot, such as the kernel options and other related parameters.
64	101-500	4	Which systemctl subcommand is used to switch runlevels?	switch	move	runlevel	isolate	The isolate subcommand followed by the desired target is used to switch between runlevels with a systemd-based system. The other subcommands shown are not valid for systemctl.
65	101-500	3	When examining the /etc/inittab file, which option signifies the default runlevel to which the system will boot?	default	defaultboot	initdefault	defaultlvl	The runlevel defined as initdefault is the default runlevel for the system. The other options shown do not exist.
66	101-500	2	Which of the following is used instead of initrd to provide an early filesystem for essential drivers?	initnext	initramfs	initialize	initfs	The initramfs system is used instead of initrd to create the filesystem-based loading process for key drivers that are needed for boot.
67	101-500	1	Which of the following commands sets the default systemd target to multi-user?	systemctl set-default multi-user.target	systemd set-default multi-user.target	systemctl set-def muser.target	systemd set-def muser.target	The systemctl command will be used for this purpose, and the set-default subcommand is necessary to affect the desired behavior. The target file is simply called multi-user.target.
68	101-500	3	When using a shim for booting a UEFI-based system, which of the following files is loaded after shim.efi?	grubx64.cfg	grub.conf	grubx64.efi	efi.boot	The shim.efi boot loader loads another boot loader, which is grubx64.efi by default. The other options are not valid filenames for the purpose described.
69	101-500	4	Within which hierarchy are files from /etc/init.d linked so that the files are executed during the various runlevels of a SysV system?	/etc/rc.S	/etc/rc	/etc/boot/rc	/etc/rc.d	The /etc/rc.d hierarchy contains symbolic links to files found within /etc/init.d. These symlinks are then used for executing the scripts at the appropriate runlevel. For example, on boot the system will execute the scripts found in the runlevel directory for each runlevel executed at boot time.
70	101-500	1	What is the name of the unit to which a systemd system is booted in order to start other levels?	default.target	init.target	initial.target	load.target	The default.target is the default target unit that is activated by systemd on boot. The default target then starts other services based on the dependencies.
71	101-500	2	When viewing information in /dev/disk/by-path using the command ls -l, which of the following filenames represents a logical unit number (LUN) from Fibre Channel?	/dev/fc0	pci-0000:1a:00.0-fc-0x500601653ee0025f:0x0000000000000000	pci-0000:1a:00.0-scsi-0x500601653ee0025f:0x0000000000000000	/dev/fibre0	LUNs that contain the characters fc are found through Fibre Channel. Therein lies the difference between options 2 and 3, where option 3 contains the letters scsi, which would usually represent a local disk. The other options are not valid.
72	101-500	2	You have purchased new solid-state drive (SSD) hardware that uses the NVMe (Non-Volatile Memory Express) protocol but cannot find the disks in the normal /dev/sd* location in which you have traditionally found such storage. In which location should you look for these drives?	/dev/nd*	/dev/nvme*	/dev/nv*	/dev/nvme/*	NVMe-capable drives are named /dev/nvme*. No special drivers are needed other than those found in the native kernel on a modern system. The other options do not exist as paths by default.
73	101-500	4	Which file contains information about the current md Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks (RAID) configuration such as the personalities?	/proc/raidinfo	/proc/rhyinfo	/proc/mdraid	/proc/mdstat	The /proc/mdstat file contains information on RAID arrays, including RAID personalities found on the system, the devices that comprise the array, and other pertinent information. The other files shown are not valid.
74	101-500	2	Which of the following directory hierarchies contains information such as the World Wide Name (WWN) for Fibre Channel?	/sys/class/wwn	/sys/class/fc_host	/sys/class/fclist	/sys/class/fc/wwn	The /sys/class/fc_host directory contains other directories based on the Fibre Channel connections available. Within those host directories will be found the WWN in a file called port_name. The other directory hierarchies are not valid.
75	101-500	3	Information about logical volumes can be found in which of the following directories?	/dev/lvinfo	/dev/map	/dev/mapper	/dev/lvmap	The /dev/mapper directory contains information about multipath devices such as logical volumes. The other directories are not valid.
76	101-500	3	Which of the following commands will examine the PCI subsystem for NVMe-based devices?	psnvme	lsnvme	lspci | grep scsi	lspci | grep -i nvme	The lspci command will be used for this purpose. NVMe devices are listed with the name nVME or NVMe; therefore, adding -i to grep will make the search case insensitive. You’d use this in order to ensure that the devices are detected. The other commands are not valid, with the exception of the lspci command, but you cannot grep for scsi in this scenario.
77	101-500	4	Which of the following devices is the location of the first Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) tape device detected at boot?	/dev/st1	/dev/sd0	/dev/sd1	/dev/st0	Tape devices are found within /dev/st*, making st0 the first device.
78	101-500	3	Which of the following files should be used to display a message to users prior to logging in locally?	/etc/loginmesg	/etc/logmessage.txt	/etc/issue	/etc/banner	The /etc/issue file is used to provide a message to users, such as a login banner, prior to local login. The other files shown are not valid for the purpose described.
79	101-500	3	Which file contains a message that is displayed after a successful login?	/etc/loginbanner	/etc/issue	/etc/motd	/etc/message	The contents of the file motd, an abbreviation for Message of the Day, are displayed when a user logs in successfully. Among the other options, the contents of /etc/issue are displayed prior to local login. The other filenames are not valid for this purpose.
80	101-500	2	Which of the following files can be used to provide a message to users logging in remotely with a protocol such as telnet?	/etc/telnet.msg	/etc/issue.net	/etc/login.msg	/etc/telnet.login	The /etc/issue.net file is used to provide a message for remote logins such as telnet. The other files listed are not valid for the purpose described.
81	101-500	4	Which of the following commands turns off the computer, including removing power, if possible?	systemctl halt	systemctl reboot	systemctl stop	systemctl poweroff	The poweroff target of systemd, accessed using the systemctl command, is used for halting the system and then attempting to remove power on compatible systems. The halt target stops the system but does not attempt to remove power, whereas reboot simply restarts the system. There is no stop target.
82	101-500	1	Which of the following shutdown commands reboots the system in 15 minutes?	shutdown -r +15	shutdown +15	shutdown -15	shutdown -r 00:15	The -r option is needed to specify reboot, and the format for counting time from now is prefaced with a plus sign (+), making option 1 correct. Of the other commands, specifying +15 without the -r option simply shuts down the computer in 15 minutes, and specifying the time as 00:15, as in option 4, will shut down the computer at 12:15 a.m.
83	101-500	1	When terminating a process on a SysV init-based system, which command can be used to stop the process?	service	sysv	syscl	servc	The service command is used to work with services, such as starting and stopping them. On newer systems, the systemctl command has replaced the service command.
84	101-500	1	Which of the following commands show the boot messages captured by systemd?	journalctl -b	systemctl -b	journalctl -bm	journalctl -l	The journalctl command with the -b option displays boot messages.
85	101-500	1	Which option to the shutdown command halts or stops the system?	-h	-s	-f	-t	The -h option halts the system, including shutting down acpid-related hardware.
86	101-500	3	Which signal number is used as SIGKILL when used with the kill command?	1	4	9	11	The number 9 corresponds to SIGKILL and can be passed to the kill command to issue that signal. The number 1 is SIGHUP. Others can be found within the manual for the kill command.
87	101-500	3	Which directory contains rc-related startup scripts on a legacy Debian system?	/etc/init	/etc/inittab	/etc/init.d	/etc/rc.init	The /etc/init.d directory contains the startup and shutdown scripts for services on a Debian system that is not running systemd.
88	101-500	1	When attempting to enable an integrated peripheral on a basic input/output system (BIOS) system, what should be done to determine whether the peripheral has been enabled within the BIOS?	Examine boot messages to determine if the kernel has detected the peripheral.	Examine /var/log/auth.log for detection of the peripheral.	Reboot the system to determine if the device works.	Enable the peripheral by removing it from the blacklisted modules.	Among the options, examining the boot messages would be a first logical step and would prevent having to reboot the system. Rebooting may be a next step in order to examine the status of the peripheral within the BIOS.
89	101-500	3	Which option to the wall command suppresses the "Broadcast message" banner that normally displays?	-b	-a	-n	-d	The -n option prevents the banner from displaying when using wall. The other options shown are not used with the wall command.
90	101-500	3	A Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA) disk will use which of the following identifiers?	/dev/hdX	/dev/sataX	/dev/sdX	/disk/sataX	SATA disks are addressed as /dev/sdX, just like a Small Computer System Interface (SCSI ) disk. /dev/hdX is a traditional ATA disk. The other options do not exist.
91	101-500	3	Which option given at boot time within the GRUB configuration will boot the system into single-user mode?	single-user	su	single	root	The keyword single, given on the Linux kernel command line, will boot the system into single-user mode. The other options are not valid.
92	101-500	1	During boot of a system with GRUB, which key can be pressed to display the GRUB menu?	Shift	E	V	H	The Shift key, if pressed when control has first been handed to GRUB, will cause the GRUB menu to be displayed.
93	101-500	2	When booting, which option can be added to a GRUB configuration line to set or change the root partition at boot time to /dev/sda2?	rootpartition={hd0,2}	root=/dev/sda2	root={hd0,3}	rootpartition=/dev/sda2	The root=/dev/sda2 option will cause the given kernel to load /dev/sda2 for its root partition. The rootpartition option is not valid, and the format of the root={hd0,3} is not valid in this context.
94	101-500	3	Which key combination will enable you to edit the kernel options and then boot when using GRUB Legacy?	ESC for editing and then Return to boot	v for editing and then Return to boot	e for editing and then b to boot	v for editing and then b to boot	You begin an editing session with an e when the boot option is highlighted. You can then make changes and, when done, press b to boot the system.
95	101-500	4	During the boot process for a virtual machine, what is the next step in the boot process after the kernel has taken over the initialization process and initializes devices?	The system BIOS initializes devices.	The system is placed in multi-user mode.	The boot loader initializes the kernel.	The root partition is mounted.	The root partition is mounted after device initialization. System services, including multi-user mode, start after the root partition is mounted. The other two options, 1 and 3, take place prior to the kernel-initializing device drivers. This process is essentially the same for virtual machines as it is for physical machines.
96	101-500	4	Where in the filesystem will the EFI system partition (ESP) typically be mounted?	/etc/efi	/efi	/sys/efi	/boot/efi	The ESP is typically mounted at /boot/efi.
97	101-500	4	When partitioning a disk for a mail server running postfix, which partition/mounted directory should be the largest in order to allow for mail storage?	/etc	/usr/bin	/mail	/var	The partition containing /var should be the largest for a mail server because mail spools are stored within this hierarchy. The /etc/ hierarchy is usually small, as is /usr/ bin. The /mail directory does not exist by default.
98	101-500	3	Which option within GRUB Legacy is used to indicate that a root partition contains a non-Linux kernel?	initrd	non-linux	rootnoverify	root-win	The rootnoverify option is used to specify a non-Linux kernel, one that GRUB should not attempt to load. The initrd option is used for specifying the initial RAM disk, making option 1 incorrect. The remaining options, 2 and 4, are not valid options for GRUB.
99	101-500	1	Which command will output a new GRUB2 configuration file and send the output to the correct location for booting?	update-grub > /boot/grub/grub.cfg	update-grub boot > /boot/grub.cfg	grub-rc.d	grub-boot	The update-grub command sends its output to STDOUT. Therefore, you must redirect using > and send that output to the correct file. The other options are not valid for this purpose. Options 3 and 4 are not valid commands, and option 2 contains invalid options as well as an invalid location for the destination file.
100	101-500	2	What is the maximum number of primary partitions available on an MBR partitioning system?	2	4	1	5	MBR-based disks can be partitioned with up to four primary partitions, one of which can be further partitioned or extended into logical partitions.
101	101-500	4	Which command is used to update the links and cache for shared libraries on the system?	ldcache	cache-update	link-update	ldconfig	The ldconfig command updates the current shared library cache and list. ldconfig reads /etc/ld.so.conf and incorporates any changes found within it. The other commands listed as options for this question do not exist.
102	101-500	2	Which command and option is used to update a Debian system to the latest software?	apt-update	apt-get upgrade	dpkg -U	apt-cache clean	The upgrade option for apt-get will upgrade the system to the latest version of software for packages already installed. The apt-update command does not exist, nor does the -U option to dpkg. The apt-cache command is used to work with the package cache.
103	101-500	3	Which option given to a yum command will install a given package?	update	configure	install	get	The yum install command will install a given package. The update option will update a package. The other options listed do not exist.
104	101-500	3	What is the location of the home directory for the root user?	/home/root	/home/su	/root	/	Root’s home directory is /root on a Linux system. While the /home directory does exist, there is no root or su user within that hierarchy by default. The / directory is the root of the filesystem but not the root’s home directory.
105	101-500	1	When using rpm2cpio, by default the output is sent to which location?	STDOUT	The cpio.out file	The a.out file	The /tmp/cpi.out file	rpm2cpio sends its output to STDOUT by default, and therefore that output needs to be redirected to a file in most cases.
106	101-500	2	Which partition or directory structure typically holds most of the programs for a Linux system?	/etc	/usr	/home	/var	The /usr hierarchy contains many of the programs that run on a Linux system. Other notable directories for programs are /bin and /sbin.
107	101-500	2	Your GRUB Legacy configuration includes a dual-boot option with Linux listed first and another operating system listed second. Which of the following options will boot to the Linux partition by default?	default=linux	default=0	default=1	default=other	GRUB begins its count at 0 and in this scenario there are two operating systems. Therefore, because Linux is first in the configuration file its number would be 0, which is then sent to the default= option.
108	101-500	1	Which file should you edit when using GRUB2 in order to set things like the timeout?	/etc/default/grub	/etc/grub/boot	/etc/boot/grub.d	/grub.d/boot	The /etc/default/grub file can be used for this purpose. You may also edit /boot/ grub/grub.cfg, but this was not an option given for this question.
109	101-500	2	Which yum option displays the dependencies for the package specified?	list	deplist	dependencies	listdeps	The deplist option displays the dependencies for the given package. The list option displays information about a specific package while the other two options are not valid.
110	101-500	1	Which options for an rpm command will display verbose output for an installation along with progress of the installation?	-ivh	-wvh	--avh	--ins-verbose	The -ivh options will install a file using rpm, displaying both verbose output and hash marks for progress. The other options presented do not exist or do not accomplish the specified task.
111	101-500	2	Which of the following commands adds /usr/local/lib to the LD_LIBRARY_PATH when using BASH shell?	set PATH=/usr/local/lib	export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:/usr/local/lib	LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/lib	connectpath LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/lib	The export command is used to set environment variables in BASH. The other commands are not valid for this purpose.
112	101-500	4	Which command can be used to download an RPM package without installing it?	yumdl	yumdownloadonly	yumdown	yumdownloader	The yumdownloader utility will download an RPM package but not install it. The yumdownloader utility is part of the yum-utils package. The other options listed for this question do not exist.
113	101-500	1	Which command will search for a package named zsh on a Debian system?	apt-cache search zsh	apt-get search zsh	apt-cache locate zsh	apt search zsh	The apt-cache command is used to work with the package cache and the search option is used to search the cache for the supplied argument, in this case zsh. The apt-get command is used to work with packages themselves, and the apt search command does not exist.
114	101-500	3	Which option within /etc/default/grub is used to configure the default operating system for boot?	GRUB_OS	GRUB_ON	GRUB_DEFAULT	DEFAULT_OS	The GRUB_DEFAULT option, when in the /etc/default/grub file, is used to configure the operating system that will boot by default. The other options do not exist in this context.
115	101-500	1	When found in a GRUB configuration file, what does the ro option indicate?	Initially mount the root partition as read-only.	Mount the kernel as read-only.	Start the init program as read-once.	Mount the root partition in Raised Object mode.	The ro option, which is the default for GRUB, will initially mount the root partition as read-only and then remount as read-write.
116	101-500	4	Within which directory will you find the repositories used by yum?	/etc/yum.conf	/etc/repos	/etc/yum.conf.d	/etc/yum.repos.d	Configuration files related to the repositories for yum are located in /etc/yum.repos.d. Of the other options, /etc/yum.conf is a file and not a directory, and the other directories do not exist.
117	101-500	1	Which rpm option can be used to verify that no files have been altered since installation?	-V	-v	--verbose	--filesum	The -V or --verify option will check the files in a given package against versions (or checksums) in the package database. If no files have been altered, then no output is produced. Note that output may be produced for files that are changed during installation or for other reasons. Note also the use of an uppercase V for this option as opposed to the lowercase v for verbose.
118	101-500	3	Which option for the grub-mkconfig command sends output to a file instead of STDOUT?	-stdout	--fileout	-o	-f	The -o option can be used to specify a destination file to which output will be sent instead of STDOUT. The other options listed in this question do not exist.
119	101-500	1	The presence of menu.lst within the filesystem typically indicates which condition?	GRUB Legacy is in use on the system.	GRUB2 is in use on the system.	An error has occurred creating the output to menu.lst.	The options for rescue boot have been changed.	The menu.lst and grub.conf files are used in GRUB Legacy, that is, prior to GRUB 2. This therefore makes option B incorrect.
120	101-500	4	Which command is used to determine the libraries on which a given command depends?	ldconfig	librarylist	listdeps	ldd	The ldd command will list the libraries on which the command’s argument depends.
121	101-500	2	Which of the following is true of Linux swap space?	Swap is used to hold temporary database tables.	Swap is used as additional memory when there is insufficient RAM.	Swap is used by the mail server for security.	Swap is used to scrub data from the network temporarily.	Swap space is used when there is insufficient RAM memory on a system.
122	101-500	2	Which of the following is not typically used to store libraries?	/lib	/etc/lib	/usr/lib	/usr/local/lib	The /etc/lib directory is not typically associated with library files and does not usually exist on a Linux system unless manually created. The other options either contain system libraries or can be used for that purpose.
123	101-500	3	Which of the following commands updates the package cache for a Debian system?	apt-get cache-update	apt-cache update	apt-get update	apt-get upgrade	The apt-get update command will cause the package cache to be updated by retrieving the latest package list from the package sources. There is no cache-update or update option to apt-cache. The upgrade option is used to update the system’s packages and not the cache.
124	101-500	3	Within which file are details of the current package repositories stored on a Debian system?	/etc/apt.list	/etc/sources.list	/etc/apt/sources.list	/etc/apt.d/sources.list	The sources.list file located in /etc/apt contains the list of repositories for Debian packages. The other file locations do not exist by default.
125	101-500	1	Of the following choices, which size would be most appropriate for the /boot partition of a Linux system?	Between 100MB and 500MB	Between 1GB and 10GB	/boot should not be partitioned separately.	Less than 5MB	The /boot partition will typically be much less than 500MB but should not be undersized. The used space within /boot will increase as more kernels are added, such as during an upgrade process. Therefore, even though the recommended size is up to 500MB, experience proves that a larger partition is helpful, possibly 1GB to 2GB.
126	101-500	2	Which of the following commands initializes a physical disk partition for use with Logical Volume Manager (LVM)?	lvmcreate	pvcreate	fvcreate	lvinit	The pvcreate command initializes a physical partition for future use as a logical volume with LVM.
127	101-500	4	Which of the following commands installs GRUB into the MBR of the second SATA disk?	grub-install /dev/hdb2	grub-install /dev/sda2	grub-config /dev/sda	grub-install /dev/sdb	The grub-install command is used to install GRUB onto a disk and the second SATA disk would be /dev/sdb, making option 4 correct.
128	101-500	1	Which command should be used to make changes to the choices made when a Debian package was installed?	dpkg-reconfigure	dpkg -r	dpkg --reconf	apt-get reinstall	The dpkg-reconfigure program will cause an already installed package to be reconfigured or changed. The -r option for dpkg removes a package, making option 2 incorrect. There is no reconf option for dpkg or reinstall option for apt-get.
129	101-500	3	Which command is used to create a logical volume with LVM?	pvcreate	lvmcreate	lvcreate	volcreate	The lvcreate command is used to create logical volumes with LVM. The pvcreate command initializes physical volumes prior to creating logical volumes. The commands in the other two options for this question do not exist.
130	101-500	1	What is the logical order for creation of an LVM logical volume?	Physical volume creation, volume group creation, logical volume creation	Physical volume creation, logical volume creation, volume group creation	Logical volume creation, physical volume creation, volume group creation	LVM creation, format, partition	Physical volumes are initialized first, followed by volume group creation, and then logical volume creation.
131	101-500	4	Which of the Debian package management tools provides a terminal-based interface for management?	apt-get	dpkg	apt-cache	aptitude	aptitude provides the terminal-based interface rather than the standard command-line interface of the other tools listed in this question.
132	101-500	4	Which option for yum performs a search of the package cache?	seek	query	--search	search	The search option performs a search of various fields such as the package name and description.
133	101-500	2	Which command option for rpm can be used to show the version of the kernel?	rpm kernel	rpm -qa kernel	rpm search kernel	rpm --list kern	The rpm -qa kernel command will show the kernel version. You can also use uname -r for the same purpose.
134	101-500	3	Assuming a menu entry of Debian in your GRUB configuration, which option in /etc/default/grub would set that as the default operating system to boot?	GRUB_OS	GRUB_OS_DEF	GRUB_DEFAULT	GRUB_CONF	The GRUB_DEFAULT option in /etc/default/grub will set the operating system to boot by default.
135	101-500	1	Which option in /etc/yum.conf is used to ensure that the kernel is not updated when the system is updated?	exclude=kernel*	exclude-kernel	updatekernel=false	include-except=kernel	The exclude option can be used to exclude certain packages. The argument accepts wildcards, and therefore excluding all kernel* updates will create the desired behavior.
136	101-500	2	Which command should be run after making a change to the /etc/default/grub file?	grub	grub-mkconfig	grub-inst	reboot	The grub-mkconfig command should be run after making a change to the /etc/ default/grub file so that a new configuration file can be created with the changed option(s).
137	101-500	2	Which command searches for and provides information on a given package on a Debian system, including whether or not the package is currently installed?	dpkg -i	dpkg -s	apt-cache	apt-info	The -s option to dpkg searches for the given package and provides information about its current status on the system. The apt-cache command is not used for this purpose, and the -i option for dpkg installs a package. The apt-info command does not exist.
138	101-500	3	Which command is used to search for physical volumes for use with LVM?	lvmcreate	pvcreate	lvmdiskscan	lvmscan	The lvmdiskscan command looks for physical volumes that have been initialized for use with LVM.
139	101-500	2	Which option added to yumdownloader will also download dependencies?	--deps	--resolve	--resdeps	-d	The --resolve option will download the dependencies of the package being downloaded. The other options shown within this question are not valid for the yumdownloader command.
140	101-500	1	Which of the following installs a previously downloaded Debian package?	dpkg -i <package name>	apt-install <package name>	apt-slash <package name>	dpkg -U <package name>	The -i option to dpkg will install a previously downloaded package. The other commands don’t exist, and the -U option for dpkg does not exist.
141	101-500	4	A hard drive is reported as hd(0,0) by the GRUB Legacy configuration file. To which of the following disks and partitions does this correspond?	/dev/hdb2	/dev/hda0	/dev/disk1	/dev/sda1	GRUB Legacy begins counting at 0 and separates disk letter and partition with a comma, making 0,0 the first partition on the first disk. Options 1 and 3 are not the first disk on the system, and option 2 contains a nonexistent partition.
142	101-500	1	Which filesystem format type is used for the EFI System Partition (ESP)?	FAT	EXT4	NTFS	EXT3	ESP uses the legacy FAT filesystem type for its underlying format. There is a specification for how the ESP partition must be created on top of the FAT format for boot loaders and kernel images. Note that the partition is typically FAT32 but can be FAT16 if only Linux systems will reside on the drive.
143	101-500	1	Which of the following commands installs extlinux into the /boot partition?	extlinux --install /boot	extlinux --inst /boot	extlinux -boot	extlinux /boot install	The --install option is used followed by the partition to which extlinux will be installed for boot.
144	101-500	3	Which of the following commands mounts /dev/sda1 in the /boot partition?	mount /dev/sda /boot	mount /boot /dev/sda1	mount /dev/sda1 /boot	mount -dev sda1 /boot	The format for the mount command is [partition] [target], making option 3 correct. The other options are not valid because the arguments are in the wrong order.
145	101-500	2	Which of the following can be identified as an initial sector on a disk that stores information about the disk partitioning and operating system location?	Minimal boot record (MBR)	Master boot record (MBR)	Init sector	Master partition table (MPT)	The master boot record (MBR) is the first sector on a disk and contains information about the structure of the disk. If the MBR becomes corrupt, all data on the disk may be lost. The other options shown for this question are not valid.
146	101-500	4	Which option to grub-install will place the GRUB images into an alternate directory?	--boot-dir	-b	-boot	--boot-directory	The --boot-directory option enables you to specify an alternative location for GRUB images rather than the default /boot. The other options shown for this question are not valid.
147	101-500	4	Within which file is a list of the currently mounted filesystems stored?	/etc/fstab	/etc/curmount	/var/spool/files	/etc/mtab	The /etc/mtab file lists the currently mounted filesystems. The /etc/fstab file lists overall filesystems for the computer but does not distinguish between mounted or unmounted filesystems. The other options listed for this question do not exist.
148	101-500	2	Which command is used to activate swap space on a system?	mkswap	swapon	swapact	actswap	The swapon command enables swap space, making it available for use as virtual memory. The mkswap command formats the space. The other two commands are not valid.
149	101-500	3	Which of the following commands displays information about a given physical volume in an LVM setup?	pvdisp	pvlist	pvdisplay	pvl	The pvdisplay command shows information about a given physical volume. You can use pvdisplay to view the device on which the PV is built along with the extent size of the PV. The other commands shown are not valid.
150	101-500	2	Which of the following commands creates a logical volume with LVM?	lvc	lvcreate	lvlist	lvmake	The lvcreate command is used to create a logical volume from previously created physical devices and volume groups. Using lvcreate is the final of three steps in the process for using LVM prior to actually using the logical volume.
151	101-500	1	Which of the following commands looks for LVM physical volumes and volume groups involved in an LVM configuration?	vgscan	lvmscan	lvlist	pvlist	The vgscan command looks for both physical volumes and volume groups related to an LVM configuration. The vgscan command is run at system startup but can also be run manually. The other commands are not valid.
152	101-500	3	Which of the following commands is used to display a list of physical volumes involved in LVM?	pvdisp	pvlist	pvscan	pvmm	The pvscan command displays a list of physical volumes on a given server. The PVs displayed are those that have been initialized with pvcreate for use with LVM.
153	101-500	1	Which option to lvchange sets whether the logical volume is available?	-a	-b	-c	-d	The -a or --activate option sets whether or not the logical volume can be used. There is no -b or -c option, and the -d option is used for debugging.
154	101-500	3	When working with a script to create directories, the script is checking to see if srv/vhosts exists. When doing an ls of the root directory, /, you see that it does exist. However, the script does not. What might be the issue?	The script is not executable.	The script does not have the setuid bit set.	The script is using a relative path.	The script is owned by root.	The script is using a relative path to look for srv/vhosts rather than /srv/vhosts with an absolute path back to the root directory of the system.
155	101-500	2	You are architecting an application and need to choose between application containerization and virtualization. Which of the following describes a difference between application containers and a virtual machine?	An application container can contain only one application whereas a virtual machine can contain many.	An application container shares the host kernel whereas a virtual machine can have its own kernel.	An application container is used for small applications whereas a virtual machine is used for large applications.	The use of application containers is for testing only whereas a virtual machine is used for production.	Application containers share kernel and other resources with the underlying OS and use a container daemon to communicate between the host OS and the application container. Virtual machines have their own kernel and are self-contained machines running on top of a host OS or host kernel. Linux containers also provide a containerized virtual machine– like experience but are distinct from application containers.
156	101-500	4	In addition to including /lib and /usr/lib, where does ldconfig look to find additional directories to incorporate into the library path?	/etc/lib.conf	/etc/ldconf	/etc/lib.cfg	/etc/ld.so.conf	The /etc/ld.so.conf directory is used in addition to /lib and /usr/lib to configure library locations. The other paths and files shown do not exist.
157	101-500	1	You are working with a cloud instance virtual machine deployed with an Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) provider. The virtual machine is running slowly. Which type of resource might you add to the cloud instance in order to improve performance?	Compute	Block storage	Networking	Disk	Among these options, compute resources, such as adding more CPUs, would be the most likely option. Adding RAM might also be warranted, but that was not one of the available options for this question. There is no indication in the question that the network is slow, and there is no indication that adding disk space or block storage (which are essentially the same thing in this context) will help.
158	101-500	1	When working with a system to determine if it is using GRUB or GRUB2, the presence of which file indicates that it is GRUB2?	grub.cfg	grub.conf	menu.lst	grub2.conf	GRUB 2 uses grub.cfg whereas GRUB uses menu.lst and grub.conf, making option 1 the correct choice.
159	101-500	2	You are working to create a system image or template from which other virtual machines will be deployed. Which of the following represents a unique item that will change with each deployed virtual host or image?	System directories	MAC address	Guest drivers	Pilot homing	The MAC address will be unique for each virtual machine deployed using the image. Guest drivers would usually not be unique to an individual virtual machine but might be unique on a per-template or per-image basis. System directories are not unique per virtual machine, and there is no such thing as pilot homing in this context.
160	101-500	2	Which program can be used to deploy an Ubuntu image to a remote cloud provider?	dep-image	cloud-init	init-cloud	image-dep	The cloud-init program is available on Ubuntu and other distributions and can be used to deploy images to popular cloud providers.
161	101-500	3	Which file is used as the primary configuration file for the yum package manager?	/etc/yum.cfg	/etc/yum.d	/etc/yum.conf	/etc/yum.config	The yum package manager configuration file is /etc/yum.conf. The other files listed do not exist.
162	101-500	2	Which of the following commands and options lists all of the files included with a package on a Debian system?	apt -L	dpkg -L	dpkg -f	apt-get show	The -L option to dpkg lists the files included with a given package. The -f option to dpkg shows a field from a package entry, and the other options do not exist.
163	101-500	1	When working with SSH (Secure Shell) keys for a virtual machine cloud deployment, which key is deployed to the virtual machine so that you can connect from the host?	The public key	The signature file	The private key	Both the public and private keys	The public key is deployed to the authorized_keys file on each image, and the private key is used from the host to connect to each virtual machine. There is no reason to deploy the private key to the virtual machine in order to make a connection to it.
164	101-500	1	When using a GPT disk, which partition needs to be created for a Linux system to boot?	/boot/efi	/boot/gpt	/gpt	/vmgpt	The /boot/efi partition needs to exist for the EFI partition and is typically sized 100MB to 250MB, though that size can vary.
165	101-500	1	Which option to zypper installs a package?	install	retr	get	ref	The install option, or simply in, will install a package on a system that uses zypper for package management. Among the other options listed, the ref option refreshes the repository. The other options are not valid with zypper
166	101-500	4	You are working with a Fedora 22 system and need to install a package. Which of the following is the default package manager on this system?	yum	apt	dpkg	dnf	A system running Fedora 22 will use the dnf package manager by default. The yum package manager is used on CentOS and Red Hat, and apt and dpkg are used on Debian.
167	101-500	1	You need to list the files available on a package on CentOS. Which of the following commands accomplishes this task?	repoquery -l	pkgquery -l	dpkg -L	pkglist	The repoquery command with the -l option is used for this purpose. The dpkg -L command is appropriate for this purpose on Debian systems. The other commands do not exist.
168	101-500	3	You need to create a backup of user home directories including root. Which directory or directories need to be included in the backup?	/home	/home and /home/root	/home and /root	/home and /root/home	Home directories for normal users are in /home and the home directory for root is at /root, making option 3 correct.
169	101-500	1	In which file can you find the unique D-Bus machine ID for a given system?	/etc/machine-id	/etc/machineID	/etc/mch.conf	/etc/machine.id.conf	The /etc/machine-id file contains the unique identifier for a given machine.
170	101-500	1	Which option to ldconfig can be used to process only those directories given on the command line rather than the directories found in /etc/ld.so.conf?	-n	-i	-v	-r	The -n option tells ldconfig to process only the directories given on the command line. The -i option ignores the auxiliary cache file. The -v option is verbose, and -r changes the root directory from which to begin processing.
171	101-500	3	When working with package caches on Debian, you need to determine if the package list is being updated. Which option to apt-cache shows the number of available packages on the system?	packagenum	status	stats	liststatus	The stats option shows total package names along with other information about the package cache. The other options are not valid for use with apt-cache.
172	101-500	4	Which option to grub-install specifies the directory in which the EFI partition is located?	--boot-dir	--efi	--efi-boot	--efi-directory	The --efi-directory option is used to specify the location of the EFI partition, typically /boot/efi.
173	101-500	1	Within which file are mount points for the system stored?	/etc/fstab	/etc/mtab	/etc/partitions.list	/etc/disk.conf	The /etc/fstab file contains a list of partitions for the system. The /etc/mtab file contains currently mounted partitions. The other files do not exist.
174	101-500	2	Which of the following option sets for rpm lists the files within the package?	lf	qlp	qf	eps	The options qlp list the files in an rpm package. The other options are not valid for the purpose described in the question.
175	101-500	2	When working with a CentOS system, you need to determine the release of a certain package. Which command and option will accomplish this task?	dpkg -i	yum info	yum search	apt search	Among the commands and options shown, the info option to yum is used for this purpose. The dpkg and apt package managers are used on Debian systems and thus would not be appropriate for a CentOS system.
176	101-500	1	You are using a host machine and are unsure if it supports the extensions to enable virtualization. Which of the following should you look for in /proc/cpuinfo to indicate that the system is ready for virtualization?	vmx	virt	envirt	vtcapable	The presence of the string vmx in the flags section indicates that an Intel processor is capable of virtualization. This extension is called svm on an AMD architecture.
177	101-500	1	Within which file can you configure a filter for devices when using vgscan?	lvm.conf	vg.conf	vgscan.conf	lv.cfg	The lvm.conf file is a primary configuration file for LVM. Within lvm.conf, typically found in /etc/ or /etc/lvm/, you can set things like filters for devices to include or exclude from the vgscan process. The other files shown are not valid.
178	101-500	3	Which of the following swapon options displays information on the size of swap space along with its used space?	--list	-a	--show	-h	The --show option displays information about the swap spaces on the computer, including how much swap is currently being used. The -a option activates all swap spaces. There is no --list option, and -h displays help.
179	101-500	4	Assume that you’re using the Bash shell and want to prevent output redirects from accidentally overwriting existing files. Which command and option can be used to invoke this behavior?	setoutput -f	overwrite=no	overwrite -n	set -C	The set command can be used for a variety of purposes to change how the shell environment works. One such option is –C, which prevents output redirection such as that done with > from overwriting a file if the file already exists.
180	101-500	2	What command can be used to view the current settings for your environment when using Bash?	environment	env	listenv	echoenv	The env command will print the current environment variables from Bash. The printenv command will perform the same operation. The other commands listed in this question do not exist.
181	101-500	3	Which command is used to access documentation on the Linux computer for a given command?	doc	heredoc	man	manual	The man command displays documentation for the command given as the argument. The other options listed for this question do not exist.
182	101-500	4	Which of the following commands will print various information about the kernel and architecture, along with other details?	info --sys	man sys	sysinfo	uname -a	The uname command is used to print system information, and the -a option prints all information available to uname.
183	101-500	1	When using sed for a substitution operation, which option must be included so that the substitution applies to the entire line rather than just the first instance?	g	a	r	y	The g option, also known as global or greedy, will apply the matched operation to the entire line rather than just the first instance of the match. The other options apply as they would for a Perl-Compatible Regular Expression. Note also the tr command that provides some of the same functionality as sed.
184	101-500	3	Which option for the wc command prints the number of lines given as input?	-f	-a	-l	-o	The -l option provides the number of lines given as input. For example, wc -l /etc/ passwd would print the number of lines in the /etc/passwd file. The other options given in this question are not valid for the wc command.
185	101-500	3	What is the default number of lines printed by the head and tail commands, respectively?	10 for head, 5 for tail	5 for head, 10 for tail	10 for both head and tail	3 for both head and tail	Both head and tail print 10 lines of output by default.
186	101-500	2	You are attempting to use rmdir to remove a directory, but there are still multiple files and other directories contained within it. Assuming that you’re sure you want to remove the directory and all of its contents, what is the command and arguments to remove the directory and all of its contents?	rm -f	rm -rf	rmdir -a	rmdir -m	The -rf options to rm will recursively remove the contents of a directory, including other directories. The -f option alone will not work in this case because of the additional directories. The other options given for rmdir do not exist.
187	101-500	4	Which command will find directories with names beginning with 2014 located beneath the current directory?	find ./ -name "2014"	find ./ -type d -name "2014"	find / -type d "2014"	find ./ -type d -name "2014*"	The -type option causes find to limit its search to directories only, whereas the -name option limits the names of returned elements. Note the use of the wildcard due to the phrasing of the question. Also note the use of ./ to denote beginning the search in the current directory.
188	101-500	1	Which of the following commands will provide the usernames in a sorted list gathered from the /etc/passwd file?	cat /etc/passwd | awk -F : '{print $1}' | sort	sort /etc/passwd | cut	echo /etc/passwd	cat /etc/passwd | awk '{print $1}' | sort	The cat command will display the contents of file /etc/passwd and then pipe that output to the awk command. The awk command then parses its input, splitting along the specified separator for /etc/passwd, which is a colon (:). The output is then printed and piped to the sort command. The sort command in option 2 will not work because the cut command requires an argument. Likewise, the echo command in option 3 will only echo /etc/passwd to STDOUT.
189	101-500	3	Which options to ls will produce output, including hidden (dot) files, in a list that is ordered such that the newest files are at the end of the output?	-la	-lat	-latr	-ltr	The -l option for ls produces long or listed output and -t sorts by time stamp. The -r option reverses the order, and -a is needed to include hidden (dot) files, making option 3 correct.
190	101-500	1	What will be the result if the touch command is executed on a file that already exists?	The access time stamp of the file will change to the current time when the touch command was executed.	The file will be overwritten.	There will be no change.	The file will be appended to.	The time stamp of the file will change when touch is run on a file that already exists.
191	101-500	4	Which option to both mv and cp will cause the command to prompt before overwriting files that already exist?	-f	-Z	-r	-i	The -i option will cause both cp and mv to be interactive, that is, prompt before overwriting. The -f option will force the command to run, whereas -r is recursive.
192	101-500	3	Which of the following commands will send the contents of /etc/passwd to both STDOUT and to a file called passwordfile?	cat /etc/passwd > passwordfile	var /etc/passwd | passwordfile	cat /etc/passwd | tee passwordfile	echo /etc/passwd | stdout > passwordfile	The tee command will send output both to STDOUT and to the specified file, making option 3 correct. Option 1 will redirect output to the correct file but not to STDOUT simultaneously. The other options will not work for this question.
193	101-500	1	The current hierarchy on the server contains a directory called /usr/local. You need to create additional directories below that are called /usr/local/test/october. Which command will accomplish this task?	mkdir -p /usr/local/test/october	mkdir /usr/local/test/october	mkdir -r /usr/local/test/october	mkdir -f /usr/local/test/october	The -p option will cause mkdir to create additional levels of directories without error. Running mkdir without options will not work in this case. The -r and -f options to mkdir do not exist.
194	101-500	2	Which option to the cp command will copy directories in a recursive manner?	-v	-R	-Z	-i	The -R option will copy directories recursively. Note that if the -i option is not enabled, the recursive copy will overwrite files in the destination. The -v option adds verbosity but does not cause any recursion, and the -Z option does not exist.
195	101-500	3	You have received a file that does not have a file extension. Which command can you run to help determine what type of file it might be?	grep	telnet	file	export	The file command can be used to determine which type of file is being used. This can be particularly helpful for files without extensions where you are unsure if you should view the contents of the file. Option 1, grep, is used to look within files but would not be helpful in this case. The telnet and export commands are not used for this purpose.
196	101-500	3	Which command will create an image of the /dev/sda1 disk partition and place that image into a file called output.img?	dd if=sda of=/dev/sda1	dd if=output.img of=/dev/sda1	dd if=/dev/sda1 of=output.img	echo /dev/sda1 > output.img	The dd command is used to create disk images, among other things. In this case, the input file is /dev/sda1 and the output file is output.img. It’s also common to add the blocksize option by using the bs argument, such as bs=1M.
197	101-500	2	What is the default delimiter used by the cut command?	Colon	Tab	Space	Comma	The cut command uses Tab as its default delimiter. This can be changed with the -d option.
198	101-500	1	Which of the following will unzip and extract the contents of a file that has been tarred and gzipped?	tar -zxf <file.tgz>	tar -xf <file.tgz>	tar -vz <file.tgz>	tar -fd <file.tgz>	The -z option will unzip the file, -x will extract from the tar archive, and -f is used to indicate the file on which to perform the aforementioned operations. It’s typical to add -v for verbose output as well.
199	101-500	4	What command is used to bring a command to foreground processing after it has been backgrounded with an &?	bg	fore	4g	fg	The fg command will bring a command to the foreground if it has been backgrounded with either & or with the bg command.
200	101-500	2	You need to write a script that gathers all of the process IDs for all instances of Apache running on the system. Which of the following commands will accomplish this task?	ps auwx | grep apache	pgrep apache	processlist apache	ls -p apache	While the ps auwx command combined with grep will provide information on the running Apache instances, it will provide much more information than is required or useful for this problem. The pgrep command provides only the process IDs and therefore meets the criteria presented in the question.
201	101-500	4	Which of the following command lines would monitor a single process called nagios in a continuous manner?	top -n 1	top -p 23	ps -nagios	top -p`pidof nagios`	The top command is used to continuously monitor things like CPU and memory usage, and the -p option monitors a single process. By using the runquotes with the pidof command, the process ID is provided as input to the -p option.
202	101-500	4	Users are reporting that various programs are crashing on the server. By examining logs, you see that certain processes are reporting out-of-memory conditions. Which command can you use to see the overall memory usage, including available swap space?	tree	pgrep	uptime	free	The free command displays overall memory usage for both RAM and swap and can be used to determine when additional memory might be needed.
203	101-500	1	You are using the Vi editor for changing a file and need to exit. You receive a notice indicating "No write since last change". Assuming you want to save your work, which of the following commands will save your work and exit Vi?	:wq	:q!	dd	x	You need to write the changes to the file; therefore you’ll need :w. The addition of q will also quit. Note that you could use ZZ to write and quit as well. The dd command deletes a line, and x deletes a single character.
204	101-500	4	What option is used to change the number of lines of output for the head and tail commands?	-l	-f	-g	-n	The -n option changes the number of lines of output for both head and tail to the number specified. The other options listed in this question are not valid for head, and the -f option follows a file with tail as the file grows.
205	101-500	1	Which command can be used to determine the current load average along with information on the amount of time since the last boot of the system?	uptime	sysinfo	bash	ls -u	The uptime command shows basic information such as that described along with the number of users logged into the system and the current time. The bash command is a shell environment, and the ls command will not display the required information.
206	101-500	4	You need to start a long-running process that requires a terminal and foreground processing. However, you cannot leave your terminal window open due to security restrictions. Which command will enable you to start the process and return at a later time to continue the session?	fg	bg	kill	screen	The screen command starts a new terminal that can be disconnected and reconnected as needed. Processes running from within the screen session do not know that they are running in a screen session and therefore meet the criteria needed to satisfy this question. The fg and bg commands will not meet the criteria, and the kill command will stop a process.
207	101-500	3	You have attempted to stop a process using its service command and also using the kill command. Which signal can be sent to the process using the kill command in order to force the process to end?	-15	-f	-9	-stop	The -9 option invokes SIGKILL, which will force the process to end. The 15 signal is the default, and the -f and -stop options do not exist.
208	101-500	3	When working in the Bash shell, you need to redirect both STDOUT and STDERR. Which of the following commands will redirect both STDOUT and STDERR?	1>2	>2	2>&1	>>	Within Bash, the number 1 represents STDOUT and 2 represents STDERR. Redirecting both means combining them in the manner shown in option 3.
209	101-500	2	Which command can be run to determine the default priority for processes spawned by the current user?	prio	nice	renice	defpriority	The nice command, when run without arguments, will output the priority for the currently logged-in user, which is normally 0. The renice command can be used to change the priority of running processes. The other two commands shown as options for this question do not exist.
210	101-500	4	Which of the following egrep commands will examine /etc/passwd to find users who are using either /bin/bash or /usr/bin/zsh for their shell environment?	grep sh /etc/passwd	egrep '/*/.sh$' /etc/passwd	grep '/*/.=sh$' /etc/passwd	egrep '/*/..?sh$' /etc/passwd	Within a regular expression, * represents 0 or more characters. In this case, it doesn’t matter whether a person is using /bin/bash or /usr/bin/zsh. Likewise, a . matches a single character, but in the case of bash and zsh, we need to look at the first and then optionally a second character. The ? character makes the second . optional. Finally, the $ anchors the pattern at the end of the string and is also the key for this regular expression.
211	101-500	1	Which option to the man command accesses a different level of documentation, for example, system call documentation?	man 2 <argument>	progman <argument>	man --sys <argument>	man --list sys	The different levels of the manual are accessed by preceding the argument with the desired level. The other options, such as --list, do not exist in this context.
212	101-500	3	When editing with Vi, which command changes to insert mode and opens a new line below the current cursor location?	f	a	o	i	The o command opens a new line below the current cursor location. The a command begins an insert mode session at the character after the cursor, not the line. The i command begins an insert mode session at the current cursor location.
213	101-500	1	Which kill signal can be sent in order to restart a process?	-HUP	-RESTART	-9	-SIG	Sending -HUP as part of the kill command will restart a process. Of the other options, a -9 will kill the process completely. The other two options do not exist as valid means to kill a process.
214	101-500	2	Which of the following commands will display the last 50 lines of your command history when using Bash, including commands from the current session?	bashhist 50	history 50	cat .bash_history	tail -f .bash_history	The history command will display your command history, including commands from the current session. You can specify how many lines of history to display, as shown in the answer for this question. Note that .bash_history will not show the current session’s history.
215	101-500	3	You have backgrounded several tasks using &. Which command can be used to view the current list of running tasks that have been backgrounded?	procs	plist	jobs	free	The jobs built-in command shows the list of jobs running in the background. Its output includes a job number and the status of the job.
216	101-500	2	Which of the following commands searches each user’s .bash_history file to determine whether the user has invoked the sudo command?	find /home -name "bash_history" | grep sudo	find /home -name ".bash_history" | xargs grep sudo	find /home/.bash_history | xargs grep sudo	find /home -type history | xargs grep sudo	The find command, beginning with the path and then the -name argument, will locate all of the files called .bash_history. The output from the find command should be piped to xargs, which can then build further commands from standard input. Note that this question and solution assumes that all users use the Bash shell and are keeping history.
217	101-500	3	Which command will watch the Apache log at /var/log/httpd/access.log and continually scroll as new log entries are created?	watch /var/log/httpd/access.log	tail /var/log/httpd/access.log	tail -f /var/log/httpd/access.log	mon /var/log/httpd/access.log	The tail command provides the end portion of the file given as an argument. Adding the -f option will cause the output to update as new lines are added to the file being tailed.
218	101-500	4	You are debugging a configuration file and the daemon indicates there is a problem on line 932. Which of the following commands will prepend line numbers onto the file?	lines	wc -l	newline	nl	The nl command will prepend line numbers onto the file given as its argument. The output is then sent to STDOUT. Of the other options, wc -l will print the number of lines in the file but not prepend those numbers onto each line, as was asked for in this question.
219	101-500	1	You receive a file with an .lzma extension. Which command can you use to decompress this file?	xz	lz	gz	bzip	The xz command can compress and decompress files in a variety of formats, one of which is lzma.
220	101-500	1	Which find command will locate files within the current directory that have been modified within the last 24 hours?	find ./ -type f -mtime 0	find ./ -type f -mtime 24	find ./ -type f -mtime +1	find ./ type -f time 24	The find command will be used for this purpose. Adding -type f will limit the search to only files and the -mtime option will limit to modification time in day format.
221	101-500	3	Which command will move all files with a .txt extension to the /tmp directory?	mv txt* tmp	move *txt /temp	mv *.txt /tmp	mv *.txt tmp	The mv command is used to move files, and *.txt will look for all files with a .txt extension. Note the fully qualified destination with a / preceding the name tmp.
222	101-500	4	Which command prints your current directory?	cwd	curdur	cd	pwd	The pwd command prints the current working directory. The cd command changes directory.
223	101-500	1	Assume that you have a file called zips.txt that contains several postal ZIP codes and you need to determine how many unique ZIP codes there are in the file. Which of the following commands can be used for that purpose?	sort zips.txt | uniq -c	uniq zips.txt	count zips.txt	cat zips.txt | uniq -c	The file needs to first be sorted to group common ZIP codes together. After that, piping the output to uniq will display the unique ZIP codes, and the -c option provides a count.
224	101-500	1	When using Bash, how would you execute the last command starting with a certain string, even if that command was not the last one that you typed?	Precede the command with ! and then the string to search for.	Search for the command in history.	Precede the command with a ? and then the string to search for.	This is not possible with Bash.	Preceding the command with a ! will search history and execute the specified command. For example, !vi will start your last Vi session.
225	101-500	3	Which command can be used to kill all processes by using their name?	killproc	killname	killall	kill -f	The killall command is used to terminate processes using their name.
226	101-500	3	You’re working with a large file in Vi and need to search for instances of a string earlier in the file. Which key will search backward in the file?	/	h	?	x	The ? key will search backward in a file within Vi. The / is used for searching forward. The h key moves the cursor to the left one character, and the x key will delete a character.
227	101-500	4	You need to declare a local environment variable that will then be available to child processes. Which of the following commands accomplishes this task?	ex	echo	dec	export	The export command makes an environment variable available to subsequent child processes. The other commands shown are not valid.
228	101-500	2	You are creating a Bash shell script and need to output the current script name to the current terminal. Which of the following commands accomplishes this task?	cat <CMD>	echo $0	echo $SCRIPT	echo $PS1	The echo command sends output and $0 is the parameter that contains the current script name. Of the other options, $PS1 is the shell prompt and the other two options do not exist by default.
229	101-500	2	You have downloaded a file with a .gz extension. What is the most likely command that you will use to decompress this file?	unz	gunzip	hunzip	gzunzip	The gunzip command is typically used for decompressing files with a .gz extension. The other options are not valid commands.
230	101-500	3	You need to remove a single file from a directory if it exists but would like to be prompted for confirmation before doing so. Which option to the rm command causes the command to prompt for confirmation?	-a	-e	-i	-o	The -i option causes rm to use interactive mode, where the command will prompt for confirmation prior to taking action. See the (1) rm man page for additional information on the other options.
231	101-500	1	You need to determine files that are sized above 1GB. Which of the following commands accomplishes this task?	find / -size +1G	find / -size 10000M	find / +1M	find / -size +1B	The find command can be used for this purpose. When used with the size option, various size-related options can be used. The option +1G searches for files greater than or equal to 1GB.
232	101-500	2	Which option to cpio lists the files as it is operating on them?	-l	-v	-k	-s	The -v or verbose option lists files as cpio is working with them. Of the other options, -s is swap bytes and –l is used to link files. The -k option is included for compatibility purposes.
233	101-500	2	Which command is used to send contents of a bzip2 archive to STDOUT?	bzout	bzcat	bz2cat	bz2echo	The bzcat command sends output to STDOUT from a bzip2 archive.
234	101-500	3	You are attempting to find more information about the jobs command, however, an Internet search was not particularly helpful because there are so many Linux-related jobs available. Additionally, you attempted to view the man page for the jobs command but it was not available. Which man page should you use to view more information on jobs?	jbs	procctl	bash	ps	The jobs command is actually a shell built-in command, meaning that more information is available by using the man page for bash itself. The other options either are not valid or will not show information about the jobs command/built-in.
235	101-500	2	You need to start a process that cannot be sent or will not accept a SIGHUP signal. Which command should be used to start the process?	nosig	nohup	nokill	noproc	The nohup command can preface another command when starting so that the process or command will not accept a SIGHUP.
236	101-500	4	You need to run a command periodically and examine its output in real time. Which of the following commands enables this scenario?	mon	procmon	pgrep	watch	The watch command runs a command repeatedly and displays the output and errors from the command. The pgrep command does not fulfill the needs of this scenario. The mon and procmon commands are not real.
237	101-500	2	You would like to tail a log file to watch entries as they are being added to the log file. In addition, you would also like to work within the same terminal window or SSH (Secure Shell) session to add entries to another file at the same time. Which command can be used to create two sessions within the same terminal window?	screen	tmux	sess	termse	The tmux command creates two (or more) sessions within the same physical terminal window and thus enables this scenario. The screen command can be used to create an additional session, but the screen command does not meet the criteria specified in this scenario, because the scrollback buffer does not capture enough lines by default. The other commands shown are not valid.
238	101-500	1	You need to kill several processes at once. Rather than writing a complex ps-based command to do so, you can use which other command?	pkill	psk	pskill	prock	The pkill command can be used for the scenario described. The other options are not valid commands.
239	101-500	1	You are using pgrep to find the process IDs for a given command. However, several other commands seem to also appear. Which option to pgrep enables matching against the full path of the process?	-f	-d	-o	-i	The -f option matches against the full path. The -d option is used to set the delimiter, the -o option matches the oldest process, and the -i option sets the search to be case insensitive.
240	101-500	2	You need to determine the exact command that will be run based on your current environment settings. Which command is used for this purpose?	what	which	find	ls	The which command is used to determine the command that will be run based on the current environment settings such as the path. The find and ls commands will not work for this purpose.
241	101-500	2	An environment variable has been set on login, but you need to remove that variable temporarily for the current session. Which shell built-in command can be used for this purpose?	reset	unset	undo	clear	The unset shell built-in is used for the purpose described. Both the reset and clear commands do not accomplish the task described, and there is no undo command.
242	101-500	1	You cannot find the man page of a command but you know the command exists. For example, the alias command exists but there is no man page for it. Which of the following commands could you execute to determine what type of command alias is?	type	cmd	uses	listr	The type shell built-in displays information about a given executable. For example, the command type alias shows that alias is a shell built-in as well.
243	101-500	3	Which type of quotes are used so that variables are interpolated within a Bash shell script?	Escaped quotes	Single quotes	Double quotes	Side quotes	Double quotes help to ensure that variables are interpolated within a shell script. Runquotes are not used for this purpose, and the other options are not valid types of quotes.
244	101-500	3	Which of the following pagers includes the ability to search backward and forward as well as move backward and forward, line-by-line, and page-by-page?	more	mplus	less	catch	The less pager fits the scenario described. The more pager does not have as much flexibility as less. The other options shown are not valid.
245	101-500	3	You have a specialized need for outputting a file in octal format. Which command or series of commands can be used for this purpose?	oct	cat <file> | octalf	od	octf	The od command converts a file to octal format. The other options shown all have invalid commands.
246	101-500	2	Which option to sha256sum causes the file to be read in binary mode?	-i	-b	-c	-p	The -b option for sha256sum and sha512sum reads the file in binary mode as opposed to text mode, which is the default.
247	101-500	2	When operating in command mode, which keys enable you to move the cursor in the Vi editor?	a, s, d, f	h, j, k, l	q, w, e, r	z, x, c, v	The h, j, k, and l keys enable movement of the cursor in command mode Vi.
248	101-500	3	Which options to xz are functionally equivalent to the xzcat program?	decompress and output	output and format	decompress and stdout	stdout and format	The decompress and stdout options to xz are functionally equivalent to the xzcat program. There is also a related program called zcat for outputting files compressed with gzip to STDOUT.
249	101-500	1	Which environment variable is used to control the default text editor used on a Linux system?	EDITOR	EDIT	TEXTEDITOR	DEFAULT_EDITOR	The EDITOR environment variable controls the editor that is used. Typical choices include nano, Emacs, Vi or enhanced Vi, known as Vim.
250	101-500	4	You need to examine the seventh section of the manual page for regular expressions, or regex, on a Linux system. Which command displays the seventh section of the manual?	man regex -7	man regex 7	man --page 7 regex	man 7 regex	The seventh manual section for regex is found by specifying the level after the command and prior to the manual page to examine.
251	101-500	2	Which of the following commands reprioritizes an already running process?	nice	renice	chnice	altnice	The renice command changes the priority of a running process. The nice command is not capable of altering running processes, and the other commands shown are not valid.
252	101-500	2	The fgrep command is equivalent to running the grep command with which option?	-f	-F	-a	-E	The fgrep command is equivalent to running the grep command with an -F option. The -f option specifies a file, and the -E option utilizes an extended regular expression and is equivalent to the egrep command. The -a option is important in its own right and causes grep to process a binary file as if it were a text file.
253	101-500	1	Which of the following regular expressions would find the pattern Steve or steve in a file when used with grep?	'[sS]teve'	'[S]*teve'	'^[Ss]teve'	'[$Steve]'	All of the options shown use regular expressions. In the correct answer, the strings Steve and steve will match due to the use of a character class. Option 2 would match only Steve but, due to the quantifier *, would also match strings like Siwejfiwjfheteve. Option 3 uses anchoring and thus would only match Steve or steve at the beginning of a line. Option 4 also uses an anchor to indicate end of line and thus does not make sense in this context.
254	101-500	3	Which of the following commands shows the currently running processes and their resource usage in real time, updated every few seconds?	nice	ps	top	procs	The top command shows running processes, typically sorted by CPU usage and updates every few seconds. The ps command shows processes but does not auto-update. The nice command sets priority, and there is no procs command.
255	101-500	1	You have been asked to create a compressed file that will be readable by those with other operating systems. Which tool can you use for this purpose?	gzip	bzip2	xz	tar	Files compressed with the gzip utility can typically be read by other operating systems, though it may require additional software for certain operating systems. Compression utilities like bzip2 and xz almost certainly require additional software. The tar command in option 4 is not a compression utility.
256	101-500	1	You need to match files that begin with 201, as in 2017, 2018, 2019. Which of the following wildcard specifications can be used?	201?	201$	201@	201]	The question mark can be used as a wildcard for such a scenario. An asterisk would also work for file globbing.
257	101-500	2	You need to break a large file into smaller pieces. Which command can be used for this purpose?	cut	split	dice	rem	The split command can break up a file into multiple pieces. The cut command would split an individual line but does not meet the criteria in this scenario. There is no dice or rem command.
258	101-500	3	When examining the output from top, you see that a process has a value in the PR column of 20. To what does the PR column refer?	The process ID	The process utilization	The process priority	The processor core on which the process is executing	The scheduling priority of the process is shown in the PR column. The process ID is displayed in the PID column. The top command shows CPU utilization in the %CPU column and does not display information about the processor cores.
259	101-500	1	You need to cut or remove eight lines from a file while editing with Vi. Which combination should be used for this purpose?	d7	d8	r8	x7	The d key will be used for this and the number 7 used in order to cut or remove eight lines. Other keys to work with text for cut, copy, and paste in Vi include p, y, dd, and yy. The other options shown for this question are not valid.
260	101-500	1	Which command is used in order to decompress a file that has been compressed with xz?	unxz	dexz	xzu	u2xz	The unxz command decompress a file that has been compressed with xz.
261	101-500	4	Which of the following commands uses 128-bit message digests?	sha256sum	sha512sum	sh128sum	md5sum	The md5sum command creates a 128-bit MD5 message digest. The sha256sum command produces 256-bit values, whereas sha512sum produces 512-bit values.
262	101-500	1	You have several files that need to be combined, with a line from each file being appended onto a single line. Which command can be used for this purpose?	paste	comb	appfile	combo	The paste command fits the scenario described and separates the lines from each file by a tab. The other commands are not valid.
263	101-500	1	You need to run a command that is not inside your current path. Which of the following represents the typical method for doing so?	Use a fully qualified path for the command.	Set the PATH environment variable to include the correct path.	Restart the shell environment.	Restart the computer for settings to take effect.	Using a fully qualified path meets the scenario in the most typical manner. You could add the command path to the PATH environment variable, but that is unnecessary given the scenario. Restarting the shell or computer would not have any effect.
264	101-500	2	Which signal is used by default by the pkill command?	SIGKILL	SIGTERM	SIGHUP	SIGKS	The SIGTERM signal is used by default by the pkill command. This can be changed using the --signal option.
265	101-500	4	You are working with the jobs built-in command to display jobs. You would like to see only running jobs. Which option to the jobs built-in command will display only running jobs?	-s	-a	-l	-r	Running jobs are listed with the -r option. The -s option displays only stopped jobs, whereas -l shows process IDs. There is no -a option to the jobs built-in command.
266	101-500	3	Which option to the bunzip2 command sends output to STDOUT, much like the bzcat command?	-s	-o	-c	-d	The -c option outputs to STDOUT. See the bzip2(1) man page for additional details.
267	101-500	1	Which option best describes the following output from the ls -la command: lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 35 Jul 8 2014 .fetchmailrc -> .configs/fetchmail/.fetchmailrc?	It is a file called .fetchmailrc that is linked using a symbolic link.	It is a file called .configs/fetchmail/.fetchmailrc that is owned by lrwxrwxrwx.	It is a directory called .fetchmailrc that is owned by user Jul.	It is a local directory called .configs/fetchmail/.fetchmailrc.	The listing shows a symbolic linked file located in the current directory, linked to .configs/fetchmail/.fetchmailrc. The file is owned by the root user and root group and was created on July 8, 2014.
268	101-500	1	Assuming that a USB disk contains a single partition and is made available on /dev/sdb, which command mounts the disk in /media/usb?	mount /dev/sdb1 /media/usb	usbconnect /dev/sdb0 /media/usb	mount /dev/sdb0 /media/usb	usbmount /dev/sdb1 /media/usb	The mount command is used to mount drives in Linux. The source and destination mount points are expected as arguments. Drive partitions begin at the number 1, making the first partition number 1.
269	101-500	3	Which option within a partition-mounting command will cause the partition to be mounted in such a way as to prevent execution of programs?	execless	stoprun	noexec	norun	The noexec option will prevent programs from being executed that reside on the partition. The noexec option is used frequently for mounting the /tmp partition.
270	101-500	2	When working with partitions on disk, you see the type 0x82. Which type of partition is this?	Linux	Linux swap	NTFS	FAT	0x82 is Linux swap, and 0x83 is Linux. NTFS is 0x07, and FAT is 0.0c.
271	101-500	2	Which partition type should be created for a Linux system, non-swap partition?	82	83	84	L	The partition type 0x83 should be created for a normal Linux partition. Type 82 is used for swap	84 is an OS/2 partition. There is no L type.
272	101-500	1	Which command can be used to determine the location of a given executable that would be run if typed from your current environment and location?	which	what	whatis	when	The which command returns the full path to the given command and is useful for determining both whether a given command is available and the location from which the command will run.
273	101-500	1	Which of the following commands will correctly change the group ownership of the file called a.out to users?	chgrp users a.out	chgrp a.out users	groupchg a.out users	grpchg users a.out	The chgrp command can be used to change group ownership of a file. The order is chgrp <groupname> <target>.
274	101-500	3	Another administrator made a change to one of the local scripts used for administrative purposes. The change was also immediately reflected in your copy of the script. However, when examining the file with ls, you see that it appears to be a normal file. What is the likely cause of such a scenario?	The file was executed after edit.	The administrator copied the file to yours.	Your file is a hard link to the original.	The file has been restored from backup.	The file is almost certainly a hard link to the original script. Although ls won’t show this information, the stat command will show that it is a link and also show the inode to which the file is linked.
275	101-500	1	Which of the following commands shows the usage of inodes across all filesystems?	df -i	ls -i	du -i	dm -i	The -i option to df produces information on inodes across all filesystems. The ls -i option will produce inode listings, but only for the current directory. The -i option is invalid for du, and dm does not exist as a command.
276	101-500	3	You’re running fsck on an ext3 filesystem, and the process is taking longer than expected and requiring input from the administrator to fix issues. What option could be added to fsck next time so that the command will automatically attempt to fix errors without intervention?	-o	-V	-y	-f	The -y option will attempt to repair automatically, essentially answering y or yes instead of prompting. Of the other options, only -V is valid and will produce verbose output.
277	101-500	2	Which of the following describes a primary difference between ext2 and ext3 filesystems?	ext3 was primarily a bug fix update to ext2.	ext3 includes journaling for the filesystem.	ext3 completely changed the tools needed for management of the disks.	ext3 filesystems have no significant differences.	The addition of journaling in ext3 increased filesystem reliability and performance.
278	101-500	3	Which option to umask will display the permissions to be used in a Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) format?	-P	-p	-S	-v	The -S option displays output in a format such as u=rwx,g=rx,o=rx. The other options listed do not perform the desired operation.
279	101-500	2	Which option to ln creates a symlink to another file?	-sl	-s	-l	--ln	The -s option to ln creates a symbolic link, or symlink.
280	101-500	3	Which of the following commands can be used if you need to locate various elements of a given command, such as its binaries and man pages?	whatis	find	whereis	ls	The whereis command displays pertinent information about the command given as its argument. For example, entering whereis apache2 on a Debian system will show the binary location, configuration file location, and other relevant details.
281	101-500	1	Which option in /etc/updatedb.conf will remove a path from inclusion in the results?	PRUNEPATHS	EXCLUDEPATHS	INCLUDEEXCLUDE	SEPARATEPATH	The PRUNEPATHS option accepts a space-separated list of paths to remove from the results. The other options listed do not exist.
282	101-500	4	According to the filesystem hierarchy standard (FHS), what is the correct location for site-specific data for a server?	/etc	/var	/tmp	/srv	The /srv hierarchy is used for data for server programs. The /etc hierarchy is configuration information; /var is also data files but variable, such as mail files. The /tmp directory is for temporary files.
283	101-500	3	Which of the following commands enables the sticky bit for a user on a file called homescript.sh?	chmod +sticky homescript.sh	chmod 755 homescript.sh	chmod u+s homescript.sh	chown u+sticky homescript.sh	The chmod command is used for this purpose, and the u+s option sets the sticky bit for the user on the specified target.
284	101-500	2	Which option to the mount command will mount all filesystems that are currently available in /etc/fstab?	-g	-a	-r	-y	The -a option mounts all filesystems in /etc/fstab that are currently available. This option is typically used if the mount points are not mounted at boot time or another mount point is added to the system after it has been booted.
285	101-500	2	Which command is used to format a swap partition?	fdisk	mkswap	formatswap	format -s	The mkswap command formats a swap partition. The fdisk command is used to create the partition itself but not format it. The other two options do not exist.
286	101-500	1	Which command and option is used to display the number of times that a filesystem has been mounted?	tune2fs -l	cat /etc/fstab	mount -a	less /etc/fsmnt	The tune2fs command displays a lot of information about filesystems, and when used with the -l option, the output includes the number of times that the filesystem has been mounted.
287	101-500	1	Which option to xfs_metadump displays a progress indicator?	-g	-p	-f	-v	The -g option displays progress of the dump. The other options listed do not exist.
288	101-500	1	The system is running out of disk space within the home directory partition and quotas have not been enabled. Which command can you use to determine the directories that might contain large files?	du	df	ls	locate	The du command will report on disk usage in a recursive manner, unlike the other commands shown here.
289	101-500	3	Which file contains information about the filesystems to mount, their partitions, and the options that should be used to mount them?	/etc/filesystems	/etc/mounts	/etc/fstab	/srv/mounts	The /etc/fstab file is used to store information about the filesystems to mount within the system.
290	101-500	4	According to the FHS, what is the proper mount point for removable media?	/etc	/srv	/tmp	/media	The /media mount point is used for removable media. See https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/lsb/fhs-30 for more information on the FHS.
291	101-500	1	Which file contains information on currently mounted filesystems, including their mount options?	/etc/mtab	/etc/fstab	/tmp/files	/etc/filesystems	The /etc/mtab file contains currently mounted filesystems. Note that /etc/fstab contains filesystem information but doesn’t report which filesystems are currently mounted.
292	101-500	2	Which option to umount will cause the command to attempt to remount the filesystem in read-only mode if the unmounting process fails?	-o	-r	-f	-v	The -r option causes umount to attempt to remount in read-only mode. The -v option is verbose mode, and the -f option forces the operation. The -o option does not exist.
293	101-500	1	The umask reports as 022. What is the permission that will be in effect for a newly nonexecutable created file?	u+rw, g+r, w+r	755	22	a+r	The 022 umask will translate into 644 permissions on a new nonexecutable file.
294	101-500	3	The locate command is reporting out-of-date information. Which command should be run in order to have the locate command update its database?	locatedb -u	locate -u	updatedb	updatelocate	The updatedb command will update the database used by the locate command.
295	101-500	1	Which shell built-in command can be used to determine what command will be run?	type	when	find	help	The type built-in returns the location that the shell will use in order to run the given command. The find command cannot be used for this purpose, and the other commands do not exist.
296	101-500	2	Which option to chown recursively changes the ownership?	-f	-R	-a	-m	The -R option will perform the change ownership in a recursive manner.
297	101-500	4	Which of the following represents the correct format for the /etc/fstab file?	<directory> <device> <type> <options>	<device> <type> <options>	<device> <type> <options> <directory> <dump> <fsck>	<filesystem> <mount point> <type> <options> <dump> <pass>	The proper order is the device (UUID or partition) or filesystem to mount, followed by the mount point or directory to mount that device, followed by its type and options, and then the dump and pass settings.
298	101-500	1	Which of the following commands is used to identify the UUID for partitions?	blkid	ls	find	cat	The blkid command will show partition UUIDs. You can also get this information with the lsblk -no UUID <partition> command. The other commands shown in this question do not accomplish the required task.
299	101-500	1	Which of the following describes the priority order for configuration files with systemd?	Files in /etc/, files in /run, and then files in /lib	Files in /run, files in /etc/, and then files in /lib	Files in /lib, files in /run, and then files in /etc	Files in /lib, files in /etc, and then files in /run	Priority order for systemd configuration files are those within the /etc/ hierarchy, followed by files in the /run/ hierarchy, followed by files in the /lib/ hierarchy.
300	101-500	1	Which options to the fsck command will find and automatically assume that it should repair errors that it finds?	-y	-vy	-my	-xy	The -y option causes fsck to assume yes instead of prompting when repairing a filesystem. The -v option is verbosity. There is no -m or -x option for fsck.
301	101-500	3	Which option to mke2fs sets the type of filesystem to be created?	-F	-a	-t	-e	The -t option sets the filesystem type as ext2, ext3, or ext4. The mke2fs command is typically symlinked from /sbin/mkfs.ext2, /sbin/mkfs.ext3, and /sbin/mkfs.ext4. The -F option forces mke2fs to create a filesystem, and the -a and -e options do not exist.
302	101-500	2	Which of the following files is the default configuration file for the autofs automounter?	/etc/autofs	/etc/auto.master	/etc/autofs.conf	/etc/automounter.conf	The file /etc/auto.master contains the configuration for autofs. The other files listed as options are not valid for this scenario.
303	101-500	3	Which of the following commands is used to create an ISO filesystem?	mkiso	mkfsiso	mkisofs	isofs-mk	The mkisofs command creates an ISO filesystem, which can then be written to a CD or DVD. The other commands listed are not valid.
304	101-500	2	Which option to the tune2fs command sets the maximum mount count before the system will automatically run fsck on the partition on boot?	-b	-c	-C	-a	The -c option sets the maximum mount count. The -C option sets the current number of mounts. The -b and -a options do not exist.
305	101-500	4	Which option to the mount command can be used to simulate the mount process without actually mounting the filesystem?	-q	-v	-l	-f	The -f option, also known as fake, is helpful for situations where you need to debug the mount process or when you need to add an entry to /etc/mtab for a previously mounted filesystem. The -l option shows labels, and -v is verbose. There is no -q option.
306	101-500	3	When viewing /proc/mounts, you see a filesystem with the letters ro in the fourth column. To what do the letters ro refer?	relative option	realtime option	read-only	relative-only	The letters ro indicate that the filesystem has been mounted read-only, meaning that it is not possible to perform a write to the filesystem. The other possible option is rw, indicating that the filesystem has been mounted read-write.
307	101-500	3	Which option to dumpe2fs displays the bad blocks for a given partition?	-bb	-C	-b	-f	Bad blocks are shown with the -b option. The -f option forces dumpe2fs to perform the requested operation, and the other command options do not exist.
308	101-500	4	Which of the following filesystem types features copy-on-write?	ext3	ext4	FAT	Btrfs	Btrfs is based on the copy-on-write principle and is generally considered more advanced than ext4 and its predecessors. FAT is a legacy filesystem primarily used for DOS and its follow-ons like Windows.
309	101-500	2	Which of the following commands displays filesystem geometry for an XFS filesystem?	xfsinfo	xfs_info	xfs -info	xfs --info	The xfs_info command, which is functionally equivalent to xfs_grow -n, displays information about an XFS-formatted filesystem.
310	101-500	1	Which of the following commands can be used to display information such as the UUID for partitions on a system?	blkid	blockdev	devinfo	uuidinfo	The blkid command shows information about partitions including their type, their UUID, and other basic information. The other commands shown do not exist.
311	101-500	3	Which option to the umount command will cause it to unmount only filesystems of the specified type?	-v	-f	-t	-a	The -t option, which can accept a comma-separated list of types, specifies that only filesystems of the listed type are to be unmounted. This is useful in conjunction with the -a option, which unmounts all filesystems except /proc. The -v option is verbose, and -f forces the operation to continue.
312	101-500	4	Which command causes unwritten data to be written to disk immediately?	write	wrnow	connwrite	sync	The sync command writes unwritten data to the disk immediately and is useful to run just prior to attempting an unmount operation.
313	101-500	3	Which option to xfs_check is used to verify a filesystem that is stored in a file?	-v	-a	-f	-d	The -f option specifies that xfs_check should check the contents of the named file for consistency. The -v option sets verbosity, and there is no -d or -a option.
314	101-500	2	Which option to debugfs causes the filesystem to be opened in read-write mode rather than the default read-only?	-rw	-w	-r	-n	The -w option causes debugfs to open the filesystem in read-write mode. There is also a -c option to open in catastrophic mode for filesystems with significant damage. The -rw, -r, and -n options are not valid.
315	101-500	4	Which daemon is responsible for monitoring Self-Monitoring, Analysis, and Reporting Technology (SMART)-compatible hard drives?	smartmon	smarty	sartd	smartd	The smartd daemon monitors SMART-compatible disks for notable events and can be configured to send alerts when events occur. The other commands listed are not valid for this scenario.
316	101-500	1	When checking an ext3 filesystem, which option to the fsck.ext3 command causes it to run the check even if the filesystem is apparently marked as clean?	–f	-m	-a	-c	The -f option forces fsck to run on an otherwise clean filesystem for ext3 filesystems. This can be helpful for times when you suspect there is an error on the filesystem and need to verify the integrity of the filesystem as part of the troubleshooting process. This can also be helpful to prepare the filesystem for conversion, such as might be the case with a tool like btrfs-convert.
317	101-500	1	You are performing an xfsrestore. The xfsdump was executed with a block size of 4MB. Which option do you need to invoke on xfsrestore in order for it to successfully use this dump?	-b 4M	-g 1M	-i 1M	-k 1028K	The block size for import or restore must match the block size used on export or dump. Block size is specified with the -b option, making option A correct. The other options are not valid for xfsrestore.
318	101-500	2	You see the word defaults within /etc/fstab. Which options are encompassed within the defaults?	ro, exec, auto	rw, suid, dev, exec, auto, nouser, async	rw, exec, auto, nouser, async	rw, exec, nouser, async, noauto, suid	A filesystem with the word defaults for its mount options will be mounted read-write (rw), suid, with the ability to have executables (exec). The filesystem will be auto-mounted (auto), but users will not be able to mount it (nouser). Character and block special devices will be interpreted (dev), and operations on the disk will be performed in an asynchronous manner (async).
319	101-500	2	Which of the following commands creates a btrfs subvolume?	btrfs create subvolume	btrfs subvolume create	btrfs sv create	btrfs svcreate	The btrfs subvolume create command creates a btrfs subvolume. The other commands are not valid.
320	101-500	3	Which of the following options to xfsdump sets the maximum size for files to be included in the dump?	-p	-s	-z	-b	The -z option sets the maximum size for files to be included in the dump. The -b option sets the block size but is not related to what is being asked for in this scenario. The –s option sets the path for inclusion in the dump, and -p sets the interval for progress indicators.
321	101-500	3	Which option to the tune2fs command sets the behavior when a filesystem error occurs?	-f	-d	-e	-k	The -e option sets the behavior, such as continue, remount read-only, or panic, when an error occurs at the filesystem level. The -f option forces whatever operation you’re requesting to continue even if there are errors. The -d and -k options are not valid.
322	101-500	4	The /etc filesystem has been mounted as a read-only for a recovery process. You need to mount another partition. Which option to the mount command causes it to not write to /etc/mtab?	-a	-m	-b	-n	The -n option causes mount to not write to /etc/mtab and is particularly useful for the scenario described. The -a option mounts all filesystems in /etc/fstab. There is no -b or -a option.
323	101-500	1	Which of the following commands deactivates swap space?	swapoff	swap -off	unmountswap	uswap	The swapoff command deactivates swap space, thereby making it unavailable as virtual memory on the system. The other commands shown as options are not valid.
324	101-500	1	Within the [mount] section of a systemd mount unit, which directive specifies the location for mounting the chosen filesystem?	Where=	Location=	List=	Dest=	The Where= directive specifies the location for the final mounted filesystem.
325	101-500	1	Which of the following commands can be used to format a FAT filesystem?	mkfs.fat	mkfs -f	mkfs --fat	mkfat	The mkfs.fat or mkfs.vfat commands are valid for creation of FAT filesystems. There is no -f option to mkfs, and there is no mkfat command.
326	101-500	4	Which of the following commands adds a journal to an existing ext2 filesystem?	tune2fs -jrn	e2fs -x	tune3fs	tune2fs -j	The tune2fs command is used for working with ext2, ext3, and ext4 filesystems. The -j option adds a journal. The other commands are not valid.
327	101-500	1	Which of the following commands creates a snapshot of a btrfs subvolume?	btrfs subvolume snapshot	btrfs snapshot --create	btrfs create snapshot	btrfs --create	The snapshot subcommand of btrfs subvolume creates a snapshot. The other commands shown are not valid.
328	101-500	1	Which option to xfs_repair will force log zeroing even if there may be metadata within the log?	-L	-v	-d	-V	The -L option forces the log to be cleared or zeroed out, which may cause a loss of data. The -v option sets verbose output; -V prints the version. The -d option performs a dangerous repair, which can be used on a read-only filesystem.
329	101-500	3	Which of the following commands mounts a filesystem in read-only mode?	mount read-only	mount --read	mount -o ro	mount -or	The -o option enables the setting of one or more options for the mount command, and ro is read-only. Note that the -r option will also mount as read-only. The other options shown are not valid.
330	101-500	2	When you are using tune2fs to set an extended option such as stripe_width, which command-line option is needed to signify that an extended option follows?	-extend	-E	-e	-f	The -E option signals that an extended option follows, such as stripe_width. The -f option forces an operation but should not be necessary for this solution, and the -e option sets the behavior on error. There is no -extend option.
331	101-500	1	Which utility is used for formatting GPT disks?	gdisk	gptdisk	gpdisk	pgdisk	The gdisk utility is the equivalent of fdisk for working with GPT partitions. Later versions of fdisk can also be used to manage GPT partitions.
332	101-500	1	What is the maximum size of a partition on an MBR-formatted disk?	2TB	4TB	2MB	512TB	The maximum size for a partition on an MBR disk is 2 terabytes. GPT has largely replaced MBR on newer Linux systems.
333	101-500	3	Which option to mkfs.ext4 can be used to prevent reservation of blocks for system or superuser use?	-r 0	-r 0b	-m 0	-m 0b	The -m option with 0 will format the partition with no reserved blocks for superuser or system use. The -r option sets the filesystem revision.
334	101-500	2	What is the default time in seconds that xfs_fsr will use to reorganize a filesystem?	3600	7200	86400	5150	The default time for filesystem reorganization is two hours, or 7200 seconds.
335	101-500	3	A user who is a member of the custom admins group is attempting to read the contents of a file but is not the owner of the file. Rather than granting sudo access to this file, what is another way to grant read access, assuming that the file is currently marked with 640 permissions? Note that you should choose the most appropriate answer to fulfill the need while minimizing additional privileges.	Grant root access to the user.	Run chmod 777 on the file.	Use chgrp to change group ownership to admins.	Use chown to change the ownership of the file to the individual user.	The file permissions are 640, meaning that the group owner can read the file. Therefore, changing group ownership should have the fewest side effects. Granting root access is not preferred, especially noting that the problem statement indicated that granting sudo wasn’t preferred. While using chown on the file to change the owner would also work, it’s likely to have additional side effects that could prevent the owner of the file from reading and writing, and there isn’t enough information in the problem for that. Finally, running chmod 777 is almost never the correct solution to any problem on Linux.
336	101-500	2	Which option to lsblk shows empty devices?	-g	-a	-r	-y	The -a option shows all devices, even those that are empty. The -r option is for raw devices, and the other options do not exist.
337	101-500	4	The /media/ mount point is used frequently for which types of devices?	Hard drives	SAN	NAS	USB devices	USB devices and others removable media can typically be found within the /media/mount point.
338	101-500	3	Which of the following commands is used to format an exFAT filesystem?	mkexfat	mkfat.ex	mkfs.exfat	mkfs2.exf	The mkfs-related commands are typically used for formatting filesystems on Linux. In this case, mkfs.exfat is the correct option for formatting exFAT filesystems.
339	101-500	3	Which of the following commands is used for debugging an XFS-formatted filesystem?	debug_xfs	xfs_debug	xfs_db	debugxfs	The xfs_db command is used for debugging XFS-formatted filesystems.
340	101-500	3	You’re working with an ext2 filesystem and you suspect the superblock is corrupted. Which option to e2fsck enables you to specify the location of an alternate superblock?	-B	-s	-b	-o	The -b option is used to specify an alternate superblock and helps in the scenario described, where the superblock has been damaged. The -B option specifies the block size. There is no –s or -o option for e2fsck.
341	101-500	1	Which option to df shows the numerical output in larger size increments, like MB, GB, TB, and so on rather than in bytes?	-h	-m	-n	-s	The -h option is the flag for human-readable formatting and shows numerical output in larger size increments rather than bytes. The other options are not valid for df.
342	101-500	2	Assuming the use of Bash for the shell, in which file can the umask be set such that the file creation mask is set automatically on login?	/etc/umask.def	/etc/profile	/etc/bash.d/umask	/etc/bash.umask	The /etc/profile file is one of a few locations in which default options can be set for users of Bash. The other file locations shown do not exist.
343	101-500	1	You need to enable two users to edit the same file but keep their own individual changes. Another administrator suggested making a symbolic link for the file. Is a symbolic link the appropriate solution for this scenario and, if not, what is?	A symbolic link is not appropriate because the users cannot keep their own changes. A copy would be a better option.	A symbolic link is appropriate here because each user can access the file, assuming write permissions.	A symbolic link is not appropriate given that the users will not have permissions on symbolic links. Linux cannot meet the scenario described.	A symbolic link is appropriate because symbolic links have the ability to do version control, thus enabling the scenario.	A symbolic link will not work. The users would be editing the same file and, without saving as a different filename, would not be able to keep their own edits.
344	101-500	2	You have deleted a user from the system and want to determine if this user still has files on the system. Which command will fulfill this scenario?	locate <user>	find -uid <uid>	find -user <user>	fileloc -user <user>	The find command will be used for this purpose, and the -uid option will need to be used because the user has already been deleted. If the user had not been deleted, then the -user option would still work.
345	101-500	1	You need to update the locate database. Which of the following commands is used for this purpose?	updatedb	locatedb	updlocdb	locdbupd	The updatedb command is used to update the locate database. The other commands are not valid.
346	101-500	2	Which option to lsblk shows the UUID of each filesystem?	–u	-f	-o	-a	The -f option shows the UUIDs of the filesystems mounted on the system. The -a option shows all devices, the -o option enables specification of output columns, and the -u option does not exist.
347	101-500	3	Which option to mkswap checks the device for bad blocks before formatting?	-b	-B	-c	-d	The -c option checks for bad blocks before formatting. The other options are not valid with mkswap.
348	101-500	4	You are examining output from ls -la and one file contains the permissions -rwSrw-r--. To what does the S refer?	Specific execute	Source formatting	Selective execution	Sticky bit	The sticky bit has been set on the file as denoted by an uppercase S.
349	101-500	3	You need to change file permissions to be setgid for a file called sync.sh. The file is normally permission 755. Which of the following commands accomplishes this task?	chmod 2775 sync.sh	chmod u+s sync.sh	chmod 2755 sync.sh	chmod 4755 sync.sh	Using octal form, 4 is user, 2 is group, and 1 is sticky bit. Therefore, 2755 would have setgid for the file.
350	101-500	3	Which of the following commands finds files with a .sql extension across the entire filesystem?	find . -name "*.sql"	find /root -ext sql	find / -name "*.sql"	find / -exten ".sql"	The -name option is used for this purpose, and / indicates the root of the system. A * wildcard is used to indicate all filenames ending in .sql, as described in the scenario.
351	101-500	2	When working with /etc/fstab to mount by UUID, which syntax is correct as the first column in /etc/fstab, assuming a UUID denoted by <UUID>?	<UUID>	UUID=<UUID>	ID=<UUID>	GPT=<UUID>	The UUID=<UUID> syntax is correct for the /etc/fstab file.
352	101-500	3	Which option to du displays information on inode usage?	-i	-h	--inodes	-d	The --inodes option shows inode usage with du. The -h option is human-readable, and -d sets the maximum depth. There is no -i option for du.
353	101-500	1	Which of the following find commands will look for files that are over 1GB in size?	find -size +1G	find -size 1GB	find -fssize +1GB	find -filesize +1G	The -size option is used with find for this purpose, and the +1G argument will look for files greater than 1 gigabyte. Note that if the + is omitted, only files of the exact size are found.
354	101-500	2	You have a set of libraries that were installed into /usr/local/lib and would like to ensure that the libraries are also available in /usr/lib. What is the preferred way to make the libraries available in this location?	Copy the libraries.	Create a symbolic link.	Move the libraries.	Create a script to synchronize the libraries between the two locations with rsync.	A symbolic link is the preferred method because it does not require additional maintenance that a script would or that copying would in order to keep the libraries current. Moving the libraries may have unintended consequences if another program is dependent on the libraries in that location.